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Teaching MeasurementGrades 3 to 6Carlo MagnoDe La Salle University, Manila
K to 12 Mathematics Content Areas•Numbers and Number Sense •Measurement•Geometry•Patterns and Algebra•Probability and Statistics
Question:•Why is measurement important in the
math curriculum?
Measurement Outcomes:•Choosing units•Measuring•Estimating•Time•Using relationships
Mathematics: A curriculum profile for Australian Schools (1994)
Measurement in K to 12•Use of numbers and measures to
describe, understand and compare mathematical and concrete objects.
•Focuses on attributes such as length, mass and weight, capacity, time, money and temperature.
•Applications involving perimeter, area, surface area, volume, and angle measure.
Grade 4 Competencies•Describes and illustrates the perimeter of a
given figure. •Finds the perimeter of triangles, squares,
rectangles, parallelograms and trapezoids. •Solves word problems involving perimeter of
squares and rectangles, triangles, parallelograms and trapezoids.
•Estimates the area of an irregular plane figure made up of squares and rectangles using non-standard units.
Grade 4 Competencies•Derives inductively the formulas for the
area of squares and rectangles •Finds the area of a figure made up of
squares and rectangles using cm2 and m2. •Estimates the area of triangles,
parallelograms and trapezoids using non-standard units.
•Derives inductively the formulas for the area of triangles, parallelograms and trapezoids.
Grade 4 Competencies•Finds the area of triangles, parallelograms
and trapezoids using cm2 and m2. •Solves word problems involving the area of
a figure made up of squares and rectangles. •Solves word problems involving the area of
a triangle, parallelogram and trapezoid. •Visualizes and builds rectangular prisms
using unit cubes. •Derives inductively the formula for the
volume of rectangular prisms.
Grade 4 Competencies•Finds the volume of a rectangular prism
using cubic units. •Solves word problems involving the
volume of a rectangular prism.
Grade 5 Competencies•Represents and describes the
circumference of a circle. •Uses a model to estimate the circumference
of a circle. •Derives a formula for finding the
circumference of a circle. •Finds the circumference of the given circle
using the formula/s derived. •Solves problems involving circumference.
Grade 5 Competencies• Estimates and uses appropriate units of measure for
area. • Converts sq cm to sq m and vice versa. • Names the appropriate unit of measure used for
measuring area for accuracy. • Estimates and uses appropriate units of measure for
volume. • Converts one cubic unit of measure to a larger or
smaller unit. • Names the appropriate unit of measure used for
measuring the volume of a cube and a rectangular prism for accuracy.
Grade 5 Competencies• Represents and describes the area of a circle. • Uses a model to find the area of a circle. • Derives a formula for finding the area of a circle. • Finds the area of a circle using the formula/s
derived. • Solves problems involving area of circle using
appropriate formulas and procedures. • Describes the volume of cube and a rectangular
prism. • Derives a formula for finding the volume of cube
and a rectangular prism.
Grade 5 Competencies•Solves problems involving volume of a cube
and rectangular prism using appropriate formulas and procedures.
•Describes and estimates the temperature inside and outside of the classroom.
•Identifies the parts of a thermometer. •Reads a thermometer. •Measures temperature using the degree
Celsius. •Solves problems involving temperature.
Grade 6 Competencies• Finds the area of composite figures formed by
any two or more of the following: triangle, square, rectangle, circle and semi-circle.
• Solves word problem involving area of composite figures formed by any two or more of the following: triangle, square, rectangle, circle and semi-circle.
• Identifies the faces of a geometric solid. • Visualizes and describes surface area and name
the unit of measure used for measuring the surface area of solids.
Grade 6 Competencies• Derives a formula for finding the surface area of
cubes, prisms and cylinders. • Finds the surface area of cubes, prisms and
cylinders. • Solves word problems involving measurement of
surface area. • Describes the meaning of the volume of a solid. • Determines the relationship between the volume of a
rectangular prism and of a pyramid and between a cylinder and a cone.
• Obtains formulas for finding the volumes of cylinders, pyramids and cones.
Grade 6 Competencies• Finds the volume of a cylinder, pyramid or a
cone. • Solves problems involving volumes of solids. • Reads and interprets electric and water meter
readings. • Solves problems involving electric and water
consumptions. • Estimates the duration of time in seconds and
minutes. • Measures time using a 12-hour and a 24-hour
clock.
Grade 6 Competencies•Converts measures of time from a 12-hour
to a 24-hour clock and vice versa. •Calculates time in the different world time
zones. •Calculates speed, distance and time. •Solves problems involving average rate
and speed.
Premise in Measurement•Measurement activities are based on
everyday life experiences:▫More or less▫Tall or short▫Faster, slower▫Softer, lighter
Prerequisite skills•Comparison skills•Estimation skills
•Development of measurement understanding:▫Natural (body): The length of my bed is 10
handspans.▫Informal (comparison): My big sister
measured my bed and said its 10 handspans.
▫Formal (standard units): My bed is 2 meters long.
•Regardless whether students use formal or non formal measurement they should make decision about:▫Which quantities should be measured at
hand▫Which units to use▫The measuring tool appropriate
K to 12 Mathematics•The framework is supported by the
following underlying learning principles and theories: ▫Experiential and Situated Learning ▫Reflective Learning ▫Constructivism ▫Cooperative Learning▫Discovery and Inquiry-based Learning
K to 12 Mathematics•Experiential learning as advocated by
David Kolb is learning that occurs by making sense of direct everyday experiences.
•Experiential learning theory defines learning as "the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience. “
•Knowledge results from the combination of grasping and transforming experience" (Kolb, 1984, p. 41).
K to 12 Mathematics•Situated learning, theorized by Lave
and Wenger, is learning in the same context on which concepts and theories are applied.
K to 12 Mathematics•Reflective learning refers to learning
that is facilitated by reflective thinking. • It is not enough that learners encounter
real-life situations. •Deeper learning occurs when learners are
able to think about their experiences and process these allowing them the opportunity to make sense and meaning of their experiences.
K to 12 Mathematics•Constructivism is the theory that argues
that knowledge is constructed when the learner is able to draw ideas from his own experiences and connects them to new ideas that are encountered.
K to 12 Mathematics•Cooperative Learning puts premium on
active learning achieved by working with fellow learners as they all engage in a shared task.
K to 12 Mathematics•The mathematics curriculum allows for
students to learn by asking relevant questions and discovering new ideas.
•Discovery and Inquiry-based learning (Bruner, 1961) support the idea that students learn when they make use of personal experiences to discover facts, relationships and concepts.
Experiential and Situated Learning• Ask students to record the time it takes them to
travel from home to school in minutes for one week.• Tabulate the results• Ask students to make interpretation
▫Which days took the longest time? Why is this so?▫Which days took the shortest time? Why is this so?
• Open google maps and see how many kilometers is the distance from your house to school.
• What is the average time required to get to school?• How many minutes per kilometer does it take you to
travel?
Experiential and Situated Learning• Watch your favorite cartoons. • Count all the words being said in the cartoons.• How long is the cartoon in minutes?• If the time of the cartoon is doubled, can you
predict the number of words that can be mentioned?
• If you talk in the telephone for a 10 minutes, what is the estimated number if words you can use?
• If you need to tell your friend an important message with 50 words, how much time will it require you to tell him/her?
Experiential and Situated Learning•Measure how much volume can your
bathroom pail contain water.•Determine the time it takes you to fill the pail.• If you double the size of your pail, how much
time will you fill it?•Take the time in consuming the one pail of
water when taking a bath. How many pails do you consume?
•Given the pails of water you consume, estimate how long you take a bath.
Ask for 2 volunteers•Participants will provide their own
example of an activity for experiential and situational learning.
Reflective learning•Use google maps and estimate the
kilometers from your house to where your father is working.
•Ask for the total amount spent when commuting.
•Ask for the total amount spent when driving your won car.
•Show your data to your father and recommend which mode of transportation is better.
Reflective learning•Get the weight of each of your family
members.•Determine their ages and check who is
underweight and overweight.•Given your data make recommendations
on the following:▫Money spent on food▫Menu for the week▫Exercise activities for the family
Reflective thinking•Keep a journal and take note of all your
travels via plane.•Jot down in the journal the time you spent in
the plane and the places you went.•Summarize the following:
▫What places took the longest plane ride? Why?▫What places took the shorted plane ride?
Why?▫What is the relationship between time and
distance?
Reflective thinking• Get the square meter of your land area.• How much does your land cost?• Get the square meter of other land areas.• How much do they cost?• Get the square meter of residential lands in the
city. How much do they cost.• Compare the cost of equal land areas in the city
and in the province? • Is there a difference? Why is this so? • What do you need to do if you want to live in the
city?
Ask for 2 volunteers•Participants will provide their own
example of an activity for reflective learning.
Constructivism• Students will identify a problem in their
community in the following areas:▫Waste management▫Overcrowding▫Increased air temperature
• Collect data to serve as evidence to these problems by:▫Measure the weight of garbage produced by each
household each day for 4 weeks▫Count the number of people living in each household
and the floor area of their house. Report the ratio.▫Get the temperature each day and tabulate it.
• Provide recommendations given the severity of the problem (reflective learning)
Constructivism• What type of body pains did you experience as
the most painful? Why did you had such pain?• List them down.• For each pain indicate how painful it is using a
scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (very painful)• Ask your classmates to rate the list of pain you
have.• Get the average of the rating for each pain.• Report the standard deviation. • Given the SD are you all having a similar feeling
for each pain? (reflective learning)
Constructivism•Measure the temperature for the months of
April and May.•Go to the malls and ask some sales person
which types of clothes are bought and the quantity.
•Tabulate the number of purchases for each type of clothes for each day and the temperature?
•What does the temperature got to do with the type of clothes sold?
Constructivism•Which model of cell phone do you have?•What do you think is the best cell phone model?•List down different cell phone models and
count the number of people in your community who has it.
•For each model of cell phone, ask the owners how long does their battery last. Ask also what is the total minutes they used to call and text.
•Which characteristic of cell phone do you recommend that can save more energy?
Ask for 2 volunteers•Participants will provide their own
example of an activity for constructivist learning.
Cooperative learning•Form a group and each one will be
assigned to a place to take the air temperature for 7 days.
•Compare the temperature for each person.
•Why is there variation in the temperature?
•Report the findings.
Cooperative learning•Students form three groups and are
assigned to measure the floor area of the classroom.
•One group will only use a one inch paper clip.
•One group will use an 8 inches pencil.•One group will use a 15 inches long stick.•Which group do you think will measure
the floor area the fastest? Why?
Cooperative learning•Students will work together to build an
improvised anemometer and a rain gauge.•When the rain comes they record the
speed of the wind.•They measure the amount of water
collected in the rain gauge.•Students make a report and present to
class the relationship between wind speed and amount of rainfall.
Ask for 2 volunteers•Participants will provide their own
example of an activity for cooperative learning.
Discovery•Students will ask their parents at home
the different tools they use to measure length of objects.
•The students will bring this material and demonstrate to their classmates how the tools are used.
Discovery •Self-study on the procedure to convert oC
to oF.•Show how it is done in class
Ask for 2 volunteers•Participants will provide their own
example of an activity for cooperative learning.
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