Parking policy TDM workshop

transcript

Parking PolicyFrom Despair and Conflict

towards Hope and Sustainability

BasedonthematerialbyProfPaulBarter

http://www.reinventingparking.org/

INTERNATIONALPERSPECTIVE:KEYCHOICESANDTHREEPARADIGMS

DOparkingpolicydifferently,THINKaboutparkingdifferently

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

WewilllookathowparkinggetsDONEdifferentlyindifferentplaces

Intheprocess,wewillseethatdoingparkingdifferentlyinvolvesTHINKINGdifferently

IfparkingpolicyfromXXXXcouldbeparachutedintoParkburg,

whatwouldtheydo?

MainstreamUSA (suchasLA)

Europe(especiallynorthernandcentralEurope,suchasLondon,Berlin,AmsterdamorZurich)

Japan’slargecities

AndwhatwouldDonaldShoup(leadingreformerofUSparkingpolicy)advise?

Butfirst,aquestion

Someoftheresponsesfromtheseplaceswouldinvolveparkingpricerisesand/orconstrainingparkingsupply (atleastrelativetocurrentplansforgreatlyincreasedsupply)

SupposecarparkingpricesthroughoutParkburgweretorise,whatresponsesareavailabletocarusers?

Motoristoptionsifparkingpricesriseand/orparkingsupplyisconstrained

Optionswhilestilldrivingcar:Justpaying(nobehaviourchange)isanoption

Shiftparkinglocationslightlyandwalk

Reduceparkingduration

Car-pooling/sharingrides

Getdroppedoff (familyordriver)

Valetparking(oftenlinkedwithrestaurants)

Optionsinvolvingmodeshift:Motorcycle

Auto-rickshawortaxi

Walking(verylikelyoption forshorttrips)

Bicycle orRickshaw

Publictransport

Motoristoptionsifparkingpricesriseand/orparkingsupplyisconstrained

NOTICE:Manyoptionsbesidespublictransport!

MOSTparkingreformdoesNOTrequiregoodpublictransportasaprecondition

Themainexception:aggressiveuseofparkingsupplylimitsforTDM,whichisfeasibleonlyfortransit-richcentrallocations

WhatwouldmainstreamUSAdo?

PrettymuchwhatSAfricancitiesaretrying…

Parkingnorms(minimumparkingrequirements)rigidlyenforced

Reluctancetopriceortoraisepricesevenifparkingsaturated

Subsidizedpublicparkingbylocalgovernments(subsidymostlyvialandgranted)

The median USA parking requirements for restaurants. Source Seth Goodman

http://graphingparking.wordpress.com/

WhatwouldmainstreamUSAdo?

The‘conventionalsuburban’approachtoparkingpolicy

People in suburban USA (or Australia), are shocked that some Westfield shopping centres have started to

charge for parking (although parking is still free for the first 3 hours)

This is where my elementary school once was

Whyrejectconventionalsuburbanapproach?

‘Fertilitydrugforcars’

Unjustsubsidiesandcross-subsidies

Auckland,New Zealand

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Lockedintoautomobiledependence

Orpushedtowardsautomobiledependence

Los Angeles, USA

Whyrejectconventionalsuburbanapproach?

Hindersre-use,redevelopment,infillofolderareas

Harmshousingaffordability,especiallyforsmallunitsandsmallsites

Obstacletotransit-orienteddevelopment

Near the center of Houston, USA (via Google Maps)

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

KEYCHOICESANDTHREEPARADIGMSPaul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Everysiteshouldhaveitsown

parking

Parkingfacilitiesservewhole

neighbourhoods

Parkingis“infrastructure”

1.conventionalsuburban

2.parkingmanagement

Parkingisa“real-estatebasedservice”

3.market-oriented

Initially,sameassuburbanUSA…butinoldurbanfabric,thisworksbadlyThentrypublicparkingfacilitiestoget‘enough’supply…butthisforcedtomanageon-street

Thisleadtothe“parkingmanagement”MINDSETParkingisinfrastructure(likestreetsandbusstops)Mostlyplanneddistrictbydistrict,notsitebysite

WhatwouldEuropeans(andsomeUSAinnercitiestoo)do?

‘Parkingmanagement’

Manytools

Variousgoals

Managesconflict

Tools:pricing,restrictedeligibility,time-limits,design,sharing,publicparkingnotprivate,parkingtaxes,supplyadjustments

WhatwouldEuropeansdo?

WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?Step-by-stepintensificationofon-streetparkingmanagement

- Intensivekerbside management- Timelimitsoften- Pricing- Residents’permits/permitzones

This sign is from inner Sydney (inner city areas in US and Australia also deploy

intensive parking management)

WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?GradualEnforcementEnhancement

-Vehicleownerresponsibility-Efficientvehicleregister-‘Administrative’or‘civil’offence-Localoroutsourcedwardensnotbypoliceifpossible-Increasingautomation

Photo by Flickr user gregwake

WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?Activeprioritizingamongusergroups

Residents’priority

Shopping/visitorpriority

Primarilyinpublicparkingnot‘customer-only’privateparking

Commuterparkinglowerpriority-Notprimespaces(shiftlocationtoedgesofcommercialdistricts)

-Modechange

WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?Pricingasakeymanagementtool

Off-streetatmarketprices(increasinglyevenforgovernment-ownedparking)

Variouson-streetapproaches:

– ZoneslinkedwithTDMaims

– ‘abitmorethanthebusfare’

– Occupancytargets(quietly)

• UK,Hungary,Amsterdam

• Hencesmallpricezones

Source: (Survey by GTZ, 2008, www.sutp.org)

Source: www.pecs.hu

WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?Parkingnormsreform

Parkingminimumabolition(UK;Berlin)

Parkingmaximums(UK;Netherlandstransit-orientedlocations;Germancentralareas)

Parkingminimumslinkedwithtransit-accessibility(Zurich,Netherlands,Paris,manyothers)

WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?CityCentreparkingsupplyrestriction

asTDMandforpublicrealmimprovements

Innercityresidents’priorityalsoservesTDMgoalsbylimitingcommuterparking(Germancities)

CBDsupplylimitsoftenpairedwithPark-and-rideontheoutskirts (forexample,fundedwithinnercityparkingfeesorfee-in-lieupayments)

Image from comons.wikimedia.org

Nyhavn in Copenhagen – before and after 1980Source: Kristian Skovbakke Villadsen, May 2012

WhatwouldJapaneseparkingpolicydo?Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Japan’sparking– inadvertentlymarket-oriented

Resultof3pragmaticpolicies

1.Verylimitedon-streetparking(withimprovedenforcementandcontrolsince2006)

andovernighton-streetparkingnotallowedsince1950s

http://beta.adb.org/publications/parking-policy-asian-cities

2.Japanesecitieshaveparkingminimumsbut withverylowrates

Floor area threshold below which there are no parking requirements

TokyoYes (1,500 m2 or 2,000 m2). Above the threshold, parking requirements phase in gradually according to a formula. At full force only from 6,000 m2 floor area.

Guangzhou Yes (500 m2)Taipei city Yes (300 m2 or 500 m2)

and theparkingnormsexemptsmallbuildings

3.Proof-of-parkingruleforresidentialparking(proveaccesstoanear-homeparkingplacebeforeregisteringanycar)

So local commercial parking emerged almost everywhere

Became unnecessary to update parking norms

Accidentally, they now had market-oriented parking systems!

WhatwouldJapaneseparkingpolicydo?Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Somegovernmentsupplybuiltinthepastbutitisnowmarketpriced

Ubiquitouscommercialparking

Park-onceneighborhoodsarethenorm(parkingadistrictnotasite-by-sitething)

THREEPARADIGMS:MARKETORIENTED

Parkingisareal-estatebasedservice(withmarketprices,likemeetingrooms)

Eachparkingsiteservesarea(withinwalkingdistance)

Hong Kong

DonaldShoup’smarket-orientedproposals

i. Priceon-streetparkingfor85%occupancy

ii. Userevenuetopleaselocalstakeholders

iii. Abolishminimumparkingrequirements

Inshort,governmentmustgettheon-streetparkingright

Thenmarketforcescanbeallowedtotakecareoftheoff-streetparking

WhatwouldProfDonaldShoup suggest?

Beston-streetpricesettingprinciple:OCCUPANCY

Occupancysurveysormonitoring

If>>85%fullTHENincreasepriceIf<<85%fullTHENlowerpriceIfoccupancyin“sweetspot”THENnochange

D. Shoup, The High Cost of Free Parking

Reduces traffic by reducing cruising not reducing trips

Complements other reforms

WhatwouldProfDonaldShoup suggest?

Figure via Michael Replogle, ITDP

KEYCHOICESANDTHREEPARADIGMSPaul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Everysiteshouldhaveitsown

parking

Parkingfacilitiesservewhole

neighbourhoods

Parkingis“infrastructure”

1.conventionalsuburban

2.parkingmanagement

Parkingisa“real-estatebasedservice”

3.market-oriented

FINALDISCUSSION:LET’SAPPLYEACHOFTHETWOALTERNATIVEAPPROACHESTOPARKBURG

ThinkingDifferentlyandDoingThingsDifferently

inSAfrica’scities

A. Supposeyouadopta“parkingmanagement”mind-settoTHINKaboutparkingand,hence,looktoEuropeespeciallyforideasonDOINGparkingpolicy.WhatkeyparkingpoliciesyouwouldfavournowforParkburg?

B. Supposeyouadopta“market-oriented”mind-settoTHINKaboutparkingand,hence,looktoJapanandtoDonaldShoupforideasonDOINGparkingpolicy.WhatkeyparkingpoliciesyouwouldfavournowforParkburg?

1.Whoshouldbearprimaryresponsibilityforsupplyingparkingfacilities?

(chooseONEoptionbelowthatbestmatchesyourview)

A. LocalGovernment

B. Buildingdevelopersandowners

C. Businessessupplyingparkingonacommercialbasis

YourAttitudestoParking:Let’sDebrief

2.Whichofthefollowingshouldbetheprimarycriterionforsettingparkingcharges?

A. Costofprovidingtheparking

B. Socialandpoliticalacceptability

C. Consistencywiththegovernments’transportandurbanpolicygoals

D. Marketforcesofsupplyanddemand

3.Whereshouldamotoristheadingtoamid-sizedmallinamixed-usedistrictparkhis/hercar?

A. Inthemall’sownparkingfacility

B. Anylegalparkingspaceintheareathatisconvenient(whilepayingtheappropriateparkingcharge)

4.Supposethemotoristinthepreviousquestionparkedinthemallparkinglot.Shefinisheshershoppingandgoesforamealinarestaurantdownthestreet.Sheshould:

A. Leavethecarinthemallparkingandwalktotherestaurant

B. Movethecartotherestaurant’sparkinglot

5.WhichofthefollowingistheMOSTimportantwayinwhichparkingcausescongestion?

A. Simplybybeingatthekerb,parkinghinderstrafficflow(whichistheprimarypurposeoftheroadway)

B. Ahighnumberofparkingspacesinbusyareasencouragesmoremotoriststodrivethantheroadscanhandle

C. Poorlymanagedon-streetparkingresultsinfullon-streetparkingwhichencouragesmotoriststocircleinsearchofparkingandtowaitintrafficlanesordoublepark

6.WhatisyourreactiontotheideaofaspecialRs20parkingsurchargeformotoristsarrivingatpeakinginAMpeakhourandleavinginPMpeak?

A. Greatidea!

B. Thisisjustanothertaxgrabindisguise!

C. Notbadbutifparkingistohaveapeaksurchargeitshouldreflecttimesofpeakparking demandnotpeaktrafficdemand

Parknagar’s besthopeisimprovedon-streetparkingmanagement?

ImprovingthisinSAfricawon’tbeeasy

Didtoday’ssessionhelpyouseehowcentralandimportanton-streetmanagementis?

Parking policy TDM workshop

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