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ZeEUS: the deployment of electric buses in Europe Pauline Bruge, UITP Study Tour – Eindhoven – 21st March 2017
ZeEUS: the deployment of electric buses in Europe
Pauline Bruge, UITP
Study Tour – Eindhoven – 21st March 2017
~ 450 billion bus journeys per yearworldwide
UITP2
Buses account for approximately 83% of the total PT journeys worldwide
Buses are the backboneof any public transport system and are the only PT mode in many cities
The International Association of Public Transport is committed to make bus systems more attractive
COMPLETED RUNNING
UITP 4
Clean fleet: what does it mean?
Source: VOLVO4
PM (g/kWh)0.360
0.15
0.10
0.02
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Nox (g/kWh)
EU I(1993)
EU II(1996)
EU III(2001)EU VI
(2013)
EU V (2009)
EU IV (2006)
EU VI
On road Plug-inemissions
PM & NOx: Hundredfold improvement since 1993 from EURO I to EURO VI
Next “greening” step:
(ultra) low / zero emission
regulations on fuel consumption & CO2 emissions
Euro vehicles standards & emissions
Urban bus market share projections by propulsion technology
5
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
2020 2025 2030
Clean Diesel Diesel-Hybrids Electric (trolley, plug-in hybrids, battery, opportunity) Electric (Fuel Cells) CNG/Biogas
In Europe today 79% of buses are diesel
45% - Euro III or older = main issue
Bus contribution to urban pollution must be calculated per passenger per km
Renewal of old-bus fleets towards Euro VI has important effects
Electric buses:what are we talking about?
Electricemission free at point of
operation
Hybrid bus
TrolleybusPlug-in Hybrids
Battery Buses
(full battery electric, fuel
cells…) Zeroemissionoperation
Diesel auxiliary power unit
Oil/diesel heater /range extender
with diesel engine
Diesel/oil auxiliary power unit
Technical evolution towards Electric Buses
Technical developments have accelerated very fast
Driven by environmental requirements rather than commercial considerations (Euro emission standards)
Sometimes influenced by national energy policy or transport policy
Financial and operational impact not always taken into account
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Electric buses: it is not all about the vehicle!
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Continuouscharging
Opportunitycharging
Overnightcharging
Inductive charging
Conductivecharging
Credits: Volvo/Siemens/Iveco
Different ways of charging an eBus
System approach is necessary
UITP10
USERS
PTO
Industry
ResearchSuppliers
PTA
Operational context, costs and technical performances set the characteristics of the system elements
Source: EBSF project
ZeEUS: a project to support electric bus deployment
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10 cities~70 electric buses
40 Consortium Partners20 User Group Members50 Observatory Members
Coordinator: UITP
A set of tools and guidelines to accompanybus stakeholders in ebus
deployment1 evaluation methodology
22,5 million€EU funding: 13,5
million €
10 ZeEUS Demonstrations
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~70 electric buses •12 meters, articulated, double-deckers
•Plug-in Hybrid, Full-electric, Battery Trolleys
Energy supply mode: •plug-in, conductive, inductive, overhead
Charging strategies •Overnight (depot)•Opportunity (terminals, bus-stops)
Fast / Slow Charging
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ZeEUSCore Demo Cities
LONDON3 plug-in hybrid
Double deckAlexander Dennis
STOCKHOLM8 plug-in hybrid
VOLVO 12m
PARIS10+ full electricBOLLORE 12m
BARCELONA2 full electricIRIZAR 12 m2 full electricSolaris 18m
CAGLIARI12 m Battery Trolleys
4 VOSSLOH /VAN HOOL2 SOLARIS
RANDSTAD NL Planning
phase
WARSAW10 full electricSOLARIS 12m
PLZEN2 full electricSKODA 12m
MÜNSTER5 full electric
VDL 12m
BONN6 full electric
BOZANKAYA 12m
A two levelevaluation methodology
Local / global levelJoint collaboration of stakeholders Transferable to new cities / different alternative fuels
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www.zeeus.eu
Zero Emission Urban Bus Systems
• BEV, PHEV and battery trolleybuses• 61 cities• 27 manufacturers
Available online on:
Update foreseen in 2017, contact [email protected] for more info
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City briefs & Industry fact sheets
ZeEUS eBus Report - overview
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
4557
31
78
2639
130
E-buses81 %
Battery trolleybus
19 %
E-buses Battery trolleybus
E-BUSES IN EUROPE - TOP COUNTRIESTECHNOLOGY
• Coverage of > 500 E-buses in Europe• E-buses include Plug-In Hybrid buses (~90% share of full electric buses)
ZeEUS eBus Report - overview
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Opportunity20 %
Overnight39 %
Opportunity + overnight
41 %
Opportunity Overnight Opportunity + overnight
Plug-in409
Pantograph95
Induction22
Plugs Pantograph Induction
CHARGING STRATEGY TYPE OF CHARGER
• Mix of charging strategies• Plug In Connection dominates charger types (78% share)
5 challenges to address for eBusdeployment in Europe
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High upfront cost More challengingoperation
Standardisation / Interoperability Reinforcing cooperationenergy/bus
New ways to procure:- Vehicles & Equipments
- Operation services
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A set of tools and guidelines answering the stakeholders needs
IF – Know & Decide
WHAT – Select & Procure
WHEN – Plan, Regulate & Fund
HOW – Operate & Maintain
Phase 1: know & decideDefine a global & integratedmobility vision, based on UITP Action Points
• «Connection people and places, Integrated Mobility Plans for Sustainable Cities » - April 2014
Study cases & share of experiencesFeasibility study with:
• risk assessment• cost analysis• thorough operational analysis: is
the ebus the solution for a givenline at a given time?
UITP 21
Phase 2: plan, regulate & fundEnsure political support fromcompetent authoritiesSeriously & thoroughly assesspossible technical solutions in own scenarioSet up project governanceEmbrace system approach & discuss with tram colleaguesMost suitable funding & financing schemesDon’t rush, it is all about planning and facing the unexpected!
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Phase 3: How to procure an eBus? (1)- (Even more) complex
tendering process?- Vehicles & equipment:
- No longer business as usual!
- Strike the right balance between technical specifications& required system functions
- Embrace system approach: vehicle, operations, infrastructure
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Define a risk-sharing scheme as mitigation
Phase 3: How to procure the eBusservice? (2)
- Adapt contract lengthbetween the authority and the operator
- Take the technological riskinto account (higherupfront cost/amortisation)
- Define who pays & at what cost
- Define who owns rolling stock/infra and what shall happen at the end of the contract
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Being prepared also means…
UITP 25
Gaspipe – not shownon any city map!
The pantograph pole has to beentirely redesigned to respect the
snow clearance regulations
IT communication test!
Phase 4: operation & maintenance
Drivers’ and maintenance training guidelines for
• Operation optimisation• Safety• Cleaning and all other outsourced services• Other services, ie: firefighters & police services
Optimised integration and operationsinto the bus networkOptimisation of charging operation at bus depot & opportunity chargersOptimisation of auxiliaries’ energyconsumptionDecommissioning & recyclingEvaluate the project and measurestaff & passengers’ satisfaction
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Optimisation of operations
UITP 27
Example: The impact of temperature as an external factor on operational performance
Total energy consumption summer/winter variation
Need to adapt timetable / operations
Ensuring good cooperationbetween the energy & bus sectors• Different models in
different cities• Urban location of charging
point • Cabling• Quality of the electricity
distribution network• Stability of electricity cost• Exploring Opportunities
• Use of PT power network (trams, metro)
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Some conclusions
Extraordinary fast pace of developments world-wide with large number of suppliers involved
Large number of projects, in particular in Europe – ZeEUS eBus Report published in December 2017
Bus suppliers aiming at to using standard bus to lower cost by 2019 at the latest
Forecast: large series in production from 2018/2020Further development of batteries (price, capacity
and size)Mind shift from looking at the vehicle in isolation
to a more holistic approach both at network level and at the level of actors
UITP 29
Electricity needs to be producedThe importance of the national electricity mix
UITP 30
UITP Training on ebusesBarcelona
19-21 June 2017http://www.uitp.org/events/electric-buses
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ZeEUS –Want to know more?
www.zeeus.eu
@zeeusproject
