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Environmental
Impact
Assessment
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Environmental Assessment
Environmental assessment is a procedure that ensures that the
environmental implications of decisions are taken into accountbefore the decisions are made.
The process involves an analysis of the likely effects on theenvironment, recording those effects in a report, undertaking a
public consultation exercise on the report, taking into accountthe comments and the report when making the final decisionand informing the public about that decision afterwards.
In principle, environmental assessment can be undertaken forindividual projects such as a dam, motorway, airport or factory('Environmental Impact Assessment') or for plans, programmesand policies ('Strategic Environmental Assessment').
This website provides information on the European Community'slaws on Environmental Impact Assessment of projects and the
Environmental Assessment of certain plans and programmestogether with other related information.
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1985 Directive & 1997 Amendment
Environmental Impact Assessment
The EIA Directive (EU legislation) on Environmental Impact Assessmentof the effects of projects on the environment was introduced in 1985and was amended in 1997.
Member States have to transpose the amended EIA Directive by 14
March 1999 at the latest.
The EIA procedure ensures that environmental consequences ofprojects are identified and assessed before authorisation is given.
The public can give its opinion and all results are taken into account in
the authorisation procedure of the project.
The public is informed of the decision afterwards.
The EIA Directive outlines which project categories shall be madesubject to an EIA, which procedure shall be followed and the content of
the assessment.
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Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA)
Introduction http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/eia-legalcontext.htm
Legal Context http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/eia-legalcontext.htm#legalcontext
Guidance and research
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/eia-support.htm
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News
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/news.htm
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Commission's Guidance on"Clarification of the application of
Article 2(3) of the EIA Directive
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EIA and SEA
"The Relationship between the EIA andSEA Directives project"
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/pdf/final_report_0508.pdf
Contact Points:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/contacts.htm
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2003 Aarhus Convention
Following the signature of the AarhusConvention by the Community on 25 June1998, the Community adopted in Directive2003/35/EC May 2003 amending amongstothers the EIA Directive.
This Directive intends to align the provisions
on public participation in accordance with theAarhus Convention on public participation indecision-making and access to justice inenvironmental matters.
Legal Context
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EIA Directive (85/337/EEC)
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.d
o?uri=CELEX:31985L0337:EN:NOT
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Amended EIA Directive (97/11/EC)
http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31997L0011:EN:NOT
5 years report (PDF 520 kb)
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/pdfinfo.htm
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Other EU-legislation is related to theEIA Directive.
IMPEL report shows the interrelationbetween EIA, IPPC, SEVESO Directives
and EMAS Regulation
Summary
full text
PDF format
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Search for EU-legislation
related to EIA
EUR-LEX http://ec.europa.eu/environment/pdfinfo
.htm IPPC-Directive (96/61/EC)
SEVESO-Directive (96/92/EC) EMAS-Regulation (1836/93/EEC)
Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC)
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EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT (EIA)
The assessment of the environmentalimpacts likely to arise from a major
action (i.e. legislation, a policy, a
programme or project) significantlyaffecting the environment.
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EIS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
STATEMENT
The 1988 EU Directive requires an EIS as part of thedeveloping control procedure.
(A statement of results from the EIA).
It must include: a description of the project;
a description of the environment affected;
assessment of the important effects of the project onthe environment;
justification of the project from alternative views; and
a non-technical summary.
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The EIA Directive on Environmental Impact Assessment of the effects of projects
on the environment was first introduced in 1985 and wasamended in 1997.
The directive was amended again in 2003 following the 1998signature by the EU of the Aarhus Convention on public
participation in environmental matters. The issue was enlarged to the assessment of plans and
programmes by the so called SEA-Directivein 2001 which isnow in force and establishes a mix of mandatory anddiscretionary procedures for assessing environmental impacts.
Under the EU directive, an EIA must provide certain informationto comply.
There are seven key areas that are required:
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1. Description of the project
Description of actual project andsite description
Break the project down into its keycomponents, ie construction,
operations, decommissioning
For each component list all of the
sources of environmental disturbance
For each component all the inputs and
outputs must be listed, eg, air pollution,
noise, hydrology
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2. Alternatives that have been
considered
Examine alternatives that have beenconsidered
Eg - In a biomass power station, will the
fuel be sourced locally or nationally?
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3. Description of the environment
List of all aspects of the environmentthat may be effected by the
development
eg populations,fauna, flora, air, soil,water, humans, landscape, cultural
heritage This section is best carried out with the
help of local experts, eg the RSPB in the
UK
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4. Description of the significant
effects on the environment
The word significant is crucial here as thedefinition can vary
'Significant' needs to be defined
The most frequent method used here is use ofthe Leopold matrix
The maxtrix is a tool used in the systematicexamination of potential interactions
Eg. In a windfarm development a significant
impact may be collisions with birds
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The Leopold matrix
is a qualitative environmental impactassessmentmethod, used to identify thepotential environmental impact of a project onthe environment.
The system consists in a matrix with columnsrepresenting the various activities of theproject, and rows representing the various
environmental factors to be considered. The intersections are filled in to indicate the
magnitude (from -10 to +10) and the
importance (from 1 to 10) of the impact ofeach activity on each environmental factor.
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5. Mitigation
This is where EIA is most useful
Once section 4 has been completed it will beobvious where the impacts will be greatest
Using this information ways to avoid negativeimpacts should be developed
Best working with the developer with thissection as they know the project best
Using the windfarm example again
construction could be out of bird nestingseasons
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6. Non-technical summary
The EIA will be in the public domain andbe used in the decision making process
It is important that the information is
available to the public
This section is a summary that does not
include jargon or complicated diagrams
It should be understood by the informed
lay-person
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7. Lack of know-how/technical
difficulties
This section is to advise any areas ofweakness in knowledge
It can be used to focus areas of future
research
Some developers see the EIA as a
starting block for good environmental
management
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Matrix
Another GreenSpec CPD to download soon
Issue: Problems (-ve) Design Materials Practices Economics Social Environmental
Challenge Expectations
Environmental Assessment
Protect and enhance Biodiversity
Water Efficient LandscapeBest of natural resources
Climate change ready
Respect for vernacular
Design to match local skills
Appropriate design for site
Adaptability /reparability
Use healthy low allergy materials
Multi-disciplinary design
Energy Efficiency/Renewables
Water Efficiency
Choose durable materialsUse Sustainable timber
Design to minimise waste
Use Second hand materials
Storage for reuse and recycling
Issue: Solutions (+ve) Design Materials Practices Economics Social Environmental
Challenge Expectations
Environmental Assessment
Protect and enhance Biodiversity
Water Efficient Landscape
Best of natural resources
Climate change ready
Respect for vernacular
Design to match local skills
Appropriate design for site
Adaptability /reparability
Use healthy low allergy materials
Multi-disciplinary design
Energy Efficiency/RenewablesWater Efficiency
Choose durable materials
Use Sustainable timber
Design to minimise waste
Use Second hand materials
Storage for reuse and recycling
EnvironmentalConstruction
MatrixProblems -ve & Solutions +ve
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The homepage of UN ECE Conventionon EIA in a transboundary context
(UN ECE Homepage ESPOO
Convention)
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SEA
SEA Protocol available in 12 Europeanlanguages
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The homepage of UN ECE Conventionon access to information, public
participation in decision-making and
access to justice in environmentalmatters
(UN ECE Homepage AarhusConvention)
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Case-Law
Court of Justice where you can search for recent EIA
case-law
CELEX where you can search for EIA
case-law older than one year (paying
service)
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Convention on Biological Diversity
Convention on Biological Diversity -Guidelines on incorporating biodiversity
in EIA and SEA
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ESPOO
ESPOO Convention English Version
on UN ECE server
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Aarhus Convention
(ECE/CEP/43) where article 6 has provisions linked to
projects
English version