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By Ahmad Ahsan
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History of Aviation
Course is designed:
To enable students to demonstrate the factors that were
conducive to development of aviation;To facilitate students in comprehending the implications
aviation has had on human life;
To familiarize students with the timeline of aviation, and
to shed light on important milestones;
To promote and understanding of basic systems, and to
bring students up to date with the systems and controls
in use today;
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History of Aviation
Course is designed:
To nurture a basic understanding of the atmosphere, its
layers, and properties affecting flight;To accustom students with the different types of civil,
military, and general aviation aircraft;
To acquaint students about the developments and
purposes of space travel.
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History of Aviation: Course Coverage
Initial attempts of flight;
the earliest devices used for flight;
development during World Wars;the earliest passenger aircraft and other civil
applications;
with military jets and helicopters;
passenger jet aircraft, their development,
achievements, and role in transforming aviation;
latest developments in civil and military aviation;
Space travel
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History of Aviation: Paper
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Why History of Aviation
To establish a baseline or benchmark
To identify trends
To correlate principles of flight and basic aerodynamicsChallenges faced by aviators (technical & social)
Safety concerns & alleviation
To establish that simple ideas lead to breakthroughs
What factors influenced development
How aviation transformed the world
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Eras of Aviation
EARLY YEARS 200 BC - 1890 AD
PRE-POWERED FLIGHT 1860-1903
EARLY POWERED FLIGHT 1903-1914WORLD WAR I 1914 1918
RECORDS ATTEMPTS 1918 1939
WORLD WAR II 1939 1945
JETS AND SPEED 1945 1958
SPACE 1958 PRESENT
SPACE FUTURE
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Aviation
Aviation is the field which includes not only flying but all
the activities relating to airborne devices created by
human ingenuity, generally known as aircraft.Aviation is the design, development, production,
operation, and use of aircraft, especially heavier-than-air
aircraft.
History of Aviation refers to the history of development
of mechanical flightfrom the earliest attempts in kites
and gliders to powered heavier-than-air, supersonic and
spaceflights.
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Background of Aviation HistoryIt was always a dream of man to conquer the skies.
First devices were: spears and boomerangs.
Kites revolutionized the development.What did kite flying tell us?
Fictional stories and legends have related to flying
Legends such as Icarus, Pegasus, Griffins
Small insects have been known to fly forthe first time
5 mm size
390 million to 408 million years ago
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Chinese Role
As early as 400 BC, kites were made
Mainly for religious ceremonies
Established basic principles of aerodynamicsTraced back to city of Qufu from 475-221 BC
Marco Polo reported in the fourteenth century that the
Chinese had developed kites powerful enough to carry a
man aloft.
These kites were brought to Europe by sailors and
merchants
Chinese made four main types of kites
h l f
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Chinese Role: Types of Kites
Centipede- or Skolopender Kites
Centipedes are kites-trains with a
dragon head and a train of equallydimensioned kite disks. Head and
disks are interconnected with one,
mostly three lines. Centipedes may
have enormous power. These kites
gives an attractive and vivid in-flight
view
hi l f i
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Chinese Role: Types of Kites
Hard Winged Kites
They have bamboo frames which
gives strength. They are coveredwith paper or silk glued on top.
Usually have a separate kite sail
which will arch according to the
wind.
hi l f i
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Chinese Role: Types of KitesSoft Winged Kites
They are based on rigid frames, but
have one flexible section.Flat Kites
Flat kites are constructed within a
single bamboo frame.
All (four) sides of the frame or ofthe frame segments are limited by
bamboo spars.
These kites are very easy to fly and
have stable inflight behavior
Abb Ib Fi
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Abbas Ibn FirnasThousand years before the Wright brothers and Davinci
Muslim poet, astronomer, musician and engineer
named Abbas ibn Firnas made several attempts toconstruct a flying machine.
In 852 he jumped from the minaret of the Grand
Mosque in Cordoba using a loose cloak stiffened with
wooden struts. The cloak is considered the firstparachute.
In 875, using a machine of silk and eagles' feathers he
tried again and flew for 10 minutes. Landing was
improper, but he is credited with these two attempts.
H d h A li il
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Hero and the Aeolipile
Ancient Greek engineer, Hero of Alexandria, worked
with air pressure and steam to create sources of power.
Aeolipile which used jets of steam to create rotarymotion.
Hero mounted a sphere on top of a water kettle. A fire
below the kettle turned the water into steam, and the gas
traveled through pipes to the sphere. Two L-shaped
tubes on opposite sides of the sphere allowed the gas to
escape, which gave a thrust to the sphere that caused it
to rotate
H d h A li il
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Hero and the Aeolipile
L d d Vi i Th O ith t
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Leonardo da Vinci - The Ornithopter
1485
The Ornithopter flying machine was never actually
created.It was a design that Leonardo da Vinci created to show
how man could fly.
The modern day helicopter is based on this concept.
J h d J M t lfi
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Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier
The brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne
Montgolfier, were inventors of the first hot air balloon.
They used the smoke from a fire to blow hot air into asilk bag. The silk bag was attached to a basket. The hot
air then rose and allowed the balloon to be lighter-than-
air.
In 1783, the first passengers were a sheep, rooster and
duck. It climbed to a height of about 6,000 feet and
traveled more than 1 mile.
First manned flight was on November 21, 1783
H t Ai B ll
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Hot Air Balloons
First uses included military spying
Also used for observation
G C l
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George CayleyGeorge Cayley designed many gliders that could be
controlled. (1799-1850)
For over 50 years he made improvements to thegliders.
He changed the shape of the wings so that the air
would flow over the wings correctly.
He designed a tail for the gliders to help with the
stability.
He tried a biplane design to add strength to the glider.
He recognized the need for a power source.
George Cayley
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George Cayley
Ott Lili th l
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Otto Lilienthal1891
German engineer, studied aerodynamics and worked to
design a glider that would fly.He was the first person to design a glider that could fly
a person and was able to fly long distances.
Wrote a book on aerodynamics that was published in
1889 and this text was used by the Wright Brothers asthe basis for their designs.
Had more than 2500 flights
Died while flying
Presentation
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Presentation
Chinese role in aviation
First glider flights
Wright BrothersWright Flyer
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The End