about leadership

CHAPTER TWO

BASE OF THEORY

A. Definition of Leadership and Organization

Management

Here the author will explain onto some subs, such

as: Definition of Leadership and Definition of

Organization Management.

a. Definition of Organization Management

1) Base principles about organization management

Organization (Greek: ὄργανον, organon – a

device) is an entity, such as an institution or an

association that has a collective goal and is

linked to an external environment. In the social

sciences, organization was researched by some

researcher from many education disciplines,

especially sociology, economics, politics,

psychology and management.

The Art of Assalaam Student Organizations’ Leadership andManagement

6

Generally, organization is mentioned as the

place for the corporation of people rationally and

systematically of using the materials…..

Here are some opinions from many experts about

organization.

a) Stoner said that organization is a form of

cooperation between people under of leader’s

construction for reaching the vision

together.

b) James D. Mooney said that organization is a

form of united people for reaching the

vision together.

c) Chester I. Bernard said that organization is

a cooperation activity of two or more

people.

d) Stephen P. Robbins said that organization is

a social entity that coordinated

consciously, with some identified relative

rules, which worked continuously for


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reaching the vision together or a group of

vision.

2) Dynamics of the Organizations

The organization is a family that has

many members. The organization is called the

Chairman of the Organization's responsibilities

were similar to the head of the family. There

are leaders and there

are led. Ideally, between leaders and led it to

be hand in hand and in line to be the

organization increases developed and developing.

In fact, we often clashed with members of other

organizations. Of course, many head, a lot of its

content, a lot of interest,

and many desires. That's what's called a dynamic

organization. In an organization, inevitably must

be quiet straight and calm.

There are times when a single person's

interests conflict with the interests of the other.

There is also a conflict that created the


8

character deals because of differences. Basically,

the following are some of the things that exist

in the dynamics of the organization.

a) Competitive deals to show the advantages of

each.

b) Conflicts caused of character difference

between the member of organization.

c) The veiled ambition to "coup".

d) Want to master the organization for personal

gain.

e) Conflict deals because of

different characters.

f) The phenomenon of seniority.

g) Any member who starts not commit with the

organization.

h) The selfishness of the leader, for achieving

self willingness.

i) Abusing the organization for the sake

of promoting his business.


9

j) Making the

organization as a disguise for personal probl

ems.

Some of these points are a small example of the

dynamics of the organization. Even

some turmoil within the

organization that the dynamics of laden,

sometimes very uncomfortable for the other

members. Because there

is some turmoil that impressed his nature and non-

detrimental to the community. But it was more

worried about his own personal affairs.

But in fact, the dynamics of the

organization is indeed very diverse

and various. And in fact all the dynamics as

it does exist, and is often found

in all existing organizations. Because of the

nature of man are not all straight in progress.

3) The types of organizations


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There are four general forms of the

organization, such as:

a. Line Organization

The Line Organization is the oldest and

simplest type of organization. In the

line organization, the tasks of planning,

control and supervision are one hand authority

line (line authority) directly from the

leadership to the subordinate. Form

of organization was created by Henry Fayol.

The characteristics of this organization type

are:

a) The purpose of the organization is still

simple.

b) The organization is small.

c) The amount of the member is still a little.

d) The leader and his member know each other

well.


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e) The level of specialization as well as the

necessary tools is not so high and not

diversified.

b. Line and Staff Organization

Line and staff organization type is

generally used

for large organization. His area is spacious

and has a task fields varied and complicated. T

his form was created by Harrington Emerson.

The characteristics of line and staff

organization such as:

a) The organization is big and complex.

b) There lot of members.

c) The space of organization is wide.

d) There is no more direct relationship between

the leader and the member of organization.

e) The leader and the member of organization not

exactly know each other well.

f) The maximal requirement of a various

specialization.


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c. Functional Organization

Generally, functional organization is the

organization which built based of the

characteristics and the kind of identical

functions.

The characteristics of functional organization

such as:

a) Grouping the task firmly and clearly

distinguishable.

b) In carrying out the task does not require a

lot of coordination, especially at the level

of implementation of a

subordinate because the field of

duty already firmly and clearly

outlined. In a

functional organization, stressed coordinatio

n on echelons of bosses.

c) The division of each organization units based

of task specialization.


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d) The Director has the

authority to command units

that are pinned on his own name, doesn't need

to be on behalf of the Director.

d. Commit organization

The commit or

organization type generally formed in a limited

time to carry out certain tasks.

The Committee can be divided into 4 types,

namely:

a) Committee has full power to act.

b) Committee that has no power, but has the

right for rejecting (veto).

c) Advisory Committee.

d) Education Committee which is a discussion

group.

b. Definition of Leadership

1) Base principles about leadership


14

Leadership according to George R. Terry,

leadership is an activity which influencing others,

so they like trying to achieve group goals, this in

accordance with the opinion of Howard Hoyt, in

his ‘Aspect of Modern Public

Administration’, "Leadership is the art of

influencing human behavior and the ability to

guide people. Even to influence and guide a

person in order to achieve certain goals had its

own art, and how we often means that

the orientation of the leaders only reigned without

seeing whether it can be accepted

by subordinates and members of his organization,

so in theory from some of these

experts expected the leader had the art to

determine the policy directions and decisions

without causing a conflict both

from superiors or preferably lower. This is where

the importance of the leader has the ability

to affect. Agus Dharma defines, "Leadership is the


15

process of influencing the activity of a person

and a group of people to achieve a goal in a given

situation." even the organization engaged in

negative activities must have leaders who

have delivered by some experts.

Leadership in an organization is a very

important factor in determining the achievement of

the objectives set by

the organization. Leadership is the central point

and decisive policy of activities that will be

implemented in the organization. Leadership is

an activity to affect the behavior of another

person in order that they may want directed

to achieve a particular goal (Thoha,

1983: 123). While according to Robbins (2002:

163), Leadership is the ability to influence a

group to achieve a goal. Meanwhile, according

to Anthony Ngalim (1991: 26) is a set

of Leadership from a series of abilities

and personality traits, including the authority to


16

serve as a means in order to assure that his

flock that they want and are able to carry out the

duties charged to him willingly, vigorously, there

is inner joy, and feel forced.

The leader is a play or role in the specific

system; therefore a person in formal roles do not

necessarily have the leadership skills and not

necessarily able to lead. The term

essentially relates to Leadership skills, know-

how, and the level of influence that belonged

to someone; therefore, the leadership could

be owned by a person who is not a "leader".

The meaning of leader is a person who has

the skills and advantages; in particular

skills/strengths in one area so that she is able

to influence other people to jointly

perform certain activities for the achievement

of one or more objectives. A leader is a person

who has the skills and competence of

the particular advantages in one area, so he was


17

able to influence others to

jointly conduct certain activities to the

achievement of one of

several objectives. (Kartini Kartono, 1994:181).

2) The types of leaders

Any organization can be said to succeed in

carrying out the vision and mission of the

Organization as a leader have the behavior

and style or the type of leadership that is capable

of directing and guiding the members to achieve the

vision and mission that has been set by the

organization. According to Haris Suprapto behavior-

behavior that should be possessed by a leader is

the ability to affect (1); (2) the ability

of directing; (3) the ability of the Guide; (4) the

ability to motivate; (5) Ability to

control; (6) ability to resolve the problem. All

of this behavior-behavior that should be owned by


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a leader of the Organization in order to

make him manage to reach the goal.

While the leadership itself there is

several styles or types of leadership, from a

variety of sources and literature all

lead and grouped into six leadership styles among

others (Suprapto Haris):

a. The visionary leadership of the Type that

is the type of leadership

that characterized the leader that has a

breadth, Having a

strong vision, Like fishing ideas of others

to achieve his vision, likes to take

criticism or suggestions from anywhere,

giving freedom to subordinates, concerned

with the common good and open.

b. The democratic leadership Type that is the

type of leadership that has characterized

the leaders who have a

breadth, has a clever insight to the


19

fore, giving motivations, have

innovation, dare to take risks has

been calculated, gives freedom to his

subordinates and has a high commitment.

c. Participatory leadership type that is the

type of leadership that has

the characteristics of a leader who has

the leadership which has characterized

the leaders who have a breadth,

has a clever insight to the

fore, giving motivations, likes to take the

advice of others, respect others '

opinions,

giving freedom to subordinates, like those

involving the others in making a decision.

d. Authoritarian leadership type that is the

type of leadership that has characterized

the leaders who have a breadth, like

the rule of

others, like threatening, like imposing the


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will of hard, behave, don't value other

people's opinions, the orientation

of the power.

e. The charismatic leadership of the type that

is the type of leadership that has

characterized the leaders who have a

breadth, influence to society or their

followers, had a vision of fore is

interesting, community or belief of its

followers had to have high confidence

in its leadership, which is great, as a

model or a symbol of the new values that

are emulated by his followers, have the

courage and a strong position to realize

his vision

f. The type of

leadership tranformasional leadership type

that has characterized the leaders

who have a breadth, leaders

and followers are raised to the level of


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morality and self motivation is higher, the

leaders moving needs higher levels to his

followers, the followers there

was trust, admiration, loyalty, and respect

to leaders, transform and

motivate leaders to his followers about the

importance of the job and the

organization rather than self-interest.

3) The duty of leaders

According to James A. F. Stonen, the main task

of a leader is:

a. A leader working with others: a leader is

responsible for working with others,

one with his

boss, colleague or staff, another superviso

r in an organization as

well as people outside the organization.


22

b. The

leader is responsible and accountable (acco

untability): A leader's responsibility to

arrange your tasks to perform tasks,

conducting the evaluation, in order to

achieve the best learning outcomes. The

leader in charge responsibility for the

success of the staff without failure.

c. Leaders balance the achievement of goals

and priorities: the process of leadership

limited resources, so the leader can

only moved forward with the task

of drafting priority. In an effort

to objective achievement leader should be

able to delegate tasks his duties to the

staff. Then the leader should be able

to set the time for effective, and solve

the problem effectively.

d. Leaders have to

think analytically and conceptually: a


23

leader has to be a conceptual and

analytical thinker. Next can

identify problems

with accuracy. Leaders should be able to

outline the whole work became clearer

and relation to other jobs.

e. The Manager is forcing mediators: a

conflict always happens on every team and

organization. Therefore, leaders must be

able to be a mediator (mediator).

f. Leaders are politicians and diplomats: a

leader should be able to invite and make

compromises. As a diplomat, a leader must

be able to represent the team or the

organization.

g. The leader makes a tough decision: a

leader should be able to solve the problem.

4) A good leader’s criteria

A good leader is a person with integrity who is

committed to the organization and the people who


24

work together to accomplish the organization’s

mission; this person leads by example, communicates

without ceasing, and shows care, concern, and

consistency in all dealings.

The leadership is arguably the leader of at

least fulfill some criteria, namely:

a. Influence

A leader is someone who has people

who support him were bringing upthe name

of the command. This makes the influence the

leader followed and make others subject

to what is said to be the the leader. John

c. Maxwell, author of books on leadership once

said: Leadership is Influence (leadership is a

matter of influence). Mother Teresa and Lady

Diana is an example of the criteria of a leader

who had influence.

b. Powers


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A leader is generally followed by

others because she has power that makes other

people appreciate its existence. Without power

or the power of which belonged

to the leaders, certainly no one who want to

be his supporters. Powers owned the leader is

make the other person will depend on

what belongs to the leader, without it they

can't do anything about it. This

relationship makes a mutualism symbiosis’

relationship, where both parties are

similarly mutually benefited.

c. Authority

The authority here can be interpreted as a

right that is given to take a

decision for leaders in carrying out a thing or

policy. Authorities here also can

be transferred to a subordinate by the

leadership in the leaders believe

that subordinates were able to carry out


26

the duties and responsibilities well said, so

that subordinates are given trust to carry

out without the need forintervention from the

leader.

d. Followers

A leader who has influence, powers,

and this authority cannot be said as a

leader when he has no followers in tow that

gave support and follow what is said to be the

leader. In the absence of the leader would not

exist. Leaders and followers are two things

that cannot be separated and cannot stand alone

as for the True leader of the Four Criteria,

namely:

a) Visionaries: a clear and definite goal ought

to have and know where it will lead his

followers. The purpose of your life is your

life's shaft. Andy Stanley in his

Vissionering book sees leaders

who have a vision and clear direction, the


27

possibility

ofsuccessfully/greater success than those

who only run a leadership.

b) Shared Success: Bring as many of his

followers to be successful with him. A

true leader is not looking for success or

profit only bag) herself, but he was not

worried and scared and even open

to encourage people

her success led together with.

c) Willing to continuously learning and being

taught (Teachable and Learn continuous): a

lot of things to be a leader if he wants

to continue to survive as a leader and

valued by his followers. Have a heart that

is willing to be taught well by other leaders

or subordinates and learn from experience-

self and others is important for a leader.

Equip yourself

with quality books and readings or


28

material positive also associate familiar

with the leaders will

encourage leadership skills will increase.

d) Prepare the prospective future leaders: true

leaders not only enjoy and exercise his

leadership alone for generations or when he

led only. However, more than that, he

wasa visionary leader who prepared subsequent

to regeneration in the future. Leaders

whoprepare the next leader could be

called a true leader. In any field in various

aspects oflife, a true leader must be said to

be Successful if it is capable of bringing

forth other young leaders.

B. Definition of Assalaam Islamic Modern Boarding

School

Assalaam Islamic Boarding School was born based on

a family community of science analysis Qur’an who found

in Muslim society. This community was programmed by H.


29

Abdullah Marzuki and his wife, “PT Tiga Serangkai”

printing and publishing company followed by that.

On 1976 this program was changed become Majelis

Ta’lim, named Majelis Pengajian Islam (MPI) that had given to

lead by KH. Abdullah Thaufil Saputra. In his advance,

KH. Abdullah Thaufil Saputra built and was

concentrating in Majelis Tasfir Al-Qur’an (MTA) and MPI still

stood as an independent organization.

When MPI programs become large, H. Abdullah

Marzuki thought and institution can spread Islam

quickly by holding general recitation and it from

Islamic education institute. Then they built Islamic

education institution on 1982 in Punggawan. As the

beginning of education, they built Madrasah Diniyah

Awaliyah (MDA) that held by KH. Abdullah Abdullatif.

On July, 17th 1982, MPI built MTs Puggawan. As the

birth of PPMIP (Punggawan Islamic Modern Boarding

School). All the students stayed in boarding house

because it is education model in boarding school.


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On July 19th 1985, the students of PPMIP moved to

new campus in Pabelan, Kartasura. In the same year

Madrasah Aliyah (MA) was established which held by Mr.

Sukarno, BA while the building school name becomes

Assalaam Islamic Modern Boarding School. "Assalaam"

name formally used on July 20th 1965 and as the

important moment of this boarding school. Do

simultaneous with that be built Madrasah Aliyah (MA) and

Takhasushiyah, at 1989/1990 be built Senior High School

(SMA). At education period 2006, Assalaam opened for

class program SMK. The Assalaam alumnus has been spread

in various fields in security.

The aims of PPMI Assalaam are:

1. Make ulil albab cyber who active in development of

Amar ma’ruf nahi munkar.

2. Develop modern life style based on Al- Qur’an and

Sunnah Al-Maqbulah in discipline, cleaning, and

peaceful. Professional on basic of knowledge and

technology for getting the aim.


31

C. Definition of Students Organization in Assalaam

Leadership is vital

for students. Therefore, students in the Islamic

boarding school are indeed prepared to be leaders of

the nation in the future. the

leadership race is a figure of the noble character and

committed to sacrifice body and soul for the benefit

of people both in the field of economic, social,

political and family. in the leadership race, the

strength of the morals, honesty, patience, social

care, science and active engagement in

society became the dominant values. The

leadership race is what will be printed by the Islamic

boarding schools.

Leadership requires skills. Leading could not

be retrieved by simply reading a book

about leadership. Therefore, in each of the

activities of organization are always contain

responsibility and leadership. Islam taught that every

Moslem is a leader and is responsible for his


32

leadership mandate. Learning leadership in boarding

schools attached to students in

activities that are classified. Student activities in

which there is a leadership learning elements of which

are as follows.

1. Classes, Rooms and Dormitories Organization

The leadership experience through the

organization of classes, rooms and

dormitories are acceptable for students even by

junior students or senior students. They

include classroom activities and obeying

rules, cleanliness, administration, and some

competitions between class and rooms, such as

wall magazine and cleanliness competition.

2. Clubs and Study Groups

There are some clubs in PPMI Assalaam, such as

art, soft skills, sports, and etcetera. In the

clubs there is an organization. These clubs are

always handed by students under the

construction of the counselor or the teacher.


33

3. Speech Organization (Muhadharah)

Muhadharah activities can support the

leadership training through two lines, such

as the manager of the Muhadharah and Mulahidz

Muhadharah (supervisor, judge, the director of

Muhadharah). The manager of the Muhadharah

class is appointed by the members of

the class. Mulahid Muhadharah could be played

by students. A supervisor's responsibility is

to manage the schedule of

speakers, speaker exchange, assessment of the

speech, speaker coaching, briefing and speech c

lasses. Each group or class has

supervisor from teacher.

4. Islamic Scout Organization (Kasysyafah)

Scout activities provide an opportunity to

study a broader leadership. There are

activities of groups, such as Squads, Special

Forces, Special Forces Platoon who raised

the flag, and Nature Lovers


34

(Sanpala). Each army has its

own management and systems

maintainers troops came from members of his

own army in accordance with the rules of the

cottage. in this activity students played

by leadership learning both as an

administrator and as a builder

of troop activities.

5. Consulate Organization

Consulate is a student’s regional

organization. Governance in the Organization of

many consulate followed by students of class IV

and some from the class III.

Here are name of consulate organizations in

PPMI Assalaam.

No Name Areas

1 Kumparan Persada Outside Java

2 Mutiara Timur East Java

3 A’steady Jabodetabek


35

4 Pasundan West Java and Banten

5 Isada Semasa Semarang, Salatiga,

Ambarawa and the other

city

6 Kartika Persada Pati Residency (Kudus,

Pati, Rembang, Demak,

Jepara, and the other

city)

7 Adipura Purwodadi, Cepu, Blora

8 Serayu Banyumas Residency

(Purwokerto,

Purbalingga, Cilacap,

Banjarnegara,

Banyumas, and the

other city)

9 Putri Tidar Wonosobo, Magelang,

Purworejo, and the


36

other city

10 Unassasco Surakarta Residency

(Solo, Klaten,

Boyolali, Sragen, and

the other city)

11 Uste Tegal and Brebes city

12 Osky Yogyakarta Residency

13 Batik Balama Pekalongan, Batang,

and Pemalang

6. Committee of an Event

These activities are held in accordance with

the activities and programs from OPPPMIA. Many

of the Students events formed in the Committee,

such as Assalaam Sport Week

(POSA), Art Festival, International Language Ol

ympiad, Assalaam Award, Book Fair, Festival

Khatulistiwa, and etcetera.


37

7. Magazine Publishing or Journalistic

Organization

Here are many magazines that published in PPMI

Assalaam, such as school magazine (magazine of

each school unit); like SMArt (SMA), DBA News

(MA), Matrix (SMK), and Al-Qolam (MTs), and

Karnisa.

Karnisa is a magazine publishing club

that became the site of channeling the

aspirations of students through

a journalistic path. The students who

have writing and drawing talent could join

with Karnisa. Karnisa Publishing is the part

of OPPPMIA.

8. The Student Organization of Assalaam Islamic

Modern Boarding School (OPPPMIA)

OPPPMIA is an organization established by the

principal of PPMI Assalaam. The organization

was formed by the boarding school as

well as coaching students in the field


38

of leadership, also serve to keep the functions

of supervision and coaching education students.

The objectives of OPPPMIA are:

a. Helping the manager of PPMI Assalaam

b. Help enforce discipline at PPMI Assalaam

c. Assist the process of educating and

teaching in PPMI Assalaam

d. As a field of association training,

experience improvement and discipline

of students.

The environment of OPPPMIA is relating to

the management of all students

that automatically become members of

the OPPPMIA. These members have the

following rights and obligations.

a. Believing and obeying all the rules of

OPPPMIA.

b. Keeping all rules and disciplines who have

been appointed by OPPPMIA.


39

c. Keeping the good name of PPMI

Assalaam both outside and inside.

d. Sincerely accepting all the fixes that

provided by OPPPMIA

e. Actively follow all activities that have

been organized by OPPPMIA

Besides, the rights of a member are set

as follows.

a. The members will get educations from OPPPMIA

b. Get a guidance and advice from OPPPMIA

c. Issuing opinions whether oral or written,

to OPPPMIA progress

d. Utilizing existing facilities to

develop talents, interests, and the

potential is there.

OPPPMIA governance dominated by students of

class V and a fraction of

the class IV. OPPPMIA is

a student leader appointed by the lodge to help


40

caregivers in providing education. In carrying

out its duties, the Board has a responsibility

to the Student Department Office and doing the

coaching against its members. When members got

the violation, OPPPMIA has the authority to

give the sanctions a light category with the

knowledge of caregivers

and counselors from Student Department Office.

Here are the sections of OPPPMIA.

No Male students of

OPPPMIA

Female students of

OPPPMIA

1 General Manager General Manager

2 Branch/Dormitory

Section

Branch/Dormitory

Section

3 Safety and

Discipline Section

Safety and Discipline

Section

4 Education Section Education Section

5 Language Improvement

Section

Language Improvement

Section

6 Scout Section Scout Section


41

7 Sport Section Sport Section

8 Art and Skill

Section

Art and Skill Section

9 Masjid Organizer

Section

Information Section

10 Healthy and

Environment Section

Healthy and

Environment Section

11 Research and

Development Section

Library and Science

Section

12 Publishing Section Publishing Section

13 Public Relation

Section

Public Relation

Section

14 Entrepreneur Section Entrepreneur Section


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