BIODIVERSITY
The variability among living organism from all source including terrestrial,marine and
other aquatic ecosystem and the ecological complexes within
species,between species and of ecosystem
Classification system using :
• level of cell organization a] prokaryote b} eukaryote• Organism a] unicellular b] multicellular• Feeding mode a] saprophytic b] photosynthesis c] holozoic
Type of Biodiversity:
• Genetic diversity a] gene and chromosome mutation b] sexual reproduction• Species diversity a] species richness b] species abundance• Ecosystem diversity
Hierarchy of classificationSpecies
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom• Taxonomy- science of naming and and classifying organism
Kingdom Monera
EUBACTERIAARCHEBACTERIA
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ARCHAEBACTERIAAND EUBACTERIA
EUBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA
Cell wall consists of peptidoglican. Cell wall consists of polysaccharides and protein.
Has no histone protein associated with DNA.
The histone protein is associated with DNA.
Small and simple RNA polymerase. RNA polymerase is more complex and similar to eukaryotes.
Absent of membrane enclosed organelles. Present of membrane enclosed organelles.
Has no nuclear envelope. Has no nuclear envelope.
Very sensitive to rifamycin antibiotics. Not sensitive to rifamycin antibiotics.
Unique characteristic (Kingdom Monera)
prokaryotic unicellular
Photosynthetic or absorb Asexually reproduction
Bacteria or blue green algae
BIODIVERSITY OF BACTERIA
CELL SHAPE GRAM STAIN POSITION OF FLAGELLA
SPHERICAL SHAPE(COCCUS)
ROD SHAPE(BACILLUS)
SPIRAL SHAPE(SPIRILLIUM)
COMMA SHAPE(VIBRIO)
GRAM-POSITIVE
GRAM-NEGATIVE
ATRICHOUS-ABSENCE OF FLAGELLA
MONOTRICHOUS-A SINGLE FLAGELLUM PRESENT AT ONE END.
AMPHITRICHOUS- A FLAGELLUM OCCURS AT EACH OF THE TWO ENDS.
CEPHALOTRICHOUS- A GROUP OF FLAGELLA FOUND ONLY AT ONE END.
LOPHOTRICHOUS-A GROUP OF FLAGELLA OCCURS AT EACH OF THE TWO ENDS.
PETRITRICHOUS-A NUMBER OF FLAGELLA DISTRIBUTED ALL OVER THE SURFACE.
IMPORTANCE OF BACTERIA :
PHATOGENIC BACTERIA DECOMPOSERS
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
FOOD PRODUCTION
SEAWAGE TREATMENT
ALGAEALGAE PROTOZOAPROTOZOA
EUKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR & SIMPLE MULTICELLULAR
AQUATIC & DAMP HABITATS
HETEROTROPHIC, AUTOTROPHIC,
PARASITE
CHLOROPHYTA PHAEOPHYTA
EG. Chlamidomonas sp. EG. Fucus sp.
UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR
APPEARS GREEN. APPEARS BROWN.
FRESH WATER. MARINE HABITAT.
FOOD STORAGE IS STARCH. FOOD STORAGE IN LAMINARIN & MANNITOL (CARBOHYDRATE).
LOCOMOTION BY FLAGELLA. NON-MOTILE.
PEYRENOIDS. THALLUS BODY.
PHYLUM RHIZOPODA CILIOPHORA EUGLENOPHYTA APICOMPLEXA
EXAMPLE AMOEBA PARAMECIUM EUGLENA PLASMODIUM
LOCOMOTION PSEUDOPODIUM CILIA FLAGELLA NON-MOTILE
PATTERN OF MOVEMENT EXTEND
PSEUDOPODIASPIN, MOVE ZIG-ZAG PATH SWIM
NEED HOST (HUMAN & MOSQUITO)
NUTRITION TYPE HETEROTROPHI
CHETEROTROPHIC
HETEROTROPHIC & AUTOTROPHIC
PARASITIC
REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL ASEXUAL ASEXUAL COMPLERE
UNIQUE FEATURES
CONTRACTILE VACUOLES, CYTOPLASM (ECTO & ENDO)
MIRONUCLEUS, MICRONUCLEUS, CONTRACTILE VACUOLE, CYTOSTOME & CYTOPROCT.
PHOTORECEPTOR EYESPOT, PEYRONOID, CHLOROPLAST, CONTRACTILE VACUOLE.
TINY INFECTIOUS CELL
FOOD SOURCESEUTROFICATION
ROLES IN BIOSPHERE (CO2 FIXATION)
RED TIDE
ZYGOMYCOTA ASCOMYCOTA
BASIOMYCOTA
MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES
SAPROPHYTICVEGETATIVE STRUCTURE :
HYPAE CONSIST OF :ASEPTATE & SEPTATE
PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA ASCOMYCOTA BASIDIOMYCOTA
STRUCTURE *NO SEPTATE IN HYPHAE (COENOCYTIC), HAVE LARGE BRONCLED.
*SEPTA IN HYPHAE.
*SEPTA IN HYPHAE, LARGE AND HAVE 3 DIMENTIAL STRUCTURE.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
MYCELIUM FORMED,SPORANGIA PRODUCE SPORE BY CONIDIA.
REPRODUCTION BY CONIDIA.
UNUSUAL BUT SPORES IS FORMED.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
CONJUGATION GIVES RISE TO ZYGOSPORE.
FORMING IN ASCUS.
FORMATION OF BASIDIOSPORES OUTSIDE BASIDIA.
EXAMPLE RHIZOPUS, MUCOR.
PENICILLIUM, SPERGILUS.
AGARICUS, CAMPESTRIS.
ACTS AS DECOMPOSER
FOR FOOD PRODUCTION
PHARMACEUTICALPHATOGENS
SYMBIONTS
PLANTAE
BRYOPHYTES PTERIDOPHYTES
ANGIOSPERM GYMNOSPERM
PHYLUM :
Kingdom Plantae
Unique Characteristics:
*Photosynthethic Autotrophs *Multicellular
*Cell wall : Cellulose
*Food Storage : Starch
*Eukaryotes*Non-Motile
*sexual n Asexual*most Vascular
tissues
BRYOPHYTES General Home : Mosses Non-vascular &seedless
Produced spores• Primitive
• Rhizoid ~simple root like Structure.
• Male gametangium : antheridium
• Female gemetangium :Archegonium
• Type Bryophytes ~ Bryophyta
Hepatophyta Anthecerosphyta
PTERIDOPHYTES• Seedless , simple , vascular
plant• Has xylem n phloem (tracheid n
sieve tube )• Sporophytes dominant
• True roots• Produced spores ~
Lycopodium : homosporous Selaginella : heterosporous
• Types Pteridophytes ~ Pteridophyta * Dryopteris
Lycopodiophyta*Lycopodium *Selaginella
ANGIOSPERM• Vascular plant• Flowering plant
• Protected seed in fruits • True root & stem & leaves• Produces sexual n asexual
• Variety of pollinator• Sporophytes dominant
• Heterosporous• Double Fertilizing
• Type Anthophyta ~ Monoctyledonae Dicotyledonae
GYMNOSPERM• Vascular Plant• Naked Seed
• Cone : Reproduction Organ• True roots & leaves & stem
• Sporophyte Dominant• Not required water medium
• Type Gymnosperms ~ Coniferophyta Cycadopyhta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRYOPHYTA (MOSS) AND HEPATOPHYTA :
CHARACTERISTICS BRYOPHYTAEG. (MOSS)
HEPATOPHYTA EG. (MARCHANTIA)
HABITAT In a region with high annual rainfall. (moist area)
In damp places (the edge of stream)
VEGETATIVE(SPOROPHYTE)
Dioecious, smaller than gametophyte, have foot, seta & capsule. Depends on gametophyte.
Monoecious & dioecious, have food, seta & capsule
VEGETATIVE(GAMETOPHYTE)
Green thallus, rhizoid (root), has no vascular tissue.
Simple conducting tissue (hydroid & leptoid) & leafy
structures.
ASEXUALLY REPRODUCTION
Fragmentation.Gemma cup
Gemmaegametophyte
fragmentation.
PHYLUM PHYLUM LYCOPODIOPHYTALYCOPODIOPHYTA
PHYLUM PHYLUM LYCOPODIOPHYTALYCOPODIOPHYTA
PHYLUMPTERIDOPHYPHYLUMPTERIDOPHYTATA
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE SELAGINELLASELAGINELLA LYCOPODIUMLYCOPODIUM DRYOPTERISDRYOPTERIS
TYPE OF SPORESTYPE OF SPORES HETEROSPORESHETEROSPORES HOMOSPOROUSHOMOSPOROUS HOMOSPORESHOMOSPORES
VEGETATIVE PLANTVEGETATIVE PLANTROOT, RHIZOMES, ROOT, RHIZOMES, STEMS, LEAVES STEMS, LEAVES (MICROPHYLLS)(MICROPHYLLS)
ROOT, RHIZOMES, ROOT, RHIZOMES, STEMS, LEAVES STEMS, LEAVES (MICROPHYLLS)(MICROPHYLLS)
ROOT, RHIZOMES, ROOT, RHIZOMES, STEMS, LEAVES STEMS, LEAVES (MEGAPHYLLS)(MEGAPHYLLS)
VASCULAR SYSTEMVASCULAR SYSTEM TRACHEIDTRACHEID SIMPLE TRACHEIDSIMPLE TRACHEID COMPLEX TRACHEIDCOMPLEX TRACHEID
ASEXUAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION
FRAGMENTATIONFRAGMENTATION FRAGMENTATIONFRAGMENTATION VEGETATIVEVEGETATIVE
SEXUALSEXUALREPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION
2 TYPES OF 2 TYPES OF SPORANGIUM SPORANGIUM
PRODUCE 2 TYPES PRODUCE 2 TYPES OF SPORESOF SPORES
1 TYPE OF 1 TYPE OF SPORANGIUM SPORANGIUM
PRODUCES 1 TYPE OF PRODUCES 1 TYPE OF SPORESSPORES
1 TYPE OF 1 TYPE OF SPORANGIUM SPORANGIUM
PRODUCES 1 TYPE PRODUCES 1 TYPE OF SPORESOF SPORES
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SELAGINELLA, DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SELAGINELLA, LYCOPODIUM & DROPTERISLYCOPODIUM & DROPTERIS
Differences between monocotyledon and dicotyledon
DICOTYLEDONDICOTYLEDON MONOCOTYLEDONMONOCOTYLEDON
2 SEED LEAVES2 SEED LEAVES 1 SEED LEAVES1 SEED LEAVES
FLOWERS PART IN 4'S AND 5'SFLOWERS PART IN 4'S AND 5'S FLOWERS PAST IN 3'SFLOWERS PAST IN 3'S
VASCULAR BUNDLE IN XYLEM IN A VASCULAR BUNDLE IN XYLEM IN A RINGRING
VASCULAR BUNDLE IN XYLEM VASCULAR BUNDLE IN XYLEM SCATTEREDSCATTERED
SECONDARY GROWTH PRESENTSECONDARY GROWTH PRESENT SECONDARY GROWTH ABSENTSECONDARY GROWTH ABSENT
TAPROOT SYSTEMTAPROOT SYSTEM FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEMFIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM
NET LEAF VENATIONNET LEAF VENATION PARALLEL LEAFPARALLEL LEAF
LEAF WITH PATIOLELEAF WITH PATIOLE LEAF WITH SHEATHLEAF WITH SHEATH
CONIFEROPHYTACONIFEROPHYTA CYCADOPHYTACYCADOPHYTA GINGKOPHYTAGINGKOPHYTA GNETOPHYTAGNETOPHYTA
LEAVESLEAVES NEEDLE-LIKENEEDLE-LIKE COMPOUNDCOMPOUND FAN-SHAPEFAN-SHAPE BROAD LIKE BROAD LIKE ANGIOSPERMANGIOSPERM
SEEDSEED IN CONEIN CONE IN CONEIN CONE EXPOSEDEXPOSED CONES CONES ARRANGED IN ARRANGED IN CLUSTERCLUSTER
XYLEMXYLEM TRACHEIDTRACHEID TRACHEIDTRACHEID TRACHEIDTRACHEID TRACHEID & TRACHEID & VESSEL VESSEL ELEMENTSELEMENTS
PHLOEMPHLOEM SIEVE TUBESIEVE TUBE SIEVE TUBESIEVE TUBE SIEVE TUBESIEVE TUBE SIEVE TUBE & SIEVE TUBE & COMPANION COMPANION CELLCELL
TYPE OF TYPE OF PLANTSPLANTS
MONOCIOUSMONOCIOUS DIOCIOUSDIOCIOUS DIOECIOUSDIOECIOUS MONOECIOUS MONOECIOUS OR OR DIOECIOUSDIOECIOUS
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONIFEROPHYTA,
CICADOPHYTA, GINGKOPHYTA & GNETOPHYTA :
MULTICELLULARITY
No True Tissue
True Tissue
Radial Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry
No Body Cavity
Have Body Cavity
Pseudocoelomate Coelomate
Protostome Deuterostome
PO
RIF
ER
A
CN
IDA
RIA
PLA
TY
HE
LMIN
TH
ES
NE
MA
TO
DE
MO
LLU
SC
A
AN
NE
LID
A
AR
TH
RO
PO
PO
DA
EC
HIN
OD
ER
MA
CH
OR
DA
TA
segmented Join
ted
appe
ndag
e
segmented
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALIA
CHARACTERTISTICS OF PORIFERA
*No true tissue*No symmetry
*lack nerves or muscles
Movement :Adult> sessileLarvae> swim
Reproduction:*Sexual*Asexual: budding@regeneration
CHARACTERISTICS OF CNIDARIA
Movement:*polyps> sessile*medusa>motile
*Diploblastic*radial symmetry
*polyps typically reproduceAsexually by budding
To form new polyps or medusa
*Has grastular cavity and has one mouth
*No circulatory system & respiratory system
*Tripoblastic* Bilateral
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLATYHELMINTHES
CHARACTERISTICS OF NEMATODA
*Covered by tough cuticle
*Has no circulatory system
*Have mouth and anus
CHARACTERISTICS OF
ANNELIDA
*Body covered by cuticle
*Chaeta for movement
*Bilateral*Tripoblastic
CHARACTERISTICS OF
MOLLUSCA
*Tripoblastic*Most are bilateral cavity
*Open circulatory system except class cephalopoda
*Has gill/lung for respiration
CHARACTERISTICS OF
ARTHROPODA
*True tissue
*Excretory system-Malpighian tubules
*Complete digestive system
CHARACTERISTICS OF
ECHINODERMATA
*Tube feet (each tube feed contain ampulla)
*Tripoblastic*Bilateral symmetry in
larva stage*Unsegmented
*External fertilisation
CHARACTERISTICS OFCHORDATA
*Notochord
*Pharyngeal cleft
*Mytome (striated muscle) Arrange in segment
