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RETAINING WALL FOR HILL
AREA-GUIDELINES
IS 14458 (PART 1) : 1998
SELECTION OF TYPE OF WALL
Submitted By- Harjot SinghB.Arch. Sem. VI
Roll No. 07614
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RETAINING WALL
* Retaining wall is a structure used to maintain difference in theelevation of the two ground surfaces.
* Retaining wall may be effectively utilized to tackle the problem of
landslide in hill area by stabilizing the slopes.
* The retaining walls are used extensively to develop sites for building
complexes.
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BREAST WALL
´ Breast walls are normally stone masonry wallsprovided to protect the slopes from the action of weather.
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CLASSIFICATI
ON
on the basis of type of construction and mechanics of
behavior
1 Gravity walls
2 Tie back walls
3 Driven cantilever walls
4 Reinforced earth walls
5 RCC walls
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GRAVITY WALLS
´ Depend on the weight of their mass (stone, concrete
or other heavy material) to resist pressures from
behind and will often have a slight 'batter' setback, to
improve stability.
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TIE BACK WALLS
´ A horizontal wire, rod, or an anchor used to reinforceretaining walls.
´ One end of the tieback secured to the wall, other endanchored to a stable structure, anchored into earthwith sufficient resistance.
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DRIVEN CANTILEVER WALLS
´ relatively thin stem of steel-reinforced, cast-in-
place concrete or mortared masonry
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REINFORCED EARTH WALLS
´ Consist of alternating layers of reinforcing strips
with a precast concrete facing.
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RCC WALLS
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with respect to their design and probable behavior of construction medium
1 Bin walls i) Rectangular
ii) Circulariii) Cross tied
2 Crib walls i) Concrete crib
ii) Timber crib
3 Gabions walls and wire crated/sausage walls
4 Cement masonry walls5 Dry stone masonry walls
6 Drum walls
7 Reinforced backfill walls i) Reinforced earth
ii) Fabric
8 Anchored walls i) Horizontal sheet pileii) Vertical sheet pile
iii) H-pile, timber logged
9 RCC walls i) Cantilever
ii) L-type
iii) Buttressed wall
iv) Frame retaining wall
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BIN WALLS
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CRIB WALLS
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GABION WALLS
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CEMENT MASONRY WALLS
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DRY STONE MASONRY WALLS
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GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION OF TYPE OF WALLS
´
For hilly roads, being of lowvolume, walls may not be
designed for earthquakeforces. It is economical to
repair failed walls after
earthquake.´ Earthquake considerations
lead to excessive walldimensions. High walls may,
therefore, be avoided byalternative geometric designsof roads and terraces. Walls
with dip at the base towardshillside will reduce the base
width in seismic areas.
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´ Front battered retaining walls are many times
more expensive than
back battered walls in
steep hilly areas.
´ Proper drainage behind
the walls shall be
provided.
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´
The construction of series of retaining wallsone above another onan unstable ormarginally stable slope
shall be avoided as itadds more pressure onthe lower wallsdestabilizing the slope.
In such cases, slopeshall be stabilized byafforestation,surface/subsurfacedrainage system, etc.
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´ Undertaking wallconstruction after hill
cutting poses the problemof disposal of excavated
material and loss of topsoil that could otherwise
be used for vegetation.Hence during construction
of retaining walls, the
excavated material shallbe disposed off at
suitable identified sites.
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´ Breast walls are moreeconomical for cut slopes.Batter (negative) of the
backfill side reduce basewidth of the wall significantly.
´ Dry stone retaining walls,breast walls and timber cribare economical but least
durable, non-ductilestructures. These are mostsusceptible to earthquakedamages.
´ Banded dry stone masonry
(height < 6 m) and cementmasonry walls are mostdurable but being non ductilestructures, are susceptible toearthquake damage.
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´ Gabion/wire crated walls shall beused in case of poor foundationor seepage conditions. These cantake considerable differentialsettlement and some slopemovement.
´ Timber crib, dry stone masonrywalls may be provided for hillslope angle less than 30° and,
height less than 4 m in lowvolume roads. These are notsuitable for terrace developmentbecause of short life.
´ Timber crib, dry stone masonrywalls may be provided for hillslope angle less than 30° and,height less than 4 m in lowvolume roads. These are notsuitable for terrace developmentbecause of short life.
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Retaining solutions in
N.I.T. HAMIRPUR
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THANK YOU