Post on 21-Apr-2017
transcript
12.08.2014Summer SchoolHarz University
Light Pollution and LED Lighting
Christian ReinbothDipl.-WiInf.(FH)
HarzOptics GmbHWernigerode
Agenda
Topics for today:
● (I) A (very) short introduction
● (II) Light and the environment
● (III) LED lighting – a solution?
● (IV) Light pollution in the Harz
Please feel free to ask questionsduring or after the presentation
Street Lighting -an environmental problem?
Energy consumption
● In Germany ~ 4.000.000.000 kWh/year
● ...which releases 2,5 million tons of CO2
● In Europe ~ 35.000.000.000 kWh/year● ...or roughly the output of 17 Biblis NPP
Other ecological problems
● Steady increase of light pollution● Disposal of outdated mercury arc lamps
Increase of extremeWeather Events
Photos © NOAA, DoD
Economic damage from floods in the United States:22 billion US$ in the 1960s; 234 billion US$ in the 1990s
Predicted Sea Level Rise
Graphics © www.globalwarmingart.com
Recent predicions suggest a sea level rise of between 0,5m and 1,5m during the next 100 years
The Loss of the Night Sky...
Identical view of the night sky with and without light pollution
Photo © Jeremy Stanley
Milky Way? Many Germans have never seen it...
1/3 of all Germans has never seen the band of the Milky WayAmong Germans under 30 this ratio is 44% (Emnid, 2002)
When will the Milky Way become invisible in Germany?
Photo © Dan Duriscoe, US National Park Service
10.06.2014 / ISSRM 2014 – GFN Harz e.V. / F. Knolle / C. Reinboth – Winter Tourism and Protected Areas in the Harz Mountains
Wernigerode: 4-5(Bortle Scale)
Street Lights as Death Traps
A mercury arc light kills about 100-250 insects per night
Photos © Prof. Dr. Eisenbeis, Uni Mainz
Domestic Insects threatened by too much Light at Night
Eichenspinner (Lasiocampa quercus)
Eulenfalter(Noctuidae)
Photos © www.entomat.be
A Danger to Human Health?
„The analysis yielded an estimated 73% higher breast cancer incidence in the highest LAN (light at night) exposed
communities compared to the lowest LAN exposed communities.“
Kloog, I., Haim, A; Stevens, R.G.; Barchana, M. & Portnov, B.A.: Light at night co-distributes with incident breast but not lung cancer in the female population of Israel, in: Chronobiology International
2008 Feb;25(1):65-81
Photos © Südwestdeutsches PET-Zentrum Stuttgart
Targeted use of Lighting
Way too muchlight pollution
“Normal”light pollution
Minimallight pollution
Graphic © Florian Schweidler
10.06.2014 / ISSRM 2014 – GFN Harz e.V. / F. Knolle / C. Reinboth – Winter Tourism and Protected Areas in the Harz Mountains
„Insect-friendly“Street Lighting?
Graphics © Institut für Hydrobiologie & Gewässermanagement Wien
Mercury arc lamp Sodium vapor lamp
Clocked LED lighting is even more insect-friendly- but can environmentalists really welcome LED lighting?
LED Lighting in Wernigerode
AuLED lights have saved 46,4% energy compared to NA lighting
Marklingeröder Straße
10.06.2014 / ISSRM 2014 – GFN Harz e.V. / F. Knolle / C. Reinboth – Winter Tourism and Protected Areas in the Harz Mountains
DIALux simulation with TRILUX 9701
10.06.2014 / ISSRM 2014 – GFN Harz e.V. / F. Knolle / C. Reinboth – Winter Tourism and Protected Areas in the Harz Mountains
DIALux simulation with TRILUX 9701
10.06.2014 / ISSRM 2014 – GFN Harz e.V. / F. Knolle / C. Reinboth – Winter Tourism and Protected Areas in the Harz Mountains
Entwicklung optischer KomponentenStep 1 – Generating a map of the locale with open source geodata (e.g. OSM)
10.06.2014 / ISSRM 2014 – GFN Harz e.V. / F. Knolle / C. Reinboth – Winter Tourism and Protected Areas in the Harz Mountains
Step 2 – Geomapping of all street lights in the area using GPS systems and software
10.06.2014 / ISSRM 2014 – GFN Harz e.V. / F. Knolle / C. Reinboth – Winter Tourism and Protected Areas in the Harz Mountains
Step 3 – Inclusion of geodata on bus stops, pedestrian crossings, hazard spots etc.
10.06.2014 / ISSRM 2014 – GFN Harz e.V. / F. Knolle / C. Reinboth – Winter Tourism and Protected Areas in the Harz Mountains
Step 4 – Classification of streets according to DIN EN 13 201 using all available info
10.06.2014 / ISSRM 2014 – GFN Harz e.V. / F. Knolle / C. Reinboth – Winter Tourism and Protected Areas in the Harz Mountains
Data can be transferred to other GIS such as Google Maps or Google Earth
Light = Security?
● Home Office Crime Prevention Unit (2004)
● Installation of particularly bright street lights● An analysis of mission data by police and rescue
services showed no effect on crime and security● A survey of the residents found that their feeling
of safety had, however, increased significantly
● Polizei-Fachhochschule Rheine (2007)
● Total blackout between 1:00 and 3:30 at night● The measure had no impact on public safety
● The city saved 72.000 EUR and 420t CO2
Types of Dark Sky Parks
● International Dark Sky Association
● Dark Sky Communities● Dark Sky Reserves● Dark Sky Parks
● Royal Astronomy Society of Canada
● Dark Sky Preserves● Urban Stark Parks
● Starlight Initiative
● Human Habitats● Starlight Landscapes● Starlight Natural Sites● Starlight Heritage Sites● Starlight Astronomy Sites● … & Mixed Starlight Sites
● Potential World Heritage Status through UNESCO
Wurmberg Illumination
Suggested illumination levels for ski slopes according to DIN EN 12 193:
Class Illumination level Illumination equability
I 100 lx 0,5
II 30 lx 0,3
III 20 lx 0,2
Class I: Facilities for high performance sports and international sporting eventsClass II: Facilities for important national sporting events with many spectatorsClass III: Facilities for leisure sports, school sports and general training
The investor has proposed a 150 lx floodlighting.
Some concessions were made: The lighting system will only be in use during three days per week for a maximum duration of four months per year. Additionally, the lighting will be shut off after 22:30 p.m.