E¡¡√π∂™ ∫∞π £∂øƒπ∞: E¡∞ ™Ã√§π√ °π∞ ∆∏ ™Àªµ√§∏

∆√À K§∞¢√À ∆∏™ ™À°∫ƒ√À™π∞∫∏™ ¶√§π∆π∫∏™

™∆∏ M∂§∂∆∏ ∆ø¡ K√π¡ø¡π∫ø¡ Kπ¡∏ª∞∆ø¡

™ÂÚ·ÊÂ›Ì π. ™ÂÊÂÚÈ¿‰Ë˜*

∆Ô Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ ™Ù¤ÏÈÔ˘ ∞ÏÂÍ·Ó‰ÚfiÔ˘ÏÔ˘, ¡›ÎÔ˘ ™ÂÚÓÙ‰¿ÎÈ Î·È πˆÛ‹Ê ªÔÙÂÙ˙¿ÁÈ·ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎÈÓ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÏÏ·ÏÒ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ:(·) Û˘ÓÔ„›˙ÂÈ Î·È ÂÚÈÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ› ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ÂÓfi˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘Ø(‚) ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙfiÔ˘˜ Ì ¿ÏÏ· ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ‹ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· –fiˆ˜ÎfiÌÌ·Ù· Î·È ÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·Ø Î·È, (Á) ÂÎÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ· ˆ˜ ¢ηÈÚ›· ÁÈ·‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ¤ÁÎÏËÛË Î·È ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ‰›ÓÂÈ Ï·-‚‹ Î·È ÂÚÂı›ÛÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË. √È ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍÔ‡ÓÓ· ÚÔˆı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÙÚ›ÙÔ ÙÔ̤· –ÙË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË– ηÈ, ÈÔ ÂȉÈο, ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂ-ÎÚÈ̤ÓË Ù˘¯‹ Ù˘ Ì ‰˘ÓËÙÈο ÎÚ›ÛÈ̘ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓËÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¿ÛÎËÛË Û·Ó ÎÈ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ ÔÏfi„˘¯· Î·È Â-Í·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıËÙÈο ÂÓ¤ÓÂ·Ó Î·È ÙÔÓ ™Ù¤ÏÈÔ Ô˘ ÙfiÛÔ ÚfiˆÚ· ¤Ê˘Á ·fi ÎÔÓÙ¿ Ì·˜.1

1. ¶ø™ √ƒπ∑∂∆∞π ∆√ «∫√π¡ø¡π∫√ ∫π¡∏ª∞»;

ªÂ ÙȘ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ÙÔ˘˜, ÔÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ô ÎÏ¿‰Ô˜ Ù˘™˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜2 ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿-

* √ ™ÂÚ·ÊÂ›Ì π. ™ÂÊÂÚÈ¿‰Ë˜ Â›Ó·È ∂›ÎÔ˘ÚÔ˜ ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÛÙÔ ¶¿ÓÙÂÈÔ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Î·È Fellow in Politics & History ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ÙÔ˘ Cambridge (Clare Hall).

1. ŸÌˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ù˘ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘, ¤·ÈÓÔÈ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ˜ ¢¯·ÚÈÛٛ˜ ÔÊ›ÏÔÓÙ·ÈÛÙÔ˘˜ ™ÂÚÓÙ‰¿ÎÈ Î·È ªÔÙÂÙ˙¿ÁÈ· Ô˘ ·Ó·Û‡ÓıÂÛ·Ó Î·È ÂÈηÈÚÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ, ·Ó·-Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÙË ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Â˘ı‡ÓË Ù˘ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÌÔÁÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ηÈ, ˆ˜ ¤Ó·Ó‚·ıÌfi ÂÈηÈÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘. √È ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ú¿ ·ÓÙ·fiÎÚÈ-ÛË ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·ÏÔÁÈÎfi οÏÂÛÌ·.

2. ¶·Ú¿ ÙȘ ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘, Ë ™˘-ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ¤Ó· ηٿ ÙÔ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ‹ ‹ÙÙÔÓ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfi –Î·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ-

E§§HNIKH E¶I£EøPH™H ¶O§ITIKH™ E¶I™THMH™, Ù¯. 30, NOEMBPIO™ 2007, Û. 32-42

ÙˆÓ. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¢ڇÙÂÚË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ˘-ÔÛÙËÚ›¯ıËΠfiÙÈ, ·Ú¯‹˜ ÁÂÓÔ̤Ó˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚԉȿıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó¤Ó·Ó ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓÔ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÁÈ· Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù·, ÔÈ ıÈ·ÛÒÙ˜ Ù˘ ™˘-ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‚Ú¤ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ›Ô‰· fiÛˆÓ, ηٿ ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›·ÙÔ˘ 1970, «¤ÙÂÈÓ·Ó Ó· ηٷÓÔÔ‡Ó Ù· Ó¤· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù· ˆ˜ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙ¤˜ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓË ıÂÛÌÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ» (Û. 8). √È ÌÂ-ÏÂÙËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛ·Ó Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Î·Ù‹ÁÁÂÈÏ·Ó Â›Û˘ «¿Ì-‚Ï˘ÓÛË» ÙˆÓ ÔÚ›ˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈοÌÔÚÊÒÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ıÂÛÌÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ (ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÌÈ·˜ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ˘ ÚÔÛ¿-ıÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÂÓÈ·›·˜ ıˆڛ·˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Û˘Ì‚·-ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜), Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó ˘fiÓÔȘ (ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·ÎÔ‡ÛÈ·) fiÙÈ Ë™˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÓ Ù¤ÏÂÈ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈ› Î·È ˘Ôı¿ÏÂÈ ÙË ıÂÛÌÔÔ›ËÛËÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ –‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ì ÎÔÌ‚ÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙ·ıÌÔ‡˜ ÚÒÙ· ÙËÓ«ÔÌ·ÏÔÔ›ËÛË» ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú¿ÛˆÓ, Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÛÙÔÓ ‚·ıÌfiÔ˘ ÔÈ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙ¤˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· ¤ÏÂÁ·Ó ÙÔÓ ‰ÚfiÌÔ Ù˘ ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÙËÓÂÓۈ̿وÛË Î·È ·ÊÔÌÔ›ˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·.

™ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Îfi-ÌË Î·È ÛÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Ì ÙÔ ÛÎÂÙÈÎfi fiÙÈ, ·Ú¿ÙÔÓ ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈÎfi ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌfi Ô˘ ÙË ‰È›Â, ›¯Â ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Ó· Âȉ›ÍÂÈ Û·-Ê‹ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÁÈ· ÙË ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ («ÂÊ‹ÌÂÚ˜ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰ÈÂΉ›ÎËÛ˘ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙÔÓ ıÂÛÌÈÎfi ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜»–Û. 9). ÕÏÏË ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó Î¿ÔȘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Parsons Û¯ÂÙÈο ÌÂÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ıÂÛÌÈÎÒÓ ÚfiψÓ-ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ Ù˘ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˘‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘.

∏ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÎÔÌ‚Èο ÛËÌ›· Ù˘ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È Â›Ó·È, ˆ˜ ÂÎÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘, ηÏԉ¯ԇÌÂÓË. ¶ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ fï˜ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙ› Ô Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ˜·ÚÂÚÌËÓÂÈÒÓ Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋˜ ıˆڛ·˜ Ô˘ ÂÏÏԯ‡ÂÈ, ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÚÈ-Ṳ̂Ó˜ ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓ›ÛÂȘ. ™Â ÙÈ Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ·˘Ù¤˜;

H ™À°∫ƒ√À™π∞∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ KAI ∏ ª∂§∂∆∏ ∆ø¡ ∫√π¡ø¡π∫ø¡ ∫π¡∏ª∞∆ø¡ 33

Îfi– ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·. ªÈ· ·ÔÙ‡ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙÂÙ·ÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ Â-ȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔ ™. π. ™ÂÊÂÚÈ¿‰Ë˜, «™˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰Ú¿ÛË, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÎÈ-Ó‹Ì·Ù·», ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ ∂ÈıÂÒÚËÛË ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, Ù¯. 27, ª¿ÈÔ˜ 2006, Û. 7-42.

2. √ ∫§∞¢√™ ∆∏™ ™À°∫ƒ√À™π∞∫∏™ ¶√§π∆π∫∏™

∏ ·ÓÙȉȷÛÙÔÏ‹ ™˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È «Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜»Û ¤Ó· Â›Â‰Ô ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÓ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌfi fi-ÙÈ, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË, Ë ÚÒÙË ÂÎÙÔ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ Ù˘ «Âȉ›ˆÍ˘ıÂÛÌÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÒÓ» ÚÔ˜ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ ÌÈ·˜ ·Ì‚Ï˘Ì¤Ó˘ ÚfiÛÏ˄˘ Ô˘ÙÂÏÈο ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ Â·ÚÎÒ˜ Ù· ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù· ·fi ¿ÏÏ· ÔÏÈ-ÙÈο ÌÔÚÊÒÌ·Ù· fiˆ˜ ÎfiÌÌ·Ù·, ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ›ÂÛ˘ Î.Ï. ∂›Ó·È fï˜ ¤ÙÛÈ;

∫·Ù·Ú¯¿˜, Â›Ó·È Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ, ·Ï·ÈfiıÂÓ, Ë ™˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋ ¶ÔÏÈ-ÙÈ΋ ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË Ô˘ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÈ-ÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Â›ÛËÌ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ªÈ· ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË, ·ÏÏ¿ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÁÏ·Ê˘-Ú‹, ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ı¤Û˘ ¤ÁÈÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ Jack Goldstone3 ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·Áˆ-Á‹ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÙfiÌÔ˘ ·ÊÈÂڈ̤ÓÔ˘ –·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜– ÛÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Ù˘ Û¯¤ÛËÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜:

«…[∞]ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ϤÔÓÛ˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙÔ‡Ó ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù· ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ··fi Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔıÂÛÌÈο ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁΛÌÂÓ·, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÏÂÈ-ÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ Â›ÛËÌˆÓ [normal] ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ì fiÙÈÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚfiʈ˜ […] [¶]ÈÛÙ‡ԢÌ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔÓ Ó·Á›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙ‹ Ë Î·ÓÔÓÈ΋, ıÂÛÌÔıÂÙË̤ÓË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈηÛÙËÚ›ˆÓ,ÙˆÓ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ù˘ ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ‹ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ¯ˆÚ›˜ ηٷÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ÛÙÂÓ‹˜ Î·È ·¤Ó·Ë˜ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ˘Ê›ÛÙ·-ÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù·».

™ËÌ·›ÓÂÈ, fï˜, ¿Ú·Á ·˘Ùfi fiÙÈ Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù· ·‡Ô˘Ó Ó· ›ӷȉȷÎÚÈÙ¿ ·fi Ù· ›ÛËÌ· ıÂÛÌÈο ÌÔÚÊÒÌ·Ù· Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó; ∞˜ ÂÎ-̷ȇÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ·fi ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·Ú·¤ÌÔ˘ÓfiÛÔÈ ··ÓÙÔ‡Ó Î·Ù·Ê·ÙÈο: ÙÔ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ÙˆÓ David S. MeyerÎ·È Sidney Tarrow ÛÙÔÓ ÙfiÌÔ The Social Movement Society. ∆È Â›Ó·È ÏÔÈfiÓÙ· ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù·; «∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„‹ Ì·˜», ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Meyer Î·È Tarrow, ˆ˜ ÎÈÓ‹-Ì·Ù· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÔÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó

«Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂΉÈ΋ÛÂȘ/·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ [challenges] ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂ-ÓˆÓ ‰È·Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÌÒÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Î·È Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹˜ ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Ì ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ Â-

34 ™EPAºEIM I. ™EºEPIA¢H™

3. J.A. Goldstone (ÂÈÌ.), States, Parties and Social Movements, Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge/¡¤· ÀfiÚÎË/ªÂÏ‚Ô‡ÚÓË/ª·‰Ú›ÙË/Cape Town 2003, Û. 2.

ȉÈÒÍÂȘ Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë Û ·Ú·ÙÂٷ̤ÓË ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË Ì ÙȘ ÂÏ›Ù, ·-ÓÙÈ¿ÏÔ˘˜, Î·È ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜» (Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ ÚˆÙfiÙ˘Ô).4

ªÔÚ› οÔÈÔ˜ Ó· Û˘ÌʈÓ› ‹ Ó· ‰È·ÊˆÓ› Ì ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ı¤·Û˘ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘, fï˜ Â›Ó·È Û·Ê¤˜ ˆ˜ ÙÔ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ Ù˘ Âȉ›ˆ-͢ ıÂÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ οı ¿ÏÏÔ ·Ú¿ ÂÎÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È. ∞Ó Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Ï¿-‚Ô˘Ì ˘fi„Ë Ì·˜ fiÙÈ Û ·ÌÊfiÙÂÚ˜ ÙȘ ÂΉfiÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎÔ‡ Power inMovement5 Ô Tarrow ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔÓ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ÂÍÂÈ-‰›Î¢ÛË «ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓˆÓ ‰È·Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÌÒÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Î·È Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹˜», Ùfi-Ù ÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·‚›·ÛÙ· ˆ˜ ÛÙȘ ÓÂfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙÔ ÎÚÈ-Ù‹ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ıÂÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·Ó·‚·ıÌ›˙ÂÙ·È.

ŸÌˆ˜ οÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÎÏ‹ÛÛÂÈ. ∞fi ÙÔ Î·Ù·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi FromMobilization to Revolution,6 ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ Dynamics of Contention7 Î·È Ù· ÈÔÚfiÛÊ·Ù· Social Movements8 Î·È Contentious Politics,9 ÙÔ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ıÂ-ÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÔÙ¤ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯·Û ÙÔÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔÙ˘ Û¯ÔÏ‹˜ Ù˘ ™˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ (·Û¯¤Ùˆ˜ ·Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô˘˜ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ·˘Ùfi ‰ËÏÒÓÂÙ·È ÚËÙ¿, fiˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ Meyer Î·È Tar-row, ‹ fi¯È).∆Ô ÎÏÂȉ› ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ï·È¿ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ Charles Til-ly,10 Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ù· ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ «·ÌÊÈÛ‚Ë-ٛ˜/‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙ¤˜» [collective challengers] ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ›ÛËÌÔ˘ ηıÂÛÙˆÙÈÎÔ‡˘Ú‹Ó· [outside of polity] ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘Ù˘ ÂοÛÙÔÙ «Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÈηÈÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜» [government’s jurisdiction]. ™ÙÔDynamics of Contention, Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, ÔÈ McAdam, Tarrow Î·È Tilly11 ÚÔ‚·›-

H ™À°∫ƒ√À™π∞∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ KAI ∏ ª∂§∂∆∏ ∆ø¡ ∫√π¡ø¡π∫ø¡ ∫π¡∏ª∞∆ø¡ 35

4. D.S. Meyer - S. Tarrow (ÂÈÌ.), The Social Movement Society; Contentious Politicsfor a New Century, Roeman & Littlefield Publishers Inc, Lanham/Boulder/¡¤· ÀfiÚÎË/∆ÔÚfi-ÓÙÔ/√ÍÊfiÚ‰Ë 1998, Û. 4.

5. S. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/¡¤· ÀfiÚÎË/Oakleigh/ªÂÏ‚Ô‡ÚÓË 1994, Û. 3-4, ηÈPower in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge/¡¤· ÀfiÚÎË/Oakleigh/ªÂÏ‚Ô‡ÚÓË 1998, Û. 4.

6. C. Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, ¡¤·ÀfiÚÎË/St Louis/San Francisco/Auckland/Bogotá/Caracas/∞Ì‚Ô‡ÚÁÔ/§ÈÛ·‚fiÓ·/§ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ/ ª·-‰Ú›ÙË/¶fiÏË ÙÔ˘ ªÂÍÈÎÔ‡/ªÈÏ¿ÓÔ/ªfiÓÙÚ·Ï/¡¤Ô ¢Âϯ›/Oklahoma City/¶·Ú›ÛÈ/San Juan/Sáo Paulo/™ÈÁηԇÚË/ Sidney/∆fiÎÈÔ/∆ÔÚfiÓÙÔ 1978.

7. D. McAdam - S. Tarrow - C. Tilly, Dynamics of Contention, Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge/¡¤· ÀfiÚÎË/Oakleigh/ª·‰Ú›ÙË/Cape Town 2001.

8. C. Tilly, Social Movements, 1768-2004, Paradigm Publishers, Boulder/§ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ 2004.9. C. Tilly - S. Tarrow, Contentious Politics, Paradigm Publishers, Boulder/§ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ 2007.

10. C. Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, fi..11. D. McAdam - S. Tarrow - C. Tilly, Dynamics of Contention, fi.., Û. 11-12.

ÓÔ˘Ó Û ·ÂÈÎfiÓÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (°Ú¿ÊËÌ· 1), Î·È ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÚËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜·ÌÊÈÛ‚Ëٛ˜/‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙ¤˜ –challengers– (ÙÔ ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ·ÙÙ·ÚÔ) ˆ˜ «Û˘ÁÎÚÔ-ÙË̤ӷ ÔÏÈÙÈο ˘ÔΛÌÂÓ· ¯ˆÚ›˜ ıÂÛÌÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË [routine access]ÛÙËÓ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘».

°°PPAAººHHMMAA 11

∞Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ·fi ÙÔ D. McAdam - S. Tarrow - C. Tilly, Dynamics of Contention,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/¡¤· ÀfiÚÎË/Oakleigh/ª·‰Ú›ÙË/Cape Town2001, Û.11. © Cambridge University Press 2001.

∆Ô fiÙÈ Ù· ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù· ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ Â͈-/ÌË-ıÂÛÌÈο ‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙÈο ˘ÔΛÌÂ-Ó·, fï˜, ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÙÔ›Ô ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔ-ÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ·ÌÂÙ¿‚ÏËÙÔ. ¶ÔȘ ·Ó·Î·Ù·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ›;

√È Meyer Î·È Tarrow12 Û˘ÓÔ„›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο ÌÂ

36 ™EPAºEIM I. ™EºEPIA¢H™

12. D.S. Meyer - S. Tarrow (ÂÈÌ.), The Social Movement Society; Contentious Politicsfor a New Century, fi..

ÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÛÙÔ ÙÚ›Ù˘¯Ô «‡ÎÓˆÛË» (fiÔ˘ ·fi ÛÔÚ·‰ÈΤ˜, ÔÈ ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ·Ú¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û˘Ó‹ıÂȘ, ·ÏÏ¿ ηÈÚԂϤ„È̘), «‰È¿‰ÔÛË» (fiÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈ-ÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ·fi Û·ÊÒ˜ ÌË ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÈο ˘ÔΛÌÂÓ·, fiˆ˜ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¢Â-ÍÈ¿)13 ηÈ, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, «ıÂÛÌÔÔ›ËÛË» (fiÔ˘, ηıÒ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÎÈÓËÌ¿-ÙˆÓ ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ «ÂÍÔÚıÔÏÔÁ›˙ÂÙ·È» Î·È Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÔÔÈ›ٷÈ, ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔ-‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ¤ÓÙÔÓË Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· «ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ̤ÛÔ ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛ˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÎÒÓ‰ÈÂΉÈ΋ÛÂˆÓ –ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ΛÓËÌ·– Ó· ÌÂÙ·Ùڷ› Û ÁÚ·Ó¿˙È Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈ-΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜»).14 ∂ÈÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈο, Î·È Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì fi,ÙÈ ›Û¯˘Â ÚÈÓ ·fi Ï›-Á˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜, Ô‡ÙÂ Ë ÂÌÏÔ΋ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋ ·ÚÂÌfi‰ÈÛË ·ÚΛ ÁÈ· Ó·ÙÂÎÌËÚÈÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ˘fiÛÙ·ÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ Ô‡ÙÂ Î·È Ë ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ˘fiÛÙ·-ÛË Û ¯ÚfiÓÔ ∞ ·ÚΛ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓÔ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤-ÓˆÓ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ‹ Î·È ÂÓۈ̿وÛ˘ Û ¯ÚfiÓÔ µ. ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Úfi-ÏÔ, ÂÈϤÔÓ, ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜. ªÂ ÂÌÚfiıÂÙË Î·È Û‡ÓÙÔ-ÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ηÚfiÙÔ˘ Î·È Ì·ÛÙÈÁ›Ô˘ (ÂÈÎÔ˘Ú›· Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎÒÓ‰Ú¿ÛˆÓ-·ËÓ‹˜ ¿Ù·ÍË ·ÚÂÌfi‰ÈÛ˘) ÂȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È –ηٿ ÙÔ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ‹ ‹Ù-ÙÔÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο– ÚÒÙ· Ë fiψÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙÈÎÒÓ Û ¿Ó¢ڷ Û‡ÓÓÔ-ÌÔ˘˜ Î·È ·Ú·‚·ÙÈο ‚›·ÈÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹, Ô Î·Ù·ÎÂÚ-Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (̤ۈ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ «‰È·›ÚÂÈ Î·È ‚·Û›Ï¢»).

ŸÌˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ (Î·È ·ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜ Ì fi,ÙÈ ˘·ÈÓÈÎÙÈο ˘ÔÛÙË-Ú›˙ÂÙ·È) ÔÈ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ› Ù˘ ™˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÓ Âȯ·›ÚÔ˘ÓØ Ô‡Ù‚¤‚·È· –ÔÏÏÒ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ– ÙȘ ÚÔˆıÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ıˆÚËÙÈο ‹/Î·È Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÙÈο·ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓ·. ∞ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÂÂȉ‹ Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÈÓ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÚÁ·ÓÈ-ο Û˘Ó˘Ê·Ṳ̂ÓË Ì ÙË ‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙÈ΋ ·ÚÂÌfi‰ÈÛË [disruption],15 Ë ‰È·›-ÛÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÚÈÙ‡¯Ô˘ ‡ÎÓˆÛË-‰È¿‰ÔÛË-ıÂÛÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÚÔηÏ›, ·ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜,ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·. ∆Ô Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ Meyer Î·È Tarrow ηٷϋÁÂȈ˜ ÂÍ‹˜:

«Ì‹ˆ˜ [¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ] […] ÌÈ·˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈ·˜ ¤ÎÙ·Û˘ ıÂÛÌÔÔ›ËÛË […] ÒÛÙ ÙÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ΛÓËÌ· fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ÁÓˆÚ›Û·Ì ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· […] ¯¿ÓÂÈ ÙË ‰‡Ó·Ì‹ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÂÎÏ‹ÛÛÂÈ, Ó· ·ÚÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÎÈÓËÙÔÔÈ›, ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ‡ÏÔÁË Î·È

H ™À°∫ƒ√À™π∞∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ KAI ∏ ª∂§∂∆∏ ∆ø¡ ∫√π¡ø¡π∫ø¡ ∫π¡∏ª∞∆ø¡ 37

13. ∆Ô Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ Meyer Î·È Tarrow (fi.., Û. 1-4) ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·‚ÔÏ‹ Û˘ÏÏ·ÏË-ÙËÚ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÔÏÂÌÈÎÔ‡ Berkeley (1964) Î·È Ù˘ «∂ıÓÈ΋˜ ™˘ÌÌ·¯›·˜» ÙÔ˘ ªÂÚÏÔ˘ÛÎfiÓÈ(1997).

14. ™ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ, Û. 4.15. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ S. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious

Politics, fi.., Û. 96, ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ «·Ú¯ÂÙ˘È΋ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ [chal-lenging groups]».

·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙËÓ ˘ËÚÂÛ›· fiÛˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ¤-¯Ô˘Ó ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û ÈÔ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈο ̤۷ ÂËÚ·ÛÌÔ‡;»16

∞Ó Î¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Û˘Ì‚Â›, ‚¤‚·È·, Ù· ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù· ‰ÂÓ ı· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙ›Øı· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¿„ÂÈ Ó· ˘Ê›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È.

3. ∏ ∂¶π™∆∏ª√§√°π∫∏ Àº∏ ∆∏™ £∂øƒπ∞™

ŸÌˆ˜ Ë ™˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ηٷÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È Â›Û˘ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË Ù˘ӷ ‰È¢ڇÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Â-ÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô ÏÂÈ¿‰· Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¤Ú·Ó Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ۇ̷ÓÙÔ˜. ∆È Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛΤÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜;

∏ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË Â›Ó·È, ηٷگ¿˜, ·fiÏ˘Ù· ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜. ∂›Ó·È Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ ÁÂÁÔ-Ófi˜ ˆ˜ ηٷÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÙÔ˘ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘ Ù˘ ™˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ˘-‹ÚÍ ·Ó¤Î·ıÂÓ Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ı¤·Û˘ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ú·-‰ÔÛȷο ¤ÙÂÈÓ·Ó Ó· ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÌË Û˘Ó·Ê‹ ‹ Î·È ‰È·˙¢ÎÙÈο. ŸÌˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi‰ÂÓ ¤ÁÈÓ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ «¿Ì‚Ï˘ÓÛË» ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈοÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙȘ ıÂÛÌÈΤ˜ ÂÎÊ¿ÓÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∫¿ı ¿ÏÏÔ. ∂›Ó·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi fiÙÈ Û˘¯Ó¿-˘ÎÓ¿ ÛÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ: ÔÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ˘fiÛÙ·Û˘ Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛËfi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ì ›ÛËÌ· ıÂÛÌÈο ÌÔÚÊÒÌ·Ù·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ¿ÏϘ ·ÏÔ‡ÛÙÂÚ˜–ÌË ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜– ÌÔÚʤ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ (Ù· ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ· «·Ï¿ Û˘-ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷο ÂÂÈÛfi‰È·»). √ Tilly,17 Ï.¯., ÂÈ̤ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Î›ÓËÌ· ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÌfiÓÔÓ fi-Ù·Ó Û˘Ó˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó (·) ·Ú·ÙÂٷ̤Ó˜ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎÛÙÚ·ÙÂ›Â˜Ø (‚) ¯Ú‹ÛËÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÂÂÚÙÔÚ›Ô˘Ø Î·È (Á) Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Âȉ›ÍÂȘ∞∂¶∞ (·ÍÈÔÛ‡Ó˘, ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ÔÏ˘¿ÚÈıÌÔ˘ Î·È ·ÊÔÛ›ˆÛ˘).18 ™ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ·˘Ùfi˙‹ÙËÌ·, Ù˘ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÈÓ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ –·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜– ‰ÂÓÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ì‚Ï˘Óı› ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘ ۇ̷ÓÙÔ˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋˜ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Tilly Î·È Tarrow Î·È ÛÙÔ ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ, ȉȷÈÙ¤Úˆ˜

38 ™EPAºEIM I. ™EºEPIA¢H™

16. D.S. Meyer - S. Tarrow (ÂÈÌ.), The Social Movement Society; Contentious Politicsfor a New Century, fi.., Û. 26. ∆Ô ÚËÙÔÚÈÎfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ·Ë¯Â› ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi Ô˘ ÚÒÙÔÈ Âͤ-ÊÚ·Û·Ó ‰ÈÂÈÛ‰˘ÙÈο ÔÈ F.F. Piven - R. Coward, «Normalizing Collective Protest», ÛÙÔ A.D.Morris - C.M. Mueller (ÂÈÌ.), Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, Yale University Press,New Haven/§ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ 1992.

17. C. Tilly, Social Movements, 1768-2004, fi.., Û. 3-4.18. ™. π. ™ÂÊÂÚÈ¿‰Ë˜, «™˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰Ú¿ÛË, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù·»,

fi.., Û. 10.

ÂÓ·ÚÁ¤˜, ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰Èfi ÙÔ˘˜.19 ∞Í›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó· Û¯ÂÙÈο ÂÎÙÂÓ¤˜ ·Ú¿ıÂÌ·:

«¶ÔÏÏÔ› ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜ […] ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ΛÓËÌ· ˘Ô‰Ë-ÏÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ‹ Î·È ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù˘ ÙÔÌ‹˜ […] Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘-ÛÈ·ÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ […] ™ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹, fï˜ –Ó· ÂÂÎÙ›-ÓÂÙ·È Ô fiÚÔ˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ¿‚ÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ‹ Î·È fiϘ ÙȘÂÎÊ¿ÓÛÂȘ Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ‚¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο Ù˘ Û˘ÁΛÌÂÓ·–, ÂÌ›˜ ›̷ÛÙ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔÈ. ªÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ¤ÎÙ·-ÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ÌÂÈÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ∫·Ù·Ú¯¿˜, Ì ÙÔ Ó· ÂÍÔÌÔÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‰È¿-ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÎfiÙËÙ·˜ οو ·fi ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ fiÚÔ, ·ÚÂÌÔ‰›˙Â-Ù·È Ë Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ·Ó fiϘ ÔÈ ÌÔÚʤ˜Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÏÔÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ΛÓËÌ· […] Ë ‰ÈÂ-Ú‡ÓËÛË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ¿‚·Û˘ ·fi ÙË Ì›· ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË Î·ı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÚÔ‚ÏË-Ì·ÙÈ΋. ∆Ú›ÙÔÓ, Û˘ÛÎÔÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ¤Ó· ıÂÌÂÏÈ҉˜ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜: fiÙÈ Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈοÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù· Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ –Î·È fi¯È ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋– ηÙËÁÔÚ›·».

∂›Ó·È ÏÔÈfiÓ Û·Ê¤˜ fiÙÈ Ë ™˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÁÓˆ-ÛÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô ÌÂϤÙ˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·Ì‚χÓÂÈÙËÓ È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ŸÌˆ˜, ÙfiÙÂ, ÁÈ·Ù› ÙÔ ‰È¢ڇÓÂÈ;

H ·¿ÓÙËÛË ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÎfi «To Map Contentious Politics»ÙˆÓ McAdam, Tarrow Î·È Tilly,20 È‰Ú˘ÙÈÎfi ΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÂÈıÂÒÚËÛ˘ Mobi-lization, ÙÔ˘ ϤÔÓ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏ¿-‰Ô˘. ™ÙÔ ·Ú¿ıÂÌ· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÂÍËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ÌÂٷ͇ ¿ÏψÓ, Î·È ÔÈ ÏfiÁÔÈÔ˘ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘:

«ÀÈÔıÂÙԇ̠ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ “Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋”, ·ÓÙ› ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘Ó‹ıË ÙÚÈ¿‰·“ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù·, ·ӷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰Ú¿ÛË”, fi¯È ·ÏÒ˜ ηÈÌfiÓÔÓ ÁÈ· ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ […] √Ú›˙Ô˘Ì ˆ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛÈ·-΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ÌË ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘fiÌÂÓˆÓ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙÒÓ –‹ÙȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ fiÛˆÓ ‰È·Ù›ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ‡Ô˘Ó– ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‚·-Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ Û ÌË ıÂÛÌÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Ì ÙȘ ÂÏ›Ù, ·ÓÙÈ¿-ÏÔ˘˜ ‹ ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ […] £ÂˆÚԇ̠ٷ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù·, ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘-ÛÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ·ÎÏÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙȘ ·ӷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÏÏËϤӉÂÙ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÂÓÙfi˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Ê¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ӈÓ. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘ÌÂfiÙÈ Ô Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ η̂¿˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÛËÁԇ̷ÛÙ ı· Ì·˜ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ Ó· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›-

H ™À°∫ƒ√À™π∞∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ KAI ∏ ª∂§∂∆∏ ∆ø¡ ∫√π¡ø¡π∫ø¡ ∫π¡∏ª∞∆ø¡ 39

19. C. Tilly - S. Tarrow, Contentious Politics, fi.., Û. 8.20. D. McAdam - S. Tarrow - C. Tilly, «To Map Contentious Politics», Mobilization, Ù¯.

1, 1996, Û. 14-28.

ÛÔ˘Ì ·˘Ù¿ Ù· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·, ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÛÔ Î·È Ì ÙË ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ-΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹…» (Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙÔ˜).21

¡· ÏÔÈfiÓ Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘ ı¤-·Û˘: ·Ó Î·È Û·ÊÒ˜ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ‹ ·fi ¿ÏÏ· Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷο ÌÔÚÊÒÌ·Ù·, Ë ÌÂϤÙËÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·‰Âȯı› ˆ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˜ÌfiÓÔÓ ·Ó ÂÓÙ·¯ı› ÂÓÙfi˜ ÂÓfi˜ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Ô˘ Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Û˘ÛÙË-Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÂÔÙ›· Î·È ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË Ù˘ ÂÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚÒÓ ·ÈÙȈ‰ÒÓ Ì˯·ÓÈ-ÛÌÒÓ fiˆ˜ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË, Ë ‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙÈ΋ ‰È¿¯˘ÛË, Ë ·fi‰ÔÛË¢ηÈÚÈÒÓ ÎÏ. Î·È ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ fiˆ˜ Ë Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈ̤-ÓˆÓ [actor constitution], Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ȉÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ‹ Ë ›‰È· Ë ÎÈÓËÙÔÔ›ËÛË (ˆ˜ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÂÌÚfiıÂÙ˘ Î·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ-΋˜ ‰ÈÔ¯¤Ù¢Û˘ fiÚˆÓ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ‰ÈÂΉÈÎËıÔ‡Ó ·ÈÙ‹Ì·Ù·).22 ŸÌˆ˜ ËÛÙ¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ··ÓÙ¿ Î·È Û ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¿ÙÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ÌÂÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÛÎÂÙfiÌ·ÛÙ ÙËÓ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ. °Ú¿ÊÔ˘ÓÔÈ McAdam, Tarrow Î·È Tilly:

«¢˘Ô ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘Ú-ÁÔ‡Ó ·ÔÙÚÂÙÈο ÚÔ˜ ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ Û‡ÓıÂÛË Î·È Û˘ÛÛÒÚ¢ÛË: ·ÊÂÓfi˜,Ë ÔÏÔ¤Ó· ÂÓÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓË ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ˘Ô-ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ ÌÂϤÙ˘ØηÈ, ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, Ë ·Ô˘Û›· ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ ÁÈ· ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜/Â-ÌÂÈÚÈΤ˜ ηٷÁڷʤ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ô‡ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÌ·ÛÙ [stock-taking]. ø˜·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÙÔÓ ·Î·Ù¿Û¯ÂÙÔ ÔÏÏ·Ï·ÛÈ·ÛÌfi ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÌÂ-ÏÂÙÒÓ Ô˘, ÂÓÒ ÚÔÛı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ·Ú¿‰Â˜ ÛÙ· ‚ÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈο ÛËÌÂÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Û˘Á-ÁڷʤˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÈÎÚ‹ ÌfiÓÔ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ Ì·˜ ÚfiÔ‰Ô. ∏ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ˘ÔʤÚÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ·ıÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·. ∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· 25 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÁÈӋηÌ ̿ÚÙ˘Ú˜ ÌÈ·˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜¤ÎÚË͢ ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ, ÙfiÛÔ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ fiÛÔ Î·È Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ, Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ÂÚÈÔ¯‹. ŸÌˆ˜ ÔÈ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰È·¯‡ıËÎ·Ó Û ¤Ó· ¢ڇ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÂÍÂȉÈ-ÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈÒÓ ÛÙȘ ÂȉÈΤ˜ ˘ÔÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÙÂÛÛ¿ÚˆÓÂÈı·Ú¯ÈÒÓ –ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜, ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ-ÎÒÓ– Ì ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ˜ ¢ηÈڛ˜ ÁÈ· ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı¤ÛÂȘ ‰È·-̤ÛÔ˘ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÔ¤Ó· Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÔÌÔÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ

40 ™EPAºEIM I. ™EºEPIA¢H™

21. ™ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ, Û. 14-15. µÏ., ›Û˘, D. McAdam - S. Tarrow - C. Tilly, «Toward anIntegrated Perspective on Social Movements and Revolution», ÛÙÔ M.I. Lichbach - A.S.Zuckerman (ÂÈÌ.), Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure, CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge/¡¤· ÀfiÚÎË/ªÂÏ‚Ô‡ÚÓË 1997.

22. C. Tilly - S. Tarrow, Contentious Politics, fi.., Û. 214-216.

ÎÔÈÓÔًوÓ. ∞ÎfiÌË ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù·, ÔÈ «ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ÛÔ˘‰¤˜» [culturalstudies] –¤Ó· ˘fi ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Û‡ÓÔÏÔ È‰ÂÒÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚˆÔÏÔÁ›·, ÙËÏÔÁÔÙ¯ÓÈ΋ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·– ¤¯ÂÈ Â›Û˘ ÌÂÈ ÛÙËÓÎÔÓ›ÛÙÚ·. ∞ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ô ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi˜ ηٷÎÂÚÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ –ÌÈ· ÂÈÎfiÓ·ÌÂÏÂÙËÙÒÓ Ô˘ ·‰˘Ó·ÙÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜– Î·È Ë ·Ó¿-‰˘ÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÁψÛÛÒÓ ÁÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ˘ÔÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Ô˘ fï˜ ·-ӷʤÚÔÓÙ·È Û ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ‹ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·».23

¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏ‹ Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË(Ô˘ ·Ó Î·È ‰È·Ù˘ÒıËΠÚËÙ¿ ÌfiÏȘ ÙÔ 1996, ¤ÌÚ·ÎÙ· ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Î·È ˘ÏÔÔÈ›-Ù·È ·fi Ôχ ÓˆÚ›ÙÂÚ·) ¤Ù˘¯Âñ ·ÊÂÓfi˜ Ó· ‚Á¿ÏÂÈ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-ÎÒÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ·Íȷ΋ ·Ê¿ÓÂÈ· ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ù· ›¯Â η-Ù·‰ÈοÛÂÈ Ë Û¯ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ «Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜» –Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›·ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ·Ú¿ ·Ú›۷ÎÙ˜ Î·È ·Ú·-‚·ÙÈΤ˜ ·ıÔÁ¤ÓÂȘ ÂÓfi˜ ηٿ ‚¿ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ fi¯ÏÔ˘,24 ηÈñ ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ Ó· ÙȘ ÂÓÙ¿ÍÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎfi ÚÔÛ΋ÓÈÔ, ·Ó fi¯È ÛÙÔÓ ÛÎÏËÚfi˘Ú‹Ó· Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÚˆÙ›ÛÙˆ˜ ·Ó·-‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈ-ÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ. ∆ÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· ¤ÏÏÔÁ· –ÂÈÙÂÏÂÛÙÈο fiÛÔ Î·È‚ÈˆÌ·ÙÈο– ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú¿ÛˆÓ, Ë Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛ ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ËÛË ‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙÈ΋˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘ Î·È ·ÓÔ-Ì›·˜. Ÿˆ˜ ÂÈÛ‹Ì·ÓÂ Ô Charles Tilly,25 Ù¿ÍË Î·È fi¯È ·Ù·Í›· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú¿ÛˆÓ.

ŸÌˆ˜, ·ÎfiÌË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ˘‹ÚÍ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ™˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋ ¶Ô-ÏÈÙÈ΋

«·Ó¤‰ÂÈÍ ·Ú·ÌÂÏË̤Ó˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙÈÎÔ‡ ۇ̷ÓÙÔ˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚ-ÊÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ –¤ÓÓÔȘ, ÁÂÓÈ΢ÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ıˆڛ˜–ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÏË„Ë ·˘ÙÔ‡ Ô˘ Ô ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ Imre

H ™À°∫ƒ√À™π∞∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ KAI ∏ ª∂§∂∆∏ ∆ø¡ ∫√π¡ø¡π∫ø¡ ∫π¡∏ª∞∆ø¡ 41

23. D. McAdam - S. Tarrow - C. Tilly, «To Map Contentious Politics», fi.., Û. 14-15.24. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, ‚¤‚·È·, ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÂÙËÙÒÓ ÛÙÚÂÊfiÙ·Ó fi¯È ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙ· ¯·-

Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ‹ ÛÙÔ Ì‹Ó˘Ì· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙÒÓ fiÛÔ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ (Î·È Î·Ù·-ÛÙÔÏ‹˜) ÙÔ˘˜. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ›Û¯˘Û·Ó ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Û ÎÏ·ÛÈΤ˜ÌÂϤÙ˜ fiˆ˜, ÈÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, ÛÙÔ N. Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior, New PressÎ·È Collier-Macmillan Limited, ¡¤· ÀfiÚÎË Î·È §ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ 1962.

25. C. Tilly, «Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758-1834», ÛÙÔ M. Traugott, (Â-ÈÌ.), Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action, Duke University Press, Durham/§ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ1995.

Lakatos26 ·ÔοÏÂÛ “ÚÔˆıËÙÈÎfi ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·” [progressiveresearch programme] –ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁ› Û ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÔ-Ô›ËÛË Î·È ·Ó·Û΢‹ ηÙÂÛÙËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·Ú·‰Ô¯ÒÓ, ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ÂÓ·Ù¤ÓÈ-ÛË Ó¤ˆÓ, ·‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ˘Ôı¤ÛÂˆÓ ÂÚ-Á·Û›·˜ ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì “ıÂÙÈο ¢ÚÂÙÈο” [positive heuristics]: Û˘Ó‰˘·-ÛÌÔ‡˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ıˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÈÒÓ Ô˘ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ¤-Ú¢ӷ Û ÚËÍÈΤÏ¢ı˜ Î·È ÁÓˆÛÙÈο ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ·ÙÚ·Ô‡˜».

ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó ‚¤‚·È· fiÙÈ Ô ÎÏ¿‰Ô˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·.27 ¶ÚÔ-˘fiıÂÛË, fï˜, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó·ÁÓÒ-ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ·˜ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÙÂϤÛÂÈ Î·È Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÔÙ˘ÒÓÂÙ·ÈÛÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ ÁÂÓÈ¿˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ (Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·). ∏ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ·˘Ù‹Ó ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÂÏ¿˙ÂÈ Î·È ·˘Ù‹ ÊÈÏÔ‰Ô-Í› Ó· ÚÔˆı‹ÛÂÈ.

42 ™EPAºEIM I. ™EºEPIA¢H™

26. π. Lakatos, The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes: Philosophical PapersVolume 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1978.

27. ∫Ú›ÛÈÌÔ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ë Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛÈ·-΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ˆ˜ «ÌÂÚÈ΋» ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·ÔÙ‡ˆÛË ·ÈÙȈ‰ÒÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Î·È ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Û˘Ó‰È·Ï¤ÁÂÙ·È Ì ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi «ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜» ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ·ÊËÁ‹ÛÂȘ.