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Introduction to Earthwo

Prepared by: Jojee Yabut

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Topics

1. Summary

2. Excavation Works

3. Backfilling Works

4. Soil Compaction

5. Soil Classification

6. Quality Control

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1. Summary

Definition of Terms

Earthworks - are engineering works created through the moving or prparts of the earth's surface involving quantities of soil or unformed roc

ASTM – American Society for Testing and Material

AASHTO – American Association of State Highway and Transportation

MDD – Maximum Dry Density

OMC – Optimum Moisture Content

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Summary continued…

Earthworks includes…

Preparing subgrades for slabs on grade, pavement, lawn and Excavating and backfilling for building sub-structures

Providing drainage course for slab on grade

Subsurface drainage for walls and trenches

Excavating and backfilling trenches for mechanical and elec

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2. Excavation Works

Manual or Mechanical Excavation

Observe Safety at all times

Buried underground structures or utilities

Excavation for Building sub-structures

Excavation for Mechanical and Electrical Utilities

Authorized and Unauthorized Excavation

Dewatering

Shoring

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3. Backfilling works

Satisfactory Soil (GW,GP,GM,SW,SP,SM, A-1, A-2-4, A-2-5, A-3)

Unsatisfactory Soil (GC, SC, CL, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-4, A-5, A-6, A-7)

Bedding Course

Drainage Course

Borrow Soil

Sand

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4. Soil Compaction

Increases density

Increases strength

Increases load bearing capacity

Increases stability of slopes and embankment

Decreases undesirable settlement

Decreases permeability

Reduces water seepage

Reduces swelling and shrinkage

Frost damage

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Compaction Works continued…

Vibratory Compaction

Impact Compaction

Kneading Compaction

Pressure Compaction

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Compaction Works continued….

Llllll

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5. Soil Classification

Two Methods

ASTM D 2487

GW, GP, GM, SW, SP, SM….

AASHTO M 145

A-1-a. A-1-b, A-2-4, A-2-5,A-2-6, A-2-7, A-3, A-4,A-5,A-6,A-7-5, A-7-6 - (12 sub-gr

Sieve Analysis Test

Atterberg Limits Test, (PI=PL-LL)

PI – Plasticity Index

PL – Plastic Limit

LL – Liquid Limit

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Soil Classification continued…

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Soil Classification continued…

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Soil Classification continued…

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6. Quality Control

Sampling, ASTM D 6519

Sieve Analysis Test, ASTM C 136

Atterberg Limits, ASTM D 4318

Proctor Test, ASTM D 1557

California Bearing Ratio, ASTM D 1883

Field Density Test

ASTM D 1556 – Sand-Cone Method

ASTM D 2167 – Rubber Balloon Method

ASTM D 2937 – Drive Cylinder Method

ASTM D 2922 – Nuclear Method

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Quality Control continued…

Sampling, ASTM D 6519

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Quality Control continued…

Sieve Analysis Test, ASTM C 136

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Quality Control continued…

Atterberg Limits, ATM D 4318

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Quality Control continued… Proctor Test, ASTM D 1557

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Quality Control continued…

California Bearing Ratio, ASTM D 1883

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Quality Control continued…

Field Density Test

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Quality Control continued…

ASTM D 1556 – Sand-Cone Method

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Quality Control continued…

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Quality Control continued…

ASTM D 2922 – Nuclear Method

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