Weekly Group Meeting20080625
Title: Radio Design in Nanometer Technologies (Chapters 1 -3)
By
Assad Saleem
2
Chapter 1
“4G” AND THE WIRELESS WORLD
2015 CHALLENGES IN SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURES AND
COMMUNICATION PARADIGMS
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Technology Transformation
• From: an expansive, highly visible “high-tech” technology as in early cell phone
• To: “a disappearing technology” that is present everywhere and taken for granted
4
Flexible air interfaces
• Problems:– Complexity– Inherent lack of flexibility– Built-in flexibility in the system is not
sufficient to meet future needs
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Six Grand Challenges in Wireless Systems
• Scalability and affordability (affordable mass market services
• Seamlessness and Transparency• Mastering complexity of interaction (high quality
services that are easy to use for every one)• Zero-configuration and reliability (cognitive,
adaptive and self-configuring)• Regulative environment (lowering regulatory
barriers to stimulate innovation)• Policies and business models
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Challenges in Radio Designalso
Two key requirements for future radios• Multi-mode capability
– Not useful since the expected life cycle time in terminals is short compared to the deployment rate of new infrastructure
– E.g., a laptop PC; the vast majority of users use pre-installed software and never install new software on their own.
• Spectrum agility– Focus here is on wide frequency range rather than re-
configurability and programmability– In this respect radios do not need to be software defined– Also, a cognitive radio does not need to be software
defined
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Chapter 2
CELLULAR RF REQUIREMENTS AND
INTEGRATION TRENDS
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Handset Technology Drivers
• From:– 3kg
– $3000
– useless
• To:– 100g
– $100
– Weeks of standby time
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Handset Complexity• Ericsson GH192
– Single band digital radio modem
– 2 PCBs
– RF part 5200mm2
– 350 RF components
– 2 ASICs
– 2 ICs
– 12 modules
– 5 V
• Ericsson T39– Triple band digital
radio modem
– 1 PCB
– RF part 1000mm2
– 90 RF components
– 2 ASICs
– 1 IC
– 5 modules
– 2.7 V
• Ericsson T28– Two band digital radio
modem
– 1 PCB
– RF part 1300mm2
– 140 RF components
– 3 ASICs
– 1 IC
– 4 modules
– 3.6 V (2.7 V)
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RF Transceiver Design Challenges
• Frequency Conversion
• Noise
• Linearity
• Selectivity
• Domain and ASIC Technology choices
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Chapter 3
SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO – VISIONS, CHALLENGES, AND SOLUTIONS
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Software Defined Radio
• A generic hardware which can be programmed to perform any kind of radio function and comply with any radio standard
• Software defined radio will be feasible within 10 years
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Software Defined Radio
• Started for military to serve multi standard during joint operations
• Trend in civil market is fast moving in a direction where we need such devices
• Its because of so many standards:– GSM, GPRS, EDGE, IS-95(CDMA), CDMA2000,
WCDMA, HSUPA, HSDPA, HSPA, SAE/LTE
– WiMAX (802.16d, 802.16e)
– WiFi (802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g)
– DVB-C, DVB-T, DVB-H, DAB
– Bluetooth
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US Govt. lead research on SDR
• Open source software communication architecture
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Kernel Identification
(still working …)
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Transceiver
FormatSourceencode
EncryptChannelencode
MultiplexPulse
Modul-ation
BandpassModul-
ation
Frequencyspread
Multipleaccess
XMT
Synchro-nization
FormatSourceDecode
DecryptChanneldecode
Demult-iplex
DetectDemodulate& Sample
Frequencydespread
Multipleaccess
RCV
CHANNEL
Informationsource
Informationsink
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GSM Transceiver
FormatSourceencode
EncryptChannelencode
MultiplexPulse
Modul-ation
BandpassModul-
ation
Frequencyspread
Multipleaccess
XMT
Synchronization
FormatSourceDecode
DecryptChanneldecode
Demult-iplex
DetectDemodulate& Sample
Frequencydespread
Multipleaccess
RCV
CHANNEL
Informationsource
Informationsink
GMSKFDMA/TDMA/
FDD
13 kbit/sRPE-LTP
InterleavingEqualization
Antenna diversityFreq. hopping
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Kernels for TDM (GSM) Tx/Rx baseband Processing
• Modulation• Burst forming &
Multiplexing• Encryption• Bit interleaving• Channel Coding• Speech Coding
• Demodulation• De-multiplexing
• Decryption• Bit De-interleaving• Channel Decoding• Speech Decoding
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IS-95 Transceiver
FormatSourceencode
EncryptChannelencode
MultiplexPulse
Modul-ation
BandpassModul-
ation
Frequencyspread
Multipleaccess
XMT
Synchronization
FormatSourceDecode
DecryptChanneldecode
Demult-iplex
DetectDemodulate& Sample
Frequencydespread
Multipleaccess
RCV
CHANNEL
Informationsource
Informationsink
GMSKCDMA/FDMA/
FDD
LPCEVRC
InterleavingEqualization
Antenna diversityFreq. hopping
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Kernels for CDMA Tx/Rx baseband Processing
• Multiplexer• Mapper
• Block interleaver• Viterbi Encoder
• Correlator• De-multiplexer• Symbol Extraction,
Demapping• De-interleaver• Viterbi Decoder• CRC Detector
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Kernels for OFDMA Tx/Rx baseband Processing
• Append Cyclic Prefix• IFFT• Sub-channelization &
Pilot Insertion
• Symbol Mapping• Interleaving• FEC Coding• Randomization
• Remove Cyclic Prefix• FFT• De-subchannelization
& Pilot Extraction• Channel Estimation,
Equalization and CFO Correction
• Symbol De-mapping• De-interleaving• FEC Coding• De-randomization
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Common Kernels
• Multiplexer• Symbol Mapping• Interleaver
• De-multiplexer• Symbol De-mapping• De-interleaver
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References
1. M. Ismail, D. Gonzalez “Radion Design in Nanometer Technologies” 2006 Springer
2. Bernard Sklar “Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications” Pearson Education
3. A. F. Molisch “Wireless Communications” IEEE Press John Wiley
Thank You.