Post on 18-Jan-2016
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Free Powerpoint Templates
Users and Documents
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Contents
• Server Users and Directories
• Server Administrators
• Document Hierarchy
• Directory Indexing
• File and Directory Names
• Transferring Files
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Lab 3.1 – Server Users and Directories
• A server connected to the Internet will be useful to others on the Net only if it provides some services.
• Common Services– HTTP – SMTP email– telnet– FTP
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Document Directories
• Web server responsibilities– Provide access to HTML documents from the
server– Will enable a single directory for publishing
Web documents– Any files put in this directory or any
subdirectories will be available via a browser- Document Root Directory
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Server Users
• Generally has accounts for any local users that need to do things on it
• Are actually people doing work on the server
• Task is to update and edit Web pages
• A user account consists of a– Usernames– password
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User Directories
• Once you log into a server with your username and password, you typically start in your home directory
• Profile scripts/login scripts– Scripts that run when you log in to customize
your environment
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Lab 3.2 – Server Administrator
• Duties of System Administrator– Install and configure server OS– Set up daemons/services (UNIX/NT)– Install and configure web server– Keep server software up to date
• Patches (UNIX)• Service packs (NT)
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System Administrator Duties
• Backup and recovery– To disk or tape– Full and incremental backups
• Accounts and quotas– Maintain users and their accounts– Decide level of resources for users
• Network software configuration
• Monitoring security
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Servers and Daemons
• Servers
– Web server is a program that, using the client/server model and the World Wide Web's Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ), serves the files that form Web pages to Web users (whose computers contain HTTP clients that forward their requests).
• Daemons
– A daemon is a type of program on Unix-like operating systems that runs unobtrusively in the background, rather than under the direct control of a user, waiting to be activated by the occurrence of a specific event or condition
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Patches and Service Packs
• Another duty of the system administrator is to keep the server software up to date
• Patches are often released for UNIX systems that fix bugs and security problems and provide other enhancement
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Backup and Recovery
• A good system administrator– Ensure that everything on the serve is being
backed up regularly
• Backups should occur regularly and automatically
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Accounts and Quotas
• The system administrator also needs to maintain user accounts
• Involves:– in creating accounts for new users– deleting accounts of users that no longer
need access– Maintaining the integrity of user accounts
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Other System Administrator Responsibilities
• Installing and upgrading hardware and software
• Network configuration (changing IP address, etc)
• Configuration testing
• Monitoring system security and availability
• Analyzing log files
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Lab 3.3 Document Hierarchy
• The files and directories on your server are organized in a file system.
• File system determines:– Where files are stored on a computer’s hard
drive– How many letters a filename can contain– The security of files stored on the computer
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Some of the common file system
FAT/FAT16/FAT32 Microsoft File systems
NTFS Windows NT file system
UFS UNIX file system
HFS Macintosh hierarchical file system
NFS Network file system
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File System Attributes
• Goal – to provide a means to store and retrieve files
• FAT doesn’t support long filename
• Used naming convention called 8.3 naming convention– Must be at most 8 characters with an optional
3-character suffix naming convention
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Directories and Folders
• Some OS, such as Windows, support the notion of drive letters– Eg. C:\,
• UNIX doesn’t support drive letters, it is a strict hierarchy– Eg. Start with /
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Directories and Folders
• Directory– A special file on the file system– Stores other files– Called folders on some OS
• Subdirectory– A directory within another directory – All directories created under the root directory
• Root directory– Uppermost folder, used to store all the files on the
file system
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• Path
– To a file is a list of all the parent directories above it
• Pathname
– A name representing a path
– Typically the directory name separated by slashes (/) or backslashes (\)
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• Absolute pathname
– A description of a file or directory based off the root directory
– /usr/local/httpd/htdocs
• Relative pathname
– Is used to reference files based on the current directory
– Cd/usr/local/httpd
– Cd htdocs
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Uniform Resource Locators
• Describe how to find a web resource
http://www.vortexwidgets.com/support/industrial.html
Servername:www.vortexwidgets.com
Path: support
Filename: industrial.html
• Use relative URLs in your own web pages– Make it easy to move to another directory
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Lab 3.4 Directory Indexing
• Many times while surfing the Web, you have probably requested a URL without actually specifying a filename
• By typing in only the name of a site, you are not actually specifying a file to retrieve
• The server determines what file to retrieve based on directory indexes.
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Directory Indexing
• If no file name in a URL:– Directory browsing enabled
• If index document, return default document• Otherwise return list of files
• Directory browsing disabled– If index document, return default document– Otherwise return nothing
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How web servers view directories
• Several options are available when choosing how your Web server views directories– No directory browsing permitted– Directory browsing permitted, but no default
documents enables– Indexes enabled
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Lab 3.5 File and Directory Names
• Good file names– Make your site easier to maintain– Easier to navigate– Help to develop the site
• Two of the important things to remember:– Develop a layout for your directories– To create a naming scheme for files
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Good Filename Practice
• Don’t’ use spaces in names– Use underscores (_) or dash (-) instead
• Don’t use special characters– %#@$?&
• Keep filenames short but descriptive
• Use a standard naming convention
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Good Filename Practice (2)
• Use consistent filename extensions– .html , .gif
• Don’t use extensions with directory names
• Use lowercase letters in all filenames– UNIX is case sensitive– Windows is (mostly)not case sensitive
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Lab 3.6 Transferring Files
• If you’re lucky enough to be local to your Web server, transferring files may seem like a trivial task
• Copying files may used either floppy disk, zip drive, Hard drive, etc
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File Sharing
• If your serve is on a local network, you might be able to mount the server’s drives or partitions on your client machines
• Windows – Microsoft Windows Networking
• UNIX – Network File System
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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Popular method of accessing files on the Internet
• Provides a standard, error-free way to transfer files to and from different machines on a network
• Are supported on most OS
• FTP servers require a username and password for log in
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Some FTP Command
OPEN hostname Open a connection to hostname
PUT filename Send filename from client to server
GET filename Send filename from server to client
CD dirname Change to directory dirname
DEL filename Remove filename from server
DIR List the contents of the remote directory
LS Same as DIR
MKDIR dirname Make a directory dirname on server
MPUT Send multple files from server
MGET Get multiple files from server
BIN Set transfer mode to binary
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HTTP PUT
• HTTP has a PUT method for sending files to a Web Server
• The PUT method is similar to the more widely used POST method
• But while POST is used to send data and queries to the server, PUT is used exclusively for sending files.
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Frontpage
• An easy to use HTML editor• Best feature is its seamless integration with
the Web Server• Synchronisation between development PC
and web server• BUT
– Not all ISPs support this type of usage– Works best with Microsoft web server– Proprietary
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Frontpage extensions
• Allowing users to save HTML files their local drives
• Its real power, however, is when it is used with a server that supports FrontPage Extensions– Are a group of files and CGI programs that are
added to the Web server– Allow the FrontPage client to connect to the
server and take a snapshot of a Web site.– Allow client to modify Web pages on the server– Provide authentication
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