01-02. Archaeology - January-February 2015.pdf

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July/August 200www.archaeology.org A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America January/February 20

Cambodia: Exploring a Sacred Mountain

PLUS:Iron Age Heist,Paleo-escargot,Viking Blacksmith,Hollywood Sphinx

A PharaohsRoyal Court

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For 24 years, The Great Courses has brought theworlds foremost educators to millions who want togo deeper into the subjects that matter most. Noexams. No homework. Just a world of knowledgeavailable anytime, anywhere. Download or streamto your laptop or PC, or use our free mobile appsfor iPad, iPhone, or Android. Over 500 courses

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Exploring the Rootsof ReligionTaught by Professor John R. Hale

1. The Roots of Religious Experience2. Neanderthal Burials at Shanidar

3. Hunting Magic in Sacred Caves

4. Myths of the Shaman5. Realm of the Mother Goddess6. Mysteries of the Megaliths

7. Towers and Tombs of Sumeria8. Tomb of the First Emperor of China9. Feasting with the Dead at Petra10. Druid Sacrifice at Lindow Moss?11. Honoring Ancestors in Ancient Ohio

12. A Viking Queen Sails to Eternity13. Dancing with Bulls at Knossos14. Oracle Bones in Ancient China15. Sun and Sexuality in Early Scandinavia

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24. Sun and Shadow at Machu Picchu25. Celestial Gateway at Giza26. Cosmic Hub at Stonehenge27. Desert Lines at Nazca28. Skywatchers at Chaco Canyon

29. Mountain of the Gods at Angkor30. The Stone Heads of Easter Island31. Tending Zoroasters Sacred Fire in Iran32. Writing the Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumran

33. Taking Religions Underground at Rome34. Forging Iron at Jenne-jeno on the Niger35. Carving Monasteries at Ajanta in India36. Faiths Lost and Found

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departments

More from the IssueFor video of the authorstrip to Phnom Kulen, Cambodia, go to www.archaeology.org/

cambodia. For more photos and video of the wrecks of

Thunder Bay, go to www.archaeology.org/thunderbay

Interactive DigsRead about the latest discoveriesat Johnsons Island, a Civil War site in Ohio; and Achill

Island in Ireland. www.interactivedigs.com

on the web www.archaeology.org

Archaeological NewsEach day, we bring youheadlines from around the world. And sign up for our

e-Update so you dont miss a thing

Stay in TouchVisit Facebook and like Archaeologyor follow us on Twitter at @archaeologymag

18

4 Editors Letter

6 From the President

8 Letters Touring a nuclear test site, a Sri Lankan shipwrecks

manifest, buffalo hunters on the High Plains, and

frog or toad?

9 From the Trenches Botched Iron Age heist, Koreas bronze shoes, fine

dining with Richard III, Neanderthal graffiti, discovering

lost Maya cities, and The Ten Commandmentsfound

An ancient toilet seat, grave of a Viking blacksmith,

enigmatic earthworks in Kazakhstan, New Zealands

turtle canoe, Egyptian hair extensions

52 Letter from Cambodia Through centuriesand perhaps even millenniaof

cultural, political, and environmental change, Phnom

Kulen has retained its central role in the spiritual life of

a people

68 Artifact A Bronze Age dagger from Denmark shows that some

materials never go out of style

12

3


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It is again our pleasure to ring in the new year by announcing our roster of Top 10'LVFRYHULHV SDJH 24 ,Q 2014 IURP HYLGHQFH LQ WKH


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ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 2016

FROM THE PRESIDENT AIofA

Located at Boston University

OFFICERS

President

Andrew Moore

First Vice President

Jodi Magness

Vice President for Outreach and Education

Pamela Russell

Vice President for Research and Academic Affairs

Carla Antonaccio

Vice President for Professional Responsibilities

Laetitia La Follette

Treasurer

David Ackert

Vice President for Societies

Thomas Morton

Executive Director

Ann Benbow

Chief Operating Officer

Kevin Quinlan

GOVERNING BOARD

Susan AlcockBarbara BarlettaAndrea Berlin

David BoocheverBruce CampbellDerek Counts

Julie Herzig DesnickSheila Dillon, ex officio

Michael GalatyRonald Greenberg

Michael Hoff

Jeffrey LamiaLynne Lancaster

Becky LaoDeborah Lehr

Robert LittmanElizabeth Macaulay-Lewis

Maria PapaioannouJ. Theodore Pea

Eleanor PowersPaul Rissman

Robert RothbergDavid SeigleChen Shen

Monica SmithCharles Steinmetz

Claudia Valentino, ex officioMichael Wiseman

Past President

Elizabeth Bartman

Trustees Emeriti

Brian HeidtkeNorma Kershaw

Charles S. La Follette

Legal Counsel

Mitchell Eitel, Esq.Sullivan & Cromwell, LLP

A I ofA656 Beacon Street Boston, MA 02215-2006

www.archaeological.org

Turkeys Heritage, at aCrossroads

Andrew Moore

President, Archaeological Institute of America

Standing at the intersection of Asia and Europe, few countries are richer inarchaeological and architectural heritage than Turkey. The record of human activitythere spans millennia and can been seen in places ranging from the remarkable

Neolithic settlement of atalhyk to the great and historically rich mosques of Istanbul.These and other sites across the country document major episodes in the human experience.While on a visit to Istanbul this past autumn to take part in the annual meeting of theEuropean Association of Archaeologists, I was reminded, yet again, of Turkeys culturalsignificance, and of the impressive steps the Turkish authorities are taking to preserve anddisplay both sites and artifacts for the public.

In Istanbul, many of the most famous sites are undergoing major restoration, including

Hagia Sophia, itself an architectural wonder, which first was a church, then a mosque, andnow is a museum. Topkapi Palace, once a residence for Ottoman sultans, now, too, is amuseum and is undergoing additional renovation. Excavations beneath a metro station inthe city have revealed the harbor of Theodosius, one of the major ports of Constantinople,

along with the remains of 37ships with dates spanning morethan 500years. A number of the artifacts recovered fromthe harbor can be seen displayed at Istanbuls Archaeological0XVHXP 7KH VWLOOVWDQGLQJ FLW\ ZDOOV RI 7KHRGRVLXV WHVWLI\to the effectiveness of Byzantine engineering.

All across Turkey, there are renowned UNESCO WorldHeritage sites that document significant aspects of thecountrys past. Hattusha, the late Bronze Age capital of

WKH +LWWLWH (PSLUH ZLWK LWV WHPSOHV URFNFXW UHOLHIV DQGsculptures, is one of the most impressive. The mountaintopVDQFWXDU\ RI 1HPUXW 'D WKH +HOOHQLVLWLFHUD WRPE EXLOW E\

Antiochos I for his own use, with its colossal sculptures ofhumans, divinities, and animals, remains as striking today asit must have been when constructed in the first century B.C.

The Ottoman architect Sinans masterpiece, the SelimiyeMosque at Edirne, completed inA.D. 1575, is a glory of Islamic architecture. All of theseare the focus of continuing preservation efforts. Expanded programs train experts in theconservation of archaeological sites and historic urban landscapes.

Turkey today is home to hundreds of archaeological museums, with 14 new oneshaving been constructed in recent years, and 21more nearly completed or in the planning

stages. These structures, often futuristic in concept, will put Turkey at the forefrontof archaeological heritage presentation worldwide and will ensure that Turkeys deeparchaeological past will be available for public study and consideration long into the future.


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EXPLORE &DISCOVER.... . . how you can create your legacy with the

A I ofA

L-R: Eric Blind with Ellen and Charles S. La Follette inthe archaeology lab in San Franciscos Presidio.

For Charles S. La Follette, creating a personallegacy through a planned gift in his will was anatural extension of his involvement with the

Archaeological Institute of America and hiscommitment to archaeological research andeducation. I joined the Norton Society to helpthe AIA continue its wonderful archaeologicalprograms for generations to come, says Charles.

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Discovery of oldest Maya murals ever found at San

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LETTERS

A Way to Remember

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LATE-BREAKING NEWS AND NOTES FROM THE WORLD OF ARCHAEOLOGY

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FROM THE TRENCHES


Many people will be surprised tolearn that the best-preserved earlyEnglish colonial site in the Ameri-cas is located on a rocky peninsula

in Newfoundland, Canada. Knownoriginally (and still) as Ferryland,the site was visited seasonally byBeothuk Indians and, in the six-

teenth century, by fishermen fromseveral European countries. Englishsettlers arrived in the early 1620s,

and George Calvert (later LordBaltimore) christened the colonyAvalon, after the legendary island ofArthurian legend. Like the Plymouth

Colony, it was an early bastion ofreligious tolerance in North Ameri-ca. Over the following decades, thecolony established itself and grew

with several hundred inhabitantsat its peakbut it was looted andburned by French soldiers in 1696.After that, the site was all but aban-

doned, leavingits ruins mostlyundisturbed

for three cen-turies.

served. Because the settlers built instone, its all there to see. Theres

no real imagination required. Interms of visibility, in terms of thesettlement, everything is there.

Archaeologists just have to slowlyuncover it all.

The siteFrom June to October, visi-

tors can explore the remains

of a variety of private and

public structures. The parlor

and a portion of the kitchen

from the mansion house

of Calvert and, later, David

Kirke, the first governor of

Newfoundland, can be seen.

Nearby are the remains of a

bakery/brewhouse, cobble-

stone street, warehouse,

Along the

artifacts are on view at the interpre-

tation center, which hosts historical

demonstrations and has a reproduc-

tion of a seventeenth-century garden.

While youre there

The Colony of Avalon site is in the

modern town of Ferryland, which has

a museum of its own and a regionalarts center that hosts a dinner theater,

concerts, and cultural festivals. Fer-

ryland is known as the Irish heart of

Newfoundland and Labrador, and Irish

traditions continue to thrive. Nearby,

the Ferryland Lighthouse, built in 1870,

is a great location for picnics where

the curious can see birds, whales, and

icebergs. You can purchase a picnic

lunch and borrow a blanket and books

from the folks at the lighthouse.

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The UltimateShockAbsorbing FootwearAs featured in hundreds ofmagazines, on radio andTV nationwide, GravityDefyershoes are changinglives every day. They

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A Decadeof Science in Every PairThe patented VersoShocksystem wasdeveloped by Impact Research Technology ands found exclusively in Gravity Defyerfootwear. Itabsorbs harmful impact relieving discomfort fromevery step before returning energy that propels

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16/72


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17/72

You have a secret hidden up your sleeve. Strapped to your wrist is aminiature masterpiece, composed of hundreds of tiny moving partsthat measure the steady heartbeat of the universe. You love this watch.

And you still smile every time you check it, because you remember thatyou almost didnt buy it. You almost turned the page without a secondthought, figuring that the Stauer Metropolitan Watch for only $29

was just too good to be true. But now you know how right it feels tobe wrong.

Our lowest price EVER for a classic mens dress watch. How can weoffer theMetropolitan for less than $30? The answer is simple. Stauer

has sold over one million watches in the last decade and many of ourclients buy more than one. Our goal isnt to sell you a single watch, ourgoal is to help you fall in love with Stauers entire line of vintage-inspiredluxury timepieces and jewelry. And every great relationship has tostart somewhere...

Tells todays time with yesterdays style. The Metropolitan is exactlythe kind of elegant, must-have accessory that belongs in every gentle-mans collection next to his British cufflinks and Italian neckties.Inspired by a rare 1929 Swiss classic found at auction, theMetropolitanWatch revives a distinctive and debonair retro design for 21st-centurymen of exceptional taste.

The Stauer Metropolitan retains all the hallmarks of a well-bred wrist-watch including a gold-finished case, antique ivory guilloche face, blued

Breguet-style hands, an easy-to-read date window at the 3 oclockposition, and a crown of sapphire blue. It secures with a crocodile-patterned, genuine black leather strap and is water resistant to 3 ATM.

Your satisfaction is 100% guaranteed.We are so sure that you will bestunned by the magnificent Stauer Metropolitan Watchthat we offera 60-day money back guarantee. If youre not impressed after wearing itfor a few weeks, return it for a full refund of the purchase price. Butonce the first compliments roll in, were sure that youll see the value oftime well spent!

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atch!

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18/72

FROM THE TRENCHES

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16 ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 201


19/72

Cell phones have gotten so small,I can barely dial mineNot Jitterbug, it features a larger keypadfor easier dialing. It even has an oversizeddisplay so you can actually see it.

I had to get my son to program itYour Jitterbug set-up process is simple.Well even pre-program it with yourfavorite numbers.

I tried my sisters cell phoneI couldnt hear itJitterbug is designed with animproved speaker. Theres anadjustable volume control, andJitterbug is hearing-aid compatible.

I dont need stock quotes, Internet sitesor games on my phone, I just want totalk with my family and friendsLife is complicated enoughJitterbug is simple.

What if I dont remember a number?Friendly, helpful Jitterbug operators areavailable 24 hours a day and will evengreet you by name when you call.

but I dont want a high monthly billJitterbug has a plan to fit your needsand your budget.

Ill never use!Not with Jitterbug, unused minutescarry over to the next month,theres no roaming fee and noadditional charge forlong distance.

My phones battery onlylasts a couple of daysThe Jitterbugs battery lasts for upto 25 days on standby.

Enough talk. Isnt it time youfound out more about the cellphone thats changing all therules? Call now, Jitterbug productexperts are standing by.

MPORTANT CONSUMER INFORMATION: Jitterbug is owned by GreatCall, Inc. Your invoices will come from GreatCall. All rate plans and services require the purchase of a Jitterbug phone and a one-time set upfee of $35. Coverage and service is not available everywhere. Other charges and restrictions may apply. Screen images simulated. There are no additional fees to call Jitterbugs 24-hour U.S. Based Customer Service

However, for calls to an Operator in which a service is completed, minutes will be deducted from your monthly balance equal to the length of the call and any call connected by the Operator, plus an

additional 5 minutes. Monthly minutes carry over and are available for 60 days. If you exceed the minute balance on your account, you will be billed at 35 for each minute used over the balance. Monthly rate plan

do not include government taxes or assessment surcharges. Prices and fees subject to change. We will refund the full price of the GreatCall phone and the activation fee (or set-up fee) if it is returned within 30 day

of purchase in like-new condition. We will also refund your first monthly service charge if you have less than 30 minutes of usage. If you have more than 30 minutes of usage, a per minute charge of 35 cents will bededucted from your refund for each minute over 30 minutes. You will be charged a $10 restocking fee. The shipping charges are not refundable. Jitterbug and GreatCall are registered trademarks of GreatCall, Inc

Samsung is a registered trademark of Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. 2014 Samsung Telecommunications America, LLC. 2014 GreatCall, Inc. 2014 by firstSTREET for Boomers and Beyond, Inc.

Available inBlue, Red (shown)

and White.

Monthly Minutes

Monthly Rate

Operator Assistance

911 Access

Long Distance Calls

Voice Dial

Nationwide Coverage

Friendly Return Policy1

Basic 14

50

$14.99

24/7

FREE

No addl charge

FREE

YES

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Basic 19

was 100 NOW 200

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FREE

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FREE

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More minute plans available. Ask your Jitterbug expert for details.

We proudly accept the following credit cards.

NEWJitterbug5 Cell PhoneCall toll free today to get your own Jitterbug5.

Please mention promotional code 48792.

1-877-444-1345www.jitterbugdirect.com

Order nowand receive aFREE Car Chargerfor your Jitterbug

a $24.99 value. Call now!

4 7 6 1 8

My friends all hate theircell phones I love mine!

Heres why.Say good-bye to everything you hate about cell phones. Say hello to Jitterbug.

NEW

Better

Soundand

LongerB

atteryLife

FREECar

Charger

No

Contract


20/72


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Across theAtlantic byFlipper

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Crusader KnightsCyprus sRhodes sMalta

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by helicopterWith Professor David Freidel

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22/72


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23/72

Maya Cities Lost and Found

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CROW CANYONARCHAEOLOGICAL CENTER

CST

2059347-50

800.422.8975, ext. 141www.crowcanyon.org

Discover the Past, Share the Adventure

The Neolithic RevolutionShanna Diederichs Matthew D. Adams, Ph.D.

Porter Swentzell, M.A.

May 1723

Utahs Range CreekandSan Rafael Swell

Steven R. Simms, Ph.D. Porter Swentzell, M.A.

June 1421

Summer SolsticeBryan Penprase, Ph.D. Phillip Tuwaletstiwa

June 1622

2015TRAVEL

ARCHAEOLOGY

Fieldwork LabWork with archaeologists and explore the

American Indian past.

Summer and Fall 2015

KateThompson


24/72

WORLD ROUNDUP


TENNESSEE:In 1989,

just before the Nashville

Zoo was constructed,

archaeologists at the site

found an undocumented

cemetery, which was left

undisturbed. Speculation

was that the graves could belong to tenant farmersor a community of slaves. Plans were recently made

to expand the zoo and relocate the cemetery, which

provided anthropologists a chance to learn more about

who was buried there. Analysis of the 19 graves exca-

vated revealed African cranial traits and DNA, evidence

of hard labor, and artifacts dating to the mid-19th cen-

turyindications of a slave cemetery.

parts of the Roman world, but this is thought to be the only surviving

wooden one. The 2,000-year-old bench appears to have been well used

and, researchers report, rather comfortable.

SPAIN: Accord-

ing to historical

sources, the

site from which

Christopher

Columbus set

sail in 1492,

Palos de la

Frontera, had

a potteryworks and a building that served as

an office, store, tavern, and inn for

sailors. Though its location had been

inferred, the specific site and compo-

nents of the port had been lost until

recent work there revealed pottery

ovens and sherds and the remains of

that multiuse building. It was most

likely a site where Columbus made

some arrangements for the historic

voyage to the New World.

UTAH:Rock art can be notori-

ously difficult to date, so theories

about the age of the dozens

of enigmatic figures painted inthe Great Gallery in Horseshoe

Canyon are predictably wide-

rangingfrom 500 to 8,000

years old. Geoscientists recently

used a technique called lumi-

nescence dating to determine

that the paintings actual age is

between 1,000 and 2,000 years

old. The new dating creates fresh

questions about the people who

made the images.

MEXICO: The ancient city of Teotihuacan relied

heavily on maize, but the crop is low in certain

nutrients, and frost and drought make it risky

to cultivate. Paintings and artifacts suggest that

people also turned to pulque, an alcoholic bev-

erage made from agave sap, to fill nutritional

needs, especially during maize shortages. But

until now, there was no direct evidence of it. A

new study has successfully found on potsherds not traces of pulque,

but of compounds produced byZymomonas mobilis, the bacterium

used in its fermentation.


25/72

23

By Samir S. Patel

www.archaeology.org

EGYPT: In

a study of

more than

100 skulls

excavated

from the site

of Amarna, some 28 had remains of pre-

served hair, which is allowing a unique look

into hairstyles and ethnicity in this part of

ancient Egypt 3,300 years ago. Among

them were several with extensions braided

into the natural hair, including one on which

there were approximately 70 extensionsfastened in different places and layers.

KAZAKHSTAN: Using Google Earth and satellite

imagery, scientists have recently found some 50

geoglyphs, some up to a quarter-mile across,

made up of patterns of discrete mounds, in the

northern steppes. Excavations, remote sensing,

and other studies are under way. It appears there

are no structures buried within the mounds, and

the purpose of the enigmatic earthworks remainsunknown. They may help track early human

migration across the region.

NORWAY: A man

removing some

pesky flagstones

from his yard stum-

bled across a pair

of metal tongsand

then a bent sword.

Luckily, he called inarchaeologists, who excavated the grave

of a Viking blacksmith, probably dat-

ing to the late 8th century. In all, some

200 objects have emerged from the site,

including smithing tools such as three

hammers, two anvils, ember tongs, and a

fire rake, as well as products of his labor,

such as an ax, arrows, and a knife. The

range of finds suggests he was an impor-

tant local craftsman.

NEW ZEALAND: Follow-

ing a storm, a large piece

of a 600-year-old canoe

emerged from a beach

on South Island. Now

undergoing conservation

and study, the canoe sug-

gests connections with

places across the South

Pacific. It is made of local

black pine, but employs

a sophisticated oceango-ing design with ribs and

a girder, and has a carv-

ing of a turtle on the hull.

Both the design and carv-

ing were unknown or rare

in New Zealand at the

time, and represent some

sort of cultural continuity

with the rest of Polynesia.

SICILY: Countless piles of amphoras from ancient shipwrecks lie

scattered throughout the Mediterranean. So theres nothing very

unusual about a particular 2,000-year-old pile 420 feet below the

waters of the Aeolian Islands, except for an unexpected find in the

ships bowa thymiaterion, or an incense burner, consisting of a

bowl atop a column. It represents rare evidence confirming histor-

ical accounts that ancient sailors conducted rituals at sea, includ-

ing when leaving or entering a harbor or in times of distress.


26/72


Ever since the discovery of the largest known Greek tomb was announcedLQ $XJXVW DUFKDHRORJ\ EXV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG KDYH EHHQ HDJHUO\ DZDLWLQJeach successive bit of news from the site. The Amphipolis tomb, which dates to

the time of Alexander the Great, is a prime example of how archaeology cancaptivate the public imagination and easily earned a spot on our list of the Top10Discoveries of2014.

Equally impressive was the discovery, after decades upon decades of searching,RI D VKLS WKDW VDQN LQ $UFWLF ZDWHUV LQ SUHVHQWGD\ &DQDGD DOPRVW170years agoZKLOH ORRNLQJ IRU WKH 1RUWKZHVW 3DVVDJH 7KDW QG ZDV GHHPHG VR PRPHQWRXVWKDW &DQDGLDQ 3ULPH 0LQLVWHU 6WHSKHQ +DUSHU WRRN LW XSRQ KLPVHOI WR PDNH WKHRFLDO DQQRXQFHPHQW

Archaeologists were also hard at work in the lab squeezing as much insightas possible out of limited evidence. Analysis of 6,000\HDUROG IXQHUDU\ ZUDSSLQJV HVWDEOLVKHG WKDW DQFLHQW (J\SWLDQV SUDFWLFHG DUWLFLDO PXPPLFDWLRQ

much earlier than had been thought. Genetic material from a skeleton found inDQ XQGHUZDWHU FDYH LQ 0H[LFR KHOSHG VKHG OLJKW RQ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKHUVW SHRSOH WR DUULYH LQ WKH $PHULFDV DQG PRGHUQ 1DWLYH $PHULFDQV $QG D FOHYHUapproach to interpreting the genome of Neanderthals revealed factors beyond theUDZ JHQHWLF FRGH WKDW H[SODLQ KRZ WKH\ GLHUHG IURP PRGHUQ KXPDQV

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Top 10

Discoveriesof 2014ARCHAEOLOGYs editors

reveal the years most

compelling finds


27/72


The 1996 discovery of the 9,000-year-old remains of a

hunterknown as Kennewick Mannear the Washington-

Oregon border presented an intriguing puzzle to archaeologists

studying the peopling of the Americas. While he was clearly an

early American, he had a larger skull and a narrower face that

projected farther forward than those of modern Native Ameri-

cans. These physical discrepancies led scientists to question

whether he was a direct ancestor of modern Native Americans,or if a different group of people migrated to the Americas and

gave rise to them.

An answer might have been found in a 150-foot-deep water-

filled trench known as Hoyo Negro (black hole) in an under-

water cave system in Mexicos Yucatn. There, in 2007, divers

found the nearly intact skeleton of a 15- to 16-year-old girl they

called Naia (for the Greek water nymph). This year, scientists

announced what Naias remains revealed.

Multiple methods used to date her teeth and bones suggests

that she lived between 12,000 and 13,000 years ago, making

her one of the earliest humans ever found in the Americas.

Analysis of her mitochondrial DNA, which is passed from

mother to child, show that she had a constellation of genes

that is common among modern Native Americans. Her skull

construction is also similar to that of Kennewick Man.

She has the physical characteristics we expect to see in

Paleoamericans, and the genetics say she and modern Native

Americans share ancestry, says James Chatters, an archaeolo-gist who has studied both Naia and Kennewick Man.

These two ancient Americansand modern Native Ameri-

canscan likely all trace their heritage back to the same source

population, a group that is thought to have been isolated

for thousands of years in Beringia, the land mass that once

connected Asia and the Americas. Researchers now believe

that adaptations over the past 13,000 years in the Americas

produced changes in appearance, leading to the features we

commonly see among todays Native Americans.

NIKHILSWAMINATHAN

Naiathe 13,000-Year-Old Native American QYucatn Peninsula, Mexico

The nearly intact skeleton of a

teenage girl who lived 12,000

to 13,000 years ago, found in

an underwater cave system in

Mexicos Yucatn Peninsula, is

helping to clarify the relation-

ship between early settlers

of the Americas and modern

Native Americans.


28/72


Bluetooths Fortress QKge, Denmark

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Analysis of funerary wrappings that have been stored in

Britains Bolton Museum since the 1930s has established

that Egyptians cooked up recipes to mummify the dead as

early as 4300 B.C.1,500 years earlier than previously thought.

The linen wrappings came from cemeteries in the Badari

beginning of rule by pharaohs.

Stephen Buckley, an archaeological chemist

at the University of York, found that the wrappings were per-

meated with a mixture of pine resin, an aromatic plant extract,

a plant gum or sugar, a plant oil or fat, and a natural petroleum

source. The recipes being used were essentially the same

embalming recipes that were used 3,000 years later, says

Interestingly, these early attempts at mum-

DANIELWEISS

Mummification Before the Pharaohs QYork, England

A newly discovered Viking fortress

may have belonged to Harald

Bluetooth Gormsson, the first

king of Denmark.


29/72


Sunken Byzantine Basilica QLake Iznik, Turkey

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The remains of a basilica dating to

the fifth century lurked unnoticed

under the waters of Lake Iznik just

off the shore of the ancient city

of Nicaea until they were spotted

during an aerial survey.


30/72


Canada Finds ErebusQVictoria Strait, Canada

Rare is the archaeological discovery that gets announcedby a head of state. But the discovery of a shipwreck infrigid Arctic waters got just that treatment in Septemberfrom Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper. I am

delighted to announce that this years Victoria Strait Expedition has solved one of Canadas greatest mysteries, Harpersstatement reads, with the discovery of one of the two shipsbelonging to the Franklin Expedition lost in 1846.

6LU -RKQ )UDQNOLQ FRPPDQGHG WKH WZR VKLSV+06Erebusand TerrorWKDW VDLOHG IURP (QJODQG LQ 0D\ 1845tosearch for the Northwest Passage. The ships disappearance

with no trace led to three decades of searches by land andsea, which themselves claimed several ships, including HMSInvestigator, discovered in 2010 6DJD RI WKH 1RUWKZHVWPassage, March/April 2012 0RUH UHFHQWO\ DQRWKHU WKUHHdecades were spent excavating sites on nearby islands and

searching for the wrecks with sonar, capped by this years3DUNV &DQDGDOHG H[SHGLWLRQ

Three weeks after the announcement, archaeologistsFRQUPHG WKDW WKH VKLS LV Erebus, the one that had beencaptained by Franklin himself, and reported that it is in

remarkable shape. The discovery is more than just thesolution to a mystery, though: Harper connects the wreckto Canadas claim of sovereignty over vast portions of the

$UFWLFDQG WKH PDVVLYH RLO JDV DQG PLQHUDO UHVHUYHV WKH\appear to hold.

6$0,56 3$7(/

A ship that set out from England in 1845 in search of the

Northwest Passage has finally been found in the Canadian

Arctic after a decades-long effort.


31/72


Buddhism, in the Beginning QLumbini, Nepal

Excavations at Lumbini in Nepal have revealed never-

before-understood details about the earliest years of

Buddhism. According to tradition, Lumbini is where Maya Devi

gave birth to Siddhartha Gautama, who became the venerated

sage known as Buddha. Many ancient Buddhist shrines date

to the third-century B.C.rule of Ashoka, a Mauryan Dynasty

emperor who was key to the early spread of Buddhism. Under

the remains of Mauryan temples at Lumbini (themselvestopped by a succession of others), archaeologists uncovered

evidence of an earlier timber structure upon which all the later

temples were based. It dates to around the sixth century B.C.,

and the researchers, led by Robin Coningham of the University

of Durham, believe this makes it the oldest Buddhist shrine in

the world. This early date may also help inform the discussion

of when Buddha lived. The excavation took place in the middle

of an active shrine, with monks and pilgrims sometimes pray-

ing and chanting as the archaeologists worked below.

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Decoding Neanderthal Genetics QJerusalem, Israel

A dig at an active Buddhist shrine in Nepal has uncovered a

timber structure dating to around the sixth century B.C.that

researchers believe is the worlds oldest known Buddhist shrine.

The secret to differences between modern humans and

Neanderthals appears to have as much to do with which

genes are switched on and which are switched off as it does

with differences in the raw genetic code.


32/72


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Greeces Biggest Tomb QAmphipolis, Greece

The entranceway to the massive Amphipolis tomb is flanked by two

exceptionally well-carved stone sphinxes sitting atop a doorway, much of

which would have been brightly painted.

Seaton Down Hoard QDevon, England

Ametal detectorist in southwest England has discovered one of

the largest Roman coin hoards ever found. The Seaton Down

Hoard consists of 22,000 coins, dating from the A.D.260s through

the 340s. According to Vincent Drost, a British Museum numisma-

tist researching the coins, the hoard may represent an individuals

private savings, a commercial transaction, or a soldiers wages.

Despite the hoards remarkable size, it consists exclusively of low-

valued copper alloy nummi, making the entire collection worth onlythe equivalent of a few gold solidi. Nonetheless, it will likely prove

valuable to researchers. Archaeologists believe the Seaton Down

Hoard was buried in the 340s, during the rule of co-emperors Con-

stantius II and Constans. A detailed study of the coins will provide

important information on the features of Constantinian coinage and on

coin use and supply in Britannia in the mid-fourth century, says Drost.

JASONURBANUS

This giant hoard of 22,000 Roman coins discovered in southwest

England was most likely buried in the A.D.340s.


33/72


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ZLWK XS WR 60KXJH VWDQGLQJ VWRQHV VRPH RI ZKLFK PD\QRZ OLH XQGHU HDUWKHQ EDQNV ,Q WKH SDVW ZH KDG WKLV LGHDWKDW 6WRQHKHQJH ZDV VWDQGLQJ LQ VSOHQGLG LVRODWLRQ EXW LW

ZDVQW VD\V *DQH\ ,WV DEVROXWHO\ KXJH.$7(5$9,/,286

Under Stonehenge QWiltshire, England

Remote-sensing surveys have revealed

a vast array of archaeological features

in the vicinity of Stonehenge, making

clear that it was part of a much broader

ceremonial landscape that included

monuments, shrines, burial mounds,

and pits.


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EVERY YEAR IN EARLY JUNE, members of theMashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation in Connecticut gather at dawn for a First Light ceremony.

The tradition dates back generations, as far backas tribal elders can remember. Although thereLV VLQJLQJ GDQFLQJ DQG GUXPPLQJ WKH DDLU

is a solemn one. They come together to commemorate theirdeceased ancestors on the anniversary of the Battle of Mistick)RUW WKH EORRGLHVW HQJDJHPHQW RI WKH VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ FRQLFW NQRZQ DV WKH 3HTXRW :DU 2XWVLGH WKHLU FRPPXQLW\ ZLWKWKH H[FHSWLRQ RI KLVWRULDQV IHZ SHRSOH NQRZ RI WKLV GHQLWLYH

chapter in Native American and early colonial history.7KH GHDGO\ FRQLFW ZKLFK UDJHG EHWZHHQ WKH \HDUV 1636

and 1638, not only pitted English settlers against the Pequottribe of southern New England, but also unraveled old Native

$PHULFDQ DOOLDQFHV DQG UHVXOWHG LQ HUFH 1DWLYH YHUVXV 1DWLYHZDUIDUH 2IWHQ FKDUDFWHUL]HG DV $PHULFDV UVW ZDU LW FKDQJHGthe dynamics of English and Native interaction in the New:RUOG 7KLV LV UHDOO\ WKH UVW DOORXW UHJLRQDO FRQLFW EHWZHHQNative peoples and the English, says Kevin McBride, director of research at the Mashantucket Pequot Museum andResearch Center and a professor at the University of Connecticut. It lasted over a year, took place over a thousand

VTXDUH PLOHV WRXFKHG GR]HQV RI FRPPXQLWLHV DQG LQYROYHGWKRXVDQGV RI FRPEDWDQWV ,W KDG SURIRXQG HHFWV RQ 1DWLYHcommunities regionally, and later during westward expansion.It never quite goes away, says McBride.

7KH SDLQIXO OHJDF\ RI WKH 3HTXRW :DU VWHPV IURP ERWK LWVintense and violent clashes and the vindictive behavior exhibited by both the English and Native peoples. In the end, theEnglish and their Native allies nearly succeeded in eliminatingthe entire Pequot population. Although exact numbers are difFXOW WR DVFHUWDLQ QR PRUH WKDQ D IHZ KXQGUHG 3HTXRWV VXUYLYHGRXW RI DQ HDUO\VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ SRSXODWLRQ RI PRUH WKDQ8,000. Their numbers were reduced not just by warfare, but by


Uncovering evidence of a littleknown colonial-era conflict that

forever altered the dynamics of

Native American and European

relations in North America

by J U

epidemic, deportation, and enslavement. It was certainly onRI WKH UVW FDVHV RI FXOWXUDO JHQRFLGH LQ WKH 1HZ :RUOG VD\0F%ULGH $W WKH FORVH RI WKH ZDU WKH (QJOLVK VWUDWHJ\ ZDbasically to execute men and leaders, while women and childrenRI VWDQGLQJ ZHUHQW NHSW FORVH 7KH\ ZHUH VKLSSHG DZD\

0F%ULGH LV FXUUHQWO\ GLUHFWRU RI WKH %DWWOHHOGV RI WK3HTXRW :DU 3URMHFW D PXOWLVLWH DUFKDHRORJLFDO LQYHVWLJDWLRLQWR WKH FULWLFDO DFWLRQV DQG HQJDJHPHQWV RI WKH 3HTXRW :DU

AmericasFirst War


35/72


$V KH HQYLVLRQV LW WKH SURMHFW ZLOO H[SORUH DW OHDVW D GR]HQ VLWHVDFURVV WKUHH VWDWHV5KRGH ,VODQG &RQQHFWLFXW DQG 1HZ


36/72


VRXJKW WR IUHH WKHPVHOYHV IURP 3HTXRWDutch subjugation and sided with thEnglish. The English and their new Nativallies wanted to wrest control and territorfrom the Pequots, a goal that inexorablled to war.

T

HE PRIMARY GOAL of the Battle

HOGV 3URMHFW RUJDQL]HG WKURXJKthe Mashantucket Pequot Museumand Research Center, is to identify, invesWLJDWH DQG SUHVHUYH WKH EDWWOHHOGV DQGhistorical sites associated with the Pequo:DU ,W LV DOVR SDUW RI WKH 1DWLRQDO 3DUN6HUYLFHV $PHULFDQ %DWWOHHOG 3URWHFWLRQProgram. The project uses a broad rangof investigative methods, beginning with FORVH H[DPLQDWLRQ RI VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXUliterary accounts found in libraries in thUnited States and England. These includ

narratives by the two English military leaders, John Mason and John Underhill, wholed troops to battle at Mistick. Passagefrom their writings are proving instrumental in helping archaeologists locate potentia3HTXRW :DU VLWHV RQ PRGHUQ WRSRJUDSKLFDmaps. Since most of the sites in question ar

ORFDWHG RQ SULYDWH ODQG WKH %DWWOHHOGV 3URMHFW UHOLHV KHDYLOon noninvasive archaeological methods such as GIS modelingUHPRWH VHQVLQJ DQG VXUYH\ DUFKDHRORJ\ DOWKRXJK VPDOOVFDOexcavation is also used in conjunction with these approaches

The most important tools available to the archaeologist

though, are metal detectors. Although their use in archaeologFDQ EH FRQWURYHUVLDO WKH\ DUH SURYLQJ HVVHQWLDO WR WKH HOG REDWWOHHOG DUFKDHRORJ\ 0F%ULGH DQG KLV WHDP KDYH EHHQ DLGHGconsiderably by a local group of experienced metal detectoristknown as the Yankee Territory Coinshooters.

THEMOSTEXTENSIVEWORKundertaken by the BattleHOGV 3URMHFW KDV LQYRlved retracing the fateful eventof May 25 and 26, 1637 VXUURXQGLQJ WKH IRUWLHG

3HTXRW VHWWOHPHQW DW 0LVWLFN PRGHUQ 0\VWLF &RQQHFWLFXW:KHQ (QJOLVK IRUFHV VWRUPHG WKH YLOODJHV ZRRGHQ SDOLVDGHV L

ZDV WR EH WKH PDMRU WXUQLQJ SRLQW LQ WKH 3HTXRW :DU VKLIWLQ

the balance of power in southern New England permanentlyLQ (QJOLVK IDYRU :KLOH UHVHDUFKHUV KDYH ORQJ NQRZQ WKH VNLUPLVKV RXWFRPH RQO\ UHFHQWO\ KDYH WKH\ FRPH WR XQGHUVWDQthat the encounter was far more complex than traditionallybelieved, and that the two sides were more closely matchedthan history had recorded. According to McBride, the English

very nearly came out on the losing end. The only thing thasaved them was their decision to torch the Pequot village. ILV WKDW GHQLWLYH DFW WKDW KDV PDGH WKH %DWWOH RI 0LVWLFN )RUinfamous in American history.

'XULQJ WKH UVW \HDU RI WKH ZDU WKH 3HTXRWV ZRQ QHDUO\HYHU\ HQJDJHPHQW LQLFWLQJ QXPHURXV FDVXDOWLHV XSRQ WK

INTHEFIRSTHALFof the seventeenth century, Dutch tradHUV EHFDPH WKH UVW (XURSHDns to establish a permanentpresence along the Hudson River Valley and Long Island

Sound. During the 1610s and 1620s, the Dutch and PequotsKDG DQ XQHDV\ EXW PXWXDOO\ EHQHFLDO HFRQRPLF UHODWLRQVKLS

These two groups controlled the distribution and exchangeof European goods, fur pelts, and wampum. However, bythe 1630s, major changes had occurred that would set theinevitable course toward war. Most notable was the arrival ofEnglish settlers in the Connecticut River Valley. The Pequots,

who inhabited central and eastern Connecticut, ultimatelycame to be hemmed in between two territorially hungryEuropean empires.

7KH (XURSHDQV SUHVHQFH JUDGXDOO\ FKDQJHG WKH G\QDPLFVof power among local Native peoples, and the Pequots initiallyFDSLWDOL]HG RQ WKH VLWXDWLRQ JURZLQJ LQWR WKH GRPLQDQW 1DWLYH

American group in southern New England. Native people

are now competing for access to European goods, so whoevercontrols the production and distribution of wampum, andWKHQ WKH WHUULWRU\ WKURXJK ZKLFK LW UVW JRHV KDV SUHWW\ PXFK

got it, says McBride. That was the Pequot strategy. By theHYH RI WKH 3HTXRW :DU WKURXJK D FRPELQDWLRQ RI LQWHUPDUriage, warfare, diplomacy, and subjugation of other tribes, thePequots had expanded their control over thousands of squaremiles, stretching from Long Island Sound inland along the

Thames, Mystic, and Pawcatuck Rivers.$W WKH VDPH WLPH WKH QRZHQWUHQFKHG (QJOLVK VRXJKW WR

EUHDN XS WKH SURWDEOH 3HTXRW'XWFK PRQRSRO\ 7KH 3HTXRWVown Native alliances began to crumble as less powerful tribes

A 17th-century woodcut print depicts a birds eye view of the Battle of Mistick.

The circular Pequot palisade is surrounded by English forces (inner ring) and

their Native allies (outer ring).


37/72


gan, Niantic, and Narragansett. The English and NativeJKWHUV FDPSHG EULH\ IRU WKH HYHQLQJ DURXQG WZR PLOHVQRUWK RI 0LVWLFN LQ DQ DUHD NQRZQ WRGD\ DV 3RUWHUV 5RFNVin separate locations only a few hundred yards from oneanother. Their stay that night was brief, lasting no more thanIRXU KRXUV EXW WKH %DWWOHHOGV 3URMHFW KDV EHHQ DEOH WR ORFDWHboth encampments.

Archaeologists have uncovered artifacts such as musket

EDOOV S\ULWH EURNHQ WULJJHU PHFKDQLVPV DQG ZURXJKWLURQREMHFWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ (XURSHDQ ZHDSonry that have helped identify the English position. TheNative encampment was distinguishable by the presence ofseveral brass items, along with various brass beads that fellfrom Native shirts or breastplates. The presence of small, recutbrass artifacts is frequently an indication of Native Americanactivity during this period, since they often used the large,easily malleable European brass kettles to manufacture objectsmore desirable and useful to their own communities.

T

HELOCATIONOFMistick )RUWVRFDOOHG EHFDXVH RI

the tall defensive palisades that encircled the PequotYLOODJHKDV EHHQ UHFRJQL]HG IRU DW OHDVW D FHQWXU\ DQGa half. In the 1870s, a controversial statue of John Mason, theleader of the English assault, was erected atop Pequot Hill inMystic to commemorate the site. Until the current project wasLQLWLDWHG KRZHYHU WKH IRUWV H[LVWHQFH KDG QRW EHHQ DUFKDHRORJLFDOO\ FRQUPHG 7KH VLWH ZDV ORFDWHG DOPRVW HQWLUHO\ RQresidential land, so McBride sought ways to involve the comPXQLW\ WR DVVXDJH UHVLGHQWV FRQFHUQV +H GLVFRYHUHG WKDWRQH RI WKH EHVW DSSURDFKHV ZDV WR FRQGXFW HOGZRUN RQ WKH

weekends, when homeowners were more likely to be aroundand could openly observe or even volunteer.

In addition, community members worried that if anythingKLVWRULFDOO\ VLJQLFDQW ZHUH GLVFRYHUHG RQ WKHLU SURSHUW\ WKHMashantucket Pequot tribe might attempt to lay claim to the

English garrison at Saybrook Fort. The violence escalatedwhen the Pequots began attacking colonial civilians. Pequotsknow things are unraveling, says McBride. They need tosend a message that they can stand up to the English, and thatWKH\ FDQ WDNH FDUH RI WKHLU RZQ 7KH\ DWWDFN :HWKHUVHOG DQ

(QJOLVK YLOODJH DQG IRU WKH UVW WLPH WKH\ NLOO ZRPHQ DQGchildren. He adds, I think that it was a calculated risk onWKHLU SDUW 7KH DWWDFN RQ :HWKHUVHOG KDG KLVWRULF DQG VHULRXVconsequences. It led directly to a declaration of war by Connecticut Colony,WUDGLWLRQDOO\ YLHZHG DV WKH UVW RFLDOdeclaration of war by the English on anindigenous people in America.

The English forces who marched onthe Pequots at Mistick a month laterwere experienced soldiers. Many of themZHUH YHWHUDQV RI WKH 7KLUW\


38/72


and dress of the English and the Pequots hamade it possible to identify where, when, andE\ ZKRP VSHFLF DFWLRQV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG

ONTHEMORNINGOFMay 26, 1637the English split their forces in twounder the command of Mason and

Underhill. The plan was for the English tassault the Pequot settlement from oppositsides while their Native allies formed a ringaround the perimeter and served as auxiliarVXSSRUW 0DVRQ DQG KLV PHQ ZHUH WKH UV

to enter the village, an action that nearly got Mason killedThe key to establishing these events was pinpointing thORFDWLRQ RI WKH SDOLVDGHV DQG WKH VHWWOHPHQWV ERXQGDULHV LQ

order to distinguish interior and exterior engagements fromRQH DQRWKHU 7KH PDVVLYH UH WKDW XOWLPDWHO\ FRQVXPHG WKfort left discrepancies in the soil, which researchers were easilable to identify using electrical resistivity and test trenches.

2QFH WKH ERUGHUV RI WKH 3HTXRW VHWWOHPHQW ZHUH RXWOLQHGMcBride could begin to separate the individual actions of thskirmish by the English, their Native allies, and the Pequots

The evidence he uncovered revealed a very short but intensHQFRXQWHU +H ZDV DEOH WR WUDFN 0DVRQV IRUFHV DV WKH\ HQWHUHthe village and swept through it. The position of the Englishforces could be gleaned, in part, by the presence of intacmusket balls, which were frequently dropped as soldier

DWWHPSWHG WR UHORDG DQG UH TXLFNO\ XQGHU GXUHVV $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH DWWDFNLQJ YROOH\ FRXOG EH LGHQWLHGby concentrations of melted or impacted shot, which deformDV WKH\ KLW WDUJHWV ,Q D VLPLODU IDVKLRQ E\ DQDO\]LQJ WKH SDWtern of Pequot projectile points, the archaeologists were ablto surmise the direction and movement of the Pequot forcesLarge concentrations of metal artifacts other than muskeballs, such as broken gun parts or armor, indicated areas wherKDQGWRKDQG FRPEDW OLNHO\ WRRN SODFH

8VLQJ 0DVRQV ZULWWHQ MRXUQDO WKH ERXQGDULHV RI WKH IRUWand the artifact distribution pattern and analysis, archaeolo

gists have been able to ascertain the sequence of events o

the Battle of Mistick Fort. I took apart the narratives andORRNHG DW XQLW DFWLRQV DQG ZKDW WKHLU SRWHQWLDO DUFKDHRORJLFDO VLJQDWXUHV ZRXOG ORRN OLNH VD\V 0F%ULGH , VDZ 0DVRQUVW YROOH\ , VDZ KLV HQWU\ LQWR WKH IRUW , VDZ KLV PRYHPHQWYou can see it.

7KH UHVXOWV VKRZ FKDRWLF DQG LQWHQVH JKWLQJ ZLWKLQ FRQQHG VSDFH 7KH GLFXOW\ WKH (QJOLVK KDG LQ PDQHXYHULQ

was compounded by the array of wigwams full of women anchildren. In addition, what Mason and the English did noknow was that the Pequots had prepared for the English attackand reinforced the village with an extra 150warriors the nighbefore. The English, who expected only 75Pequot warriors

land. These fears were relieved by tribal council members, who met with the communityand sent a letter to each landowner statingthat neither the tribe nor any governmentauthority has any rights to this historical site,and there is no legal basis to take or restrict

your land in any manner.:LWK WKHVH REVWDFOHV RYHUFRPH ZRUN

QDOO\ EHJDQ LQ 2009 2YHU WKH QH[W VHYHUDOyears, the investigation into the Battle ofMistick Fort would prove groundbreaking.8VLQJ WKH PHWKRGV RI EDWWOHHOG DUFKDHRORJ\SRSXODUL]HG E\ 'RXJODV 6FRWW LQ KLV DQDO\VLVof the Battle of Little Big Horn, McBrideand his team have been able to reconstructthe assault on Mistick in detail. This involvedFROOHFWLQJ DQG DQDO\]LQJ REMHFWV IURP WKHEDWWOHHOG DQG DVVRFLDWLQJ WKHP ZLWK WKH PRYHPHQWV DQGDFWLRQV RI VSHFLF WURRSV 7KH FRQWUDVWLQJ PLOLWDU\ HTXLSPHQW

The Battlefields of the Pequot War Project has conducted

metal-detecting surveys at Mistick Fort (top) and a small-scale

excavation of the home of Captain George Dennison, vet-

eran of the Pequot War, to continue to create a picture of the

events and aftermath of the conflict.

Metal lugs, buttons, beads, and scissors were

among the artifacts that indicated the location

of the allied Native American encampment on

the eve of the attack.


39/72


of this project called Memory and Legacy, says McBride.,WV DOORZLQJ XV WR ORRN DW WKH ZD\ WKH ZDU KDV EHHQ YLHZHGamong the descendant communities from the seventeenthcentury through to the present day. In that spirit, the projecthas helped bring together the various communities involved,hundreds of years later. In 2012, on the 375th anniversary ofthe Battle of Mistick Fort, the Mashantucket Pequot TribalNation was able to hold their First Light ceremony at the siteRI WKH ROG 0LVWLFN )RUW IRU WKH UVW WLPH $QG DV DQRWKHU

UVW WKH\ DOVR LQYLWHG PHPEHUV RI WKH QHDUE\ 0RKHJDQ DQG1DUUDJDQVHWW WULEHVWKHLU FHQWXULHVROG DGYHUVDULHVWRparticipate in the event. The owner of the property wherethe commemoration of the battle took place is a distantGHVFHQGDQW RI WKH (QJOLVK FDSWDLQ -RKQ 0DVRQ ,WV QRW MXVW DEDWWOHHOG SURMHFW VD\V 0

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