History of Aviation Lec 1

7/29/2019 History of Aviation Lec 1

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By Ahmad Ahsan


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History of Aviation

Course is designed:

To enable students to demonstrate the factors that were

conducive to development of aviation;To facilitate students in comprehending the implications

aviation has had on human life;

To familiarize students with the timeline of aviation, and

to shed light on important milestones;

To promote and understanding of basic systems, and to

bring students up to date with the systems and controls

in use today;


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History of Aviation

Course is designed:

To nurture a basic understanding of the atmosphere, its

layers, and properties affecting flight;To accustom students with the different types of civil,

military, and general aviation aircraft;

To acquaint students about the developments and

purposes of space travel.


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History of Aviation: Course Coverage

Initial attempts of flight;

the earliest devices used for flight;

development during World Wars;the earliest passenger aircraft and other civil

applications;

with military jets and helicopters;

passenger jet aircraft, their development,

achievements, and role in transforming aviation;

latest developments in civil and military aviation;

Space travel


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History of Aviation: Paper


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Why History of Aviation

To establish a baseline or benchmark

To identify trends

To correlate principles of flight and basic aerodynamicsChallenges faced by aviators (technical & social)

Safety concerns & alleviation

To establish that simple ideas lead to breakthroughs

What factors influenced development

How aviation transformed the world


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Eras of Aviation

EARLY YEARS 200 BC - 1890 AD

PRE-POWERED FLIGHT 1860-1903

EARLY POWERED FLIGHT 1903-1914WORLD WAR I 1914 1918

RECORDS ATTEMPTS 1918 1939

WORLD WAR II 1939 1945

JETS AND SPEED 1945 1958

SPACE 1958 PRESENT

SPACE FUTURE


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Aviation

Aviation is the field which includes not only flying but all

the activities relating to airborne devices created by

human ingenuity, generally known as aircraft.Aviation is the design, development, production,

operation, and use of aircraft, especially heavier-than-air

aircraft.

History of Aviation refers to the history of development

of mechanical flightfrom the earliest attempts in kites

and gliders to powered heavier-than-air, supersonic and

spaceflights.


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Background of Aviation HistoryIt was always a dream of man to conquer the skies.

First devices were: spears and boomerangs.

Kites revolutionized the development.What did kite flying tell us?

Fictional stories and legends have related to flying

Legends such as Icarus, Pegasus, Griffins

Small insects have been known to fly forthe first time

5 mm size

390 million to 408 million years ago


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Chinese Role

As early as 400 BC, kites were made

Mainly for religious ceremonies

Established basic principles of aerodynamicsTraced back to city of Qufu from 475-221 BC

Marco Polo reported in the fourteenth century that the

Chinese had developed kites powerful enough to carry a

man aloft.

These kites were brought to Europe by sailors and

merchants

Chinese made four main types of kites

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Chinese Role: Types of Kites

Centipede- or Skolopender Kites

Centipedes are kites-trains with a

dragon head and a train of equallydimensioned kite disks. Head and

disks are interconnected with one,

mostly three lines. Centipedes may

have enormous power. These kites

gives an attractive and vivid in-flight

view

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Chinese Role: Types of Kites

Hard Winged Kites

They have bamboo frames which

gives strength. They are coveredwith paper or silk glued on top.

Usually have a separate kite sail

which will arch according to the

wind.

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Chinese Role: Types of KitesSoft Winged Kites

They are based on rigid frames, but

have one flexible section.Flat Kites

Flat kites are constructed within a

single bamboo frame.

All (four) sides of the frame or ofthe frame segments are limited by

bamboo spars.

These kites are very easy to fly and

have stable inflight behavior

Abb Ib Fi


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Abbas Ibn FirnasThousand years before the Wright brothers and Davinci

Muslim poet, astronomer, musician and engineer

named Abbas ibn Firnas made several attempts toconstruct a flying machine.

In 852 he jumped from the minaret of the Grand

Mosque in Cordoba using a loose cloak stiffened with

wooden struts. The cloak is considered the firstparachute.

In 875, using a machine of silk and eagles' feathers he

tried again and flew for 10 minutes. Landing was

improper, but he is credited with these two attempts.

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Hero and the Aeolipile

Ancient Greek engineer, Hero of Alexandria, worked

with air pressure and steam to create sources of power.

Aeolipile which used jets of steam to create rotarymotion.

Hero mounted a sphere on top of a water kettle. A fire

below the kettle turned the water into steam, and the gas

traveled through pipes to the sphere. Two L-shaped

tubes on opposite sides of the sphere allowed the gas to

escape, which gave a thrust to the sphere that caused it

to rotate

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Hero and the Aeolipile

L d d Vi i Th O ith t


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Leonardo da Vinci - The Ornithopter

1485

The Ornithopter flying machine was never actually

created.It was a design that Leonardo da Vinci created to show

how man could fly.

The modern day helicopter is based on this concept.

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Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier

The brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne

Montgolfier, were inventors of the first hot air balloon.

They used the smoke from a fire to blow hot air into asilk bag. The silk bag was attached to a basket. The hot

air then rose and allowed the balloon to be lighter-than-

air.

In 1783, the first passengers were a sheep, rooster and

duck. It climbed to a height of about 6,000 feet and

traveled more than 1 mile.

First manned flight was on November 21, 1783

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Hot Air Balloons

First uses included military spying

Also used for observation

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George CayleyGeorge Cayley designed many gliders that could be

controlled. (1799-1850)

For over 50 years he made improvements to thegliders.

He changed the shape of the wings so that the air

would flow over the wings correctly.

He designed a tail for the gliders to help with the

stability.

He tried a biplane design to add strength to the glider.

He recognized the need for a power source.

George Cayley


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George Cayley

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Otto Lilienthal1891

German engineer, studied aerodynamics and worked to

design a glider that would fly.He was the first person to design a glider that could fly

a person and was able to fly long distances.

Wrote a book on aerodynamics that was published in

1889 and this text was used by the Wright Brothers asthe basis for their designs.

Had more than 2500 flights

Died while flying

Presentation


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Presentation

Chinese role in aviation

First glider flights

Wright BrothersWright Flyer


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The End

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History of Aviation Lec 1

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