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RETAINING WALL FOR HILL

AREA-GUIDELINES

IS 14458 (PART 1) : 1998

SELECTION OF TYPE OF WALL

Submitted By- Harjot SinghB.Arch. Sem. VI

Roll No. 07614

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RETAINING WALL

* Retaining wall is a structure used to maintain difference in theelevation of the two ground surfaces.

* Retaining wall may be effectively utilized to tackle the problem of 

landslide in hill area by stabilizing the slopes.

* The retaining walls are used extensively to develop sites for building 

complexes.

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BREAST WALL

´ Breast walls are normally stone masonry wallsprovided to protect the slopes from the action of weather.

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CLASSIFICATI

ON

on the basis of type of construction and mechanics of 

behavior

1 Gravity walls

2 Tie back walls

3 Driven cantilever walls

4 Reinforced earth walls

5 RCC walls

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GRAVITY WALLS

´ Depend on the weight of their mass (stone, concrete

or other heavy material) to resist pressures from

behind and will often have a slight 'batter' setback, to

improve stability.

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TIE BACK WALLS

´ A horizontal wire, rod, or an anchor used to reinforceretaining walls.

´ One end of the tieback secured to the wall, other endanchored to a stable structure, anchored into earthwith sufficient resistance.

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DRIVEN CANTILEVER WALLS

´ relatively thin stem of steel-reinforced, cast-in-

place concrete or mortared masonry

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REINFORCED EARTH WALLS

´ Consist of alternating layers of reinforcing strips

with a precast concrete facing.

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RCC WALLS

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with respect to their design and probable behavior of construction medium

1 Bin walls i) Rectangular

ii) Circulariii) Cross tied

2 Crib walls i) Concrete crib

ii) Timber crib

3 Gabions walls and wire crated/sausage walls

4 Cement masonry walls5 Dry stone masonry walls

6 Drum walls

7 Reinforced backfill walls i) Reinforced earth

ii) Fabric

8 Anchored walls i) Horizontal sheet pileii) Vertical sheet pile

iii) H-pile, timber logged

9 RCC walls i) Cantilever

ii) L-type

iii) Buttressed wall

iv) Frame retaining wall

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BIN WALLS

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CRIB WALLS

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GABION WALLS

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CEMENT MASONRY WALLS

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DRY STONE MASONRY WALLS

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GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION OF TYPE OF WALLS

´

For hilly roads, being of lowvolume, walls may not be

designed for earthquakeforces. It is economical to

repair failed walls after

earthquake.´ Earthquake considerations

lead to excessive walldimensions. High walls may,

therefore, be avoided byalternative geometric designsof roads and terraces. Walls

with dip at the base towardshillside will reduce the base

width in seismic areas.

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´ Front battered retaining walls are many times

more expensive than

back battered walls in

steep hilly areas.

´ Proper drainage behind

the walls shall be

provided.

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´

The construction of series of retaining wallsone above another onan unstable ormarginally stable slope

shall be avoided as itadds more pressure onthe lower wallsdestabilizing the slope.

In such cases, slopeshall be stabilized byafforestation,surface/subsurfacedrainage system, etc.

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´ Undertaking wallconstruction after hill

cutting poses the problemof disposal of excavated

material and loss of topsoil that could otherwise

be used for vegetation.Hence during construction

of retaining walls, the

excavated material shallbe disposed off at

suitable identified sites.

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´ Breast walls are moreeconomical for cut slopes.Batter (negative) of the

backfill side reduce basewidth of the wall significantly.

´ Dry stone retaining walls,breast walls and timber cribare economical but least

durable, non-ductilestructures. These are mostsusceptible to earthquakedamages.

´ Banded dry stone masonry

(height < 6 m) and cementmasonry walls are mostdurable but being non ductilestructures, are susceptible toearthquake damage.

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´ Gabion/wire crated walls shall beused in case of poor foundationor seepage conditions. These cantake considerable differentialsettlement and some slopemovement.

´ Timber crib, dry stone masonrywalls may be provided for hillslope angle less than 30° and,

height less than 4 m in lowvolume roads. These are notsuitable for terrace developmentbecause of short life.

´ Timber crib, dry stone masonrywalls may be provided for hillslope angle less than 30° and,height less than 4 m in lowvolume roads. These are notsuitable for terrace developmentbecause of short life.

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Retaining solutions in 

N.I.T. HAMIRPUR

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THANK YOU