Ch. 26 (pp. 742 – 755)

The “Second Industrial Revolution”

Political and Social Effects of Industrialization

Germany quickly became the world leader in chemicals & explosivesGovernment-

funded researchCooperation b/t

universities & industries

Science and the Government

Populations rose in industrial nationsLargely due to

European and Chinese migrations

Urbanization led to sanitation problems

Upper-Class men & women lived in “Separate Spheres”

Social Changes

In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves to improve:Working conditionsHoursWages

Labor unions fought to defend workers’ interests in negotiations with employers

Labor Movements

Socialism was an ideology that advocated government protection of workers from the exploitation of property owners

Karl Marx (1818 – 1883)Best-known socialistCoauthored the Communist

Manifesto and Das KapitalSaw history as a series of clashes b/t

classes (bourgeoisie vs. proletariat)Disapproved of unregulated industrial

capitalism

Marx and Socialism

In response to criticisms of industrial global capitalism, some governments mitigated the negative effects of industrialization by promoting various types of reformsEx. Expansion of suffrage in Britain, public

education, etc.

Political Reponses to Industrialization

“Second Industrial Revolution”ca. 1850 – 1900Led to new methods in production of:

SteelChemicalsElectricityPrecision machinery

Introduction

SteelHard & elastic form of

ironPreviously produced in

small quantities by blacksmiths

New inventions meant large quantities at a low cost

Chemicals could now also be mass producedSynthetic dyes & new

organic chemicals

Steel and Chemical Industries

By the late 19th century, industrial nations were expanding their railroad lines and using steel tracks

Railroads

Railroads in the United States (ca. 1890)

In the non-industrialized world, railroads were built (often by foreign interests) for business & governmentEconomic ImperialismEx. the British and the United States

investing heavily in Latin America

Railroads

Consumed huge amounts of land & timberOpened new lands to

AgricultureMiningHuman exploitation of natural resources

Railroads

1850, developments in shipbuilding increased average size & speedIron (later steel) hullsPropellersMore efficient engines

Steamships and Telegraph Cables

1870s, inventors created generators that turned mechanical energy into electricity

Alleviated urban pollution

Created a huge demand for copperEx. from Chile &

Southern Africa

Electricity