Fundamentals of Energy
Presented by : Dr.Ing Dhaker ABBES
Professor-Researcher
Co-responsible of ESEA Section
HEI-Lille
Member of Electrical Network Team L2EP Lille
What is Energy ?1
Units of Energy2
1 kcal = 4186 J = 3.97 Btu = 0.00116 kWh
1 Btu = 1054 J = 0.252 kcal = 0.000293 kWh1 kWh = 3, 600, 000 J = 860 kcal = 3413 Btu
Energy Resources3
• Supplementing free solar energy
– 99% of heat comes from the sun
– Without the sun, the earth would be –240 0C (-400 0F)
• We supplement the other 1% with primarily non-renewable energy sources
Energy Resources4
Associated Equipment/ Technology Suppliers
Energy Industry
Non-Renewable
Coal Oil & Gas
Renewable Energy
Solar Wind Bio-fuels Hydro
Others (Fuel Cells,
Geothermal etc.)
Utilities/
Consumers
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2BU1HYBnLg
Energy Resources5
U.S. and European generating capacity is dominated by fossil fuelcombustion though a shift happening towards non-fossil fuelgeneration
2%
16%
19%
16%7%
40%
US & EU Energy Mix (2012)
Renewables
Hydro
Gas
Nuclear
Oil
Coal
Energy Resources6
Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Energy Resources7
Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources
OIL and NATURAL GAS
• Accumulations of dead marine organisms on the ocean floor were covered by sediments.
• Muddy rock gradually formed rock (shale) containing dispersed oil.
• Sandstone formed on top of shale, thus oil pools began to form.
• Natural gas often forms on top of oil.
• Primary component of natural gas is methane
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YHsxXEVB1M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mObs4GDD16Y
Energy Resources8
Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Energy Resources9
Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources
OIL
• Petroleum (crude oil)• Costs:
• Recovery• Refining • Transporting• Environmental
• Highest risks are in transportation• Refining yields many products
• Asphalt• Heating oil• Diesel• Petrochemicals• Gasoline• …
Based on boiling points
Energy Resources10
Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Conventional Oil
Advantages
• Relatively low cost
• High net energy yield
• Efficient distribution system
Disadvantages
• Running out • 42-93 years
• Low prices encourage waste
• Air pollution and greenhouse gases
• Water pollution
Energy Resources11
Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Tar Sand:
Mixture of clay, sand
water and bitumen -a thick and sticky
heavy oil.
Extracted by large
electric shovels,
mixed with hot water
and steam to extract
the bitumen.
Bitumen heated to
convert to synthetic
crude oil.
Oil Shale:
Oily rocks that
contain a solid
mix of hydro-
carbons.
Global supplies
~ 240 times
conventional oil
supplies.
Energy Resources12
Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Natural Gas
• 50-90% methane• Cleanest of fossil fuels• Approximate 200 year
supply• Advantages and
disadvantages
Energy Resources13
Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Coal – What is it ?
• Solid fossil fuel formed in several stages
• Land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago
• Subjected to intense heat and pressure over many millions of years
• Mostly carbon, small amounts of sulfur
Energy Resources14
Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Coal Formation and Types
Energy Resources15
Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Coal – what do we use it for?
• Stages of coal formation• 300 million year old forests• peat > lignite > bituminous > anthracite• Primarily strip-mined
• Used mostly for generating electricity• Used to generate 62% of the world’s electricity• Used to generate 52% of the U.S. electricity
• Enough coal for about 200-1000 years• U.S. has 25% of world’s reserves
• High environmental impact• Coal gasification and liquefaction
Energy Resources16
Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Coal: Trade-offs
World’s most abundant fossil fuel
Mining and burning coal has a
severe environmental impact
Accounts for over 1/3 of the world’s
CO2 emissions
Energy Resources17
Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Nuclear Energy – What is it?
• A nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with largemass numbers are split apart into lighter nuclei when struck byneutrons.
– Nuclei – center of an atom, making up0 most of the atom’smass
– Isotopes – two or more forms of a chemical element thathave the same number of protons but different massnumbers because they have different numbers of neutronsin their nuclei.
– Neutron – elementary particle in all atoms.
– Radioactivity – Unstable nuclei of atoms shoot out “chunks”of mass and energy.
Energy Resources18
Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Nuclear Energy
• Fission reactors• Uranium-235• Fission
• Resulting heat used to produce steam that spins turbines to generate electricity
• Produces radioactive fission fragments
Great danger of
losing coolant!
Light water generator – used in
all U.S. and 85% world wide.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ta3z3pGK0vU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rcOFV4y5z8c
Energy Resources19
Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Nuclear Energy Cycle
Produces highly radioactive
materials that must be stored
safely for 10,000-240,000 years.
Energy Resources20
Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Conventional Nuclear Power: Trade-offs
Cost over-runs
High operating costs
Three Mile Island
Chernobyl
Energy Resources21
Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Dealing with Nuclear Waste
• High- and low-level wastes• Terrorist threats – storage casks hold 5-10 X more
ling-lived radioactivity than the nuclear power plant• Disposal proposals
• Underground burial• Disposal in space (illegal under international law)• Burial in ice sheets (“ “)• Dumping into subduction zones (“ “)• Burial in ocean mud (“ “)• Conversion into harmless materials (no way to do this with
current technology)
Energy Resources22
Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Dealing with Nuclear Waste
Storage Containers
Underground
Ground Level
Energy Resources23
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2BU1HYBnLg
Electricity fundamentals24
Electric Charge (Q)
• Characteristic of subatomic particles that determines their electromagnetic interactions
• An electron has a -1.602∙10-19 Coulomb charge
• The rate of flow of charged particles is called current
Electricity fundamentals25
Current (I)
• Current = (Number of electrons that pass in one second) ∙ (charge/electron) -1 ampere = (6.242∙1018 e/sec) ∙(-1.602 10-19Coulomb/e)
Notice that an ampere = Coulomb/second
• The negative sign indicates that the current inside is actually flowing in the opposite direction of the electron flow
Electricity fundamentals26
Current
• i = dq/dt – the derivitive or slope of the charge when plotted against time in seconds
• Q = ∫ i ∙ dt – the integral or area under the current when plotted against time in seconds
Electricity fundamentals27
AC and DC Current
•DC Current has a constant value
•AC Current has a value that changes sinusoidally
Notice that AC current
changes in value and
direction
No net charge is
transferred
Electricity fundamentals28
Power
• The rate at which energy is transferred from an active source or used by a passive device
• P in watts = dW/dt = joules/second
• P= V∙I = dW/dQ ∙ dQ/dt = volts ∙ amps = watts
• W = ∫ P ∙ dt – so the energy (work in joules) is equal to the area under the power in watts plotted against time in seconds
Electricity fundamentals29
Electricity fundamentals30
Units
Current Amperes A
Voltage Volts V
Resistance Ohms
Capacitance Farads F
Inductance Henrys H
Frequency Hertz Hz
Electricity fundamentals31
Very Large and Very Small Numeric Values: Units
Thank you for your attention!
Dr.Ing. Dhaker ABBES [email protected]
Ecole des Hautes Etudes d’Ingénieur . Lille. France
Personal website : www.da-engineering.com
32Thank you
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36Energy efficiency
37Energy efficiency