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11
CHAPTER ONECHAPTER ONEMatter and MeasurementMatter and Measurement
22
Matter and Energy - VocabularyMatter and Energy - Vocabulary
• ChemistryChemistry
• MatterMatter
• EnergyEnergy
• Natural Law-(scientific law)Natural Law-(scientific law)
• Scientific MethodScientific Method– Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, and Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, and
TheoryTheory
33
States of MatterStates of Matter
• SolidsSolids
44
States of MatterStates of Matter
• SolidsSolids
• LiquidsLiquids
55
States of MatterStates of Matter
• SolidsSolids
• LiquidsLiquids
• GasesGases
66
States of MatterStates of Matter
• Change StatesChange States– heatingheating– coolingcooling
77
States of MatterStates of Matter• Illustration of changes in stateIllustration of changes in state
– requires energyrequires energy
88
Substances, Compounds, Substances, Compounds, Elements and MixturesElements and Mixtures
• SubstanceSubstance– matter that all samples have identical composition matter that all samples have identical composition
and propertiesand properties
• ElementsElements– Pure substances that cannot be decomposed into Pure substances that cannot be decomposed into
simpler substances via chemical reactionssimpler substances via chemical reactions– Special elemental forms of atoms (diatomic)Special elemental forms of atoms (diatomic)
Elemental symbolsElemental symbols– found on periodic chartfound on periodic chart
99
Substances, Compounds, Substances, Compounds, Elements and MixturesElements and Mixtures
1010
Substances, Compounds, Substances, Compounds, Elements and MixturesElements and Mixtures
• CompoundsCompounds– Pure substances composed of two or more Pure substances composed of two or more
elements in a definite ratio by masselements in a definite ratio by mass– can be decomposed into the constituent elementscan be decomposed into the constituent elements
REVIEWREVIEW– Element cannot be broken downElement cannot be broken down– Compound can be broken down into its elements!Compound can be broken down into its elements!
1111
Substances, Compounds, Substances, Compounds, Elements and MixturesElements and Mixtures
• MixturesMixtures– composed of two or more substancescomposed of two or more substances– homogeneous mixtureshomogeneous mixtures
• Uniform throughoutUniform throughout• Example: solutionsExample: solutions
– heterogeneous mixturesheterogeneous mixtures• Nonuniform Nonuniform • Example: rocksExample: rocks
1212
Classify the following substances as an Classify the following substances as an element, compound or a mixture element, compound or a mixture
(homogeneous or heterogeneous). Which are (homogeneous or heterogeneous). Which are pure substances?pure substances?
• Lightly scrambled eggLightly scrambled egg
• WaterWater
• Lava lampLava lamp
• SeawaterSeawater
• Freshly opened root beerFreshly opened root beer
• Flat root beerFlat root beer
• Sucrose (CSucrose (C1212HH2222OO1111))
1313
Separating MixturesSeparating Mixtures• DistillationDistillation
1414
Separating MixturesSeparating Mixtures• ChromatographyChromatography
paperpaper
1515
Chemical and Physical PropertiesChemical and Physical Properties
• Extensive Properties - depend on quantity Extensive Properties - depend on quantity of materialof material
Ex. mass Ex. mass
• Intensive Properties - do not depend on Intensive Properties - do not depend on quantity of materialquantity of material
Ex. boiling point Ex. boiling point
1616
Chemical and Physical PropertiesChemical and Physical Properties
• Chemical Properties - chemical changesChemical Properties - chemical changes– Observed during change of material to new Observed during change of material to new
materialmaterial• Iron rustingIron rusting
• Physical Properties - physical changesPhysical Properties - physical changes– No change to the identity of the substanceNo change to the identity of the substance
• changes of statechanges of state• density density • color color • solubilitysolubility
1717
Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties
• DensityDensity– mass / volumemass / volume intensive propertyintensive property– Mass and volume Mass and volume extensive propertiesextensive properties
• SolubilitySolubility– Amount of substance dissolved in the solvent at Amount of substance dissolved in the solvent at
a given temperaturea given temperature• Saturated solutionSaturated solution• Unsaturated solutionUnsaturated solution• Supersaturated solutionSupersaturated solution
1818
Identify the following as either a Identify the following as either a chemical or physical change.chemical or physical change.
• Combination of sodium and chlorine to Combination of sodium and chlorine to give sodium chloride.give sodium chloride.
• Liquefaction of gaseous nitrogen.Liquefaction of gaseous nitrogen.
• Separation of carbon monoxide into Separation of carbon monoxide into carbon and oxygen.carbon and oxygen.
• Freezing of water.Freezing of water.
1919
Measurements in ChemistryMeasurements in Chemistry
• lengthlength meter meter m m
• volumevolume liter liter l l
• massmass gram gram g g
• timetime second second s s
• currentcurrent ampere ampere A A
• temperaturetemperature Kelvin Kelvin KK
• amt. substanceamt. substance mole mole molmol
2020
Measurements in ChemistryMeasurements in Chemistry• mega mega MM 10 1066
• kilo kilo k k 10 1033
• deka deka dada 10 10
• deci deci dd 10 10-1-1
• centi centi cc 10 10-2-2
• milli milli mm 10 10-3-3
• micro micro 10 10-6-6
• nano nano nn 10 10-9-9
• pico pico p p 10 10-12-12
• femto femto f f 10 10-15-15
2121
Units of MeasurementUnits of Measurement• Mass Mass
– measure of the quantity of matter in a bodymeasure of the quantity of matter in a body
• WeightWeight– measure of the gravitational attraction for a body measure of the gravitational attraction for a body
• Length Length 1 m = 39.37 inches1 m = 39.37 inches
2.54 cm = 1 inch2.54 cm = 1 inch
• VolumeVolume1 liter = 1.06 qt 1 liter = 1.06 qt
1 qt = 0.946 liter1 qt = 0.946 liter
2222
The Use of NumbersThe Use of Numbers
• Exact numbers 1 dozen = 12 thingsExact numbers 1 dozen = 12 things
• Accuracy Accuracy – how closely measured values agree with how closely measured values agree with
the correct valuethe correct value
• PrecisionPrecision– how closely individual measurements how closely individual measurements
agree with each otheragree with each other
2323
The Use of NumbersThe Use of Numbers
2424
The Use of NumbersThe Use of Numbers
• Exact numbers 1 dozen = 12 thingsExact numbers 1 dozen = 12 things– Counted numbers ex. 3 beakersCounted numbers ex. 3 beakers
• Significant figuresSignificant figures– digits believed to be correct by the person making digits believed to be correct by the person making
the measurementthe measurement– measure a mile with a 6 inch ruler vs. surveying measure a mile with a 6 inch ruler vs. surveying
equipment equipment
• Scientific notationScientific notation– Way of signifying the significant digits in a numberWay of signifying the significant digits in a number
2525
Significant Figures - rulesSignificant Figures - rules
• leading zeroes - never significantleading zeroes - never significant0.000357 has three sig fig0.000357 has three sig fig
• trailing zeroes - may be significanttrailing zeroes - may be significantmust specify (after decimal – significant must specify (after decimal – significant
before decimal - ambiguous)before decimal - ambiguous)1300 nails - counted or weighed?1300 nails - counted or weighed?
Express 26800 in scientific notation withExpress 26800 in scientific notation with4 sig figs4 sig figs 3 sig figs3 sig figs 2 sig figs2 sig figs
2626
Significant Figures - rulesSignificant Figures - rules
• imbedded zeroes are always significantimbedded zeroes are always significant3.0604 has five sig fig3.0604 has five sig fig
How many significant figures are in the following How many significant figures are in the following numbers?numbers?
0.01240.01240.1240.1241.2401.24012401240
2727
Significant Figures - rulesSignificant Figures - rules
multiply & divide rule - easymultiply & divide rule - easyproduct has the smallest number of sig. fig. product has the smallest number of sig. fig.
of multipliersof multipliers
2828
Significant Figures - rulesSignificant Figures - rules
• multiply & divide rule - easymultiply & divide rule - easyproduct has the smallest number of sig. fig. product has the smallest number of sig. fig.
of multipliersof multipliers
310 x 5.22 tooff round
66.5217
31.2x
224.4
2929
Significant Figures - rulesSignificant Figures - rules
• multiply & divide rule - easymultiply & divide rule - easyproduct has the smallest number of sig. fig. product has the smallest number of sig. fig.
of multipliersof multipliers
310 x 5.22 tooff round
66.5217
31.2x
224.4
3.9 tooff round
89648.3
41.x
2783.2
3030
PracticePractice
• 142 x 2 = 142 x 2 =
• 4.180 x 2.0 = 4.180 x 2.0 =
• 0.00482 / 0.080 = 0.00482 / 0.080 =
• 3.15x103.15x10-2-2 / 2.00x10 / 2.00x1055 = =
• 24.8x1024.8x1066 / 6.200x10 / 6.200x10-2-2 = =
3131
PracticePractice
• 142 x 2 = 300142 x 2 = 300
• 4.180 x 2.0 = 4.180 x 2.0 =
• 0.00482 / 0.080 = 0.00482 / 0.080 =
• 3.15x103.15x10-2-2 / 2.00x10 / 2.00x1055 = =
• 24.8x1024.8x1066 / 6.200x10 / 6.200x10-2-2 = =
3232
PracticePractice
• 142 x 2 = 300142 x 2 = 300
• 4.180 x 2.0 = 8.44.180 x 2.0 = 8.4
• 0.00482 / 0.080 = 0.00482 / 0.080 =
• 3.15x103.15x10-2-2 / 2.00x10 / 2.00x1055 = =
• 24.8x1024.8x1066 / 6.200x10 / 6.200x10-2-2 = =
3333
PracticePractice
• 142 x 2 = 300142 x 2 = 300
• 4.180 x 2.0 = 8.44.180 x 2.0 = 8.4
• 0.00482 / 0.080 = 0.0600.00482 / 0.080 = 0.060
• 3.15x103.15x10-2-2 / 2.00x10 / 2.00x1055 = =
• 24.8x1024.8x1066 / 6.200x10 / 6.200x10-2-2 = =
3434
PracticePractice
• 142 x 2 = 300142 x 2 = 300
• 4.180 x 2.0 = 8.44.180 x 2.0 = 8.4
• 0.00482 / 0.080 = 0.0600.00482 / 0.080 = 0.060
• 3.15x103.15x10-2-2 / 2.00x10 / 2.00x1055 = 1.58x10 = 1.58x10-7-7
• 24.8x1024.8x1066 / 6.200x10 / 6.200x10-2-2 = =
3535
PracticePractice
• 142 x 2 = 300142 x 2 = 300
• 4.180 x 2.0 = 8.44.180 x 2.0 = 8.4
• 0.00482 / 0.080 = 0.0600.00482 / 0.080 = 0.060
• 3.15x103.15x10-2-2 / 2.00x10 / 2.00x1055 = 1.58x10 = 1.58x10-7-7
• 24.8x1024.8x1066 / 6.200x10 / 6.200x10-2-2 = 4.00x10 = 4.00x1088
3636
Significant Figures - rulesSignificant Figures - rules
• add & subtract rule - subtleadd & subtract rule - subtleanswer contains smallest decimal place of answer contains smallest decimal place of
the addendsthe addends
3737
Significant Figures - rulesSignificant Figures - rules
• add & subtract rule - subtleadd & subtract rule - subtleanswer contains smallest decimal place of answer contains smallest decimal place of
the addendsthe addends
6.95 tooff round
9463.6
20.2
423.1
3692.3
3838
Significant Figures - rulesSignificant Figures - rules
• add & subtract rule - subtleadd & subtract rule - subtleanswer contains smallest decimal place of answer contains smallest decimal place of
the addendsthe addends
6.95 tooff round
9463.6
20.2
423.1
3692.3
6.671 tooff round
6707.6
312.2
7793.8
3939
PracticePractice
• 416.2 – 10.18 =416.2 – 10.18 =
• 16.78 + 10. = 16.78 + 10. =
• 422.501 – 420.4 = 422.501 – 420.4 =
• 25.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 = 25.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 =
• 42.00x1042.00x10-4-4 + 1.8x10 + 1.8x10-6-6 = =
4040
PracticePractice
• 416.2 – 10.18 = 406.0416.2 – 10.18 = 406.0
• 16.78 + 10. = 16.78 + 10. =
• 422.501 – 420.4 = 422.501 – 420.4 =
• 25.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 = 25.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 =
• 42.00x1042.00x10-4-4 + 1.8x10 + 1.8x10-6-6 = =
4141
PracticePractice
• 416.2 – 10.18 = 406.0416.2 – 10.18 = 406.0
• 16.78 + 10. = 2716.78 + 10. = 27
• 422.501 – 420.4 = 422.501 – 420.4 =
• 25.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 = 25.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 =
• 42.00x1042.00x10-4-4 + 1.8x10 + 1.8x10-6-6 = =
4242
PracticePractice
• 416.2 – 10.18 = 406.0416.2 – 10.18 = 406.0
• 16.78 + 10. = 2716.78 + 10. = 27
• 422.501 – 420.4 = 2.1422.501 – 420.4 = 2.1
• 25.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 = 25.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 =
• 42.00x1042.00x10-4-4 + 1.8x10 + 1.8x10-6-6 = =
4343
PracticePractice
• 416.2 – 10.18 = 406.0416.2 – 10.18 = 406.0
• 16.78 + 10. = 2716.78 + 10. = 27
• 422.501 – 420.4 = 2.1422.501 – 420.4 = 2.1
• 25.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 = 49.825.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 = 49.8
• 42.00x1042.00x10-4-4 + 1.8x10 + 1.8x10-6-6 = =
4444
PracticePractice
• 416.2 – 10.18 = 406.0416.2 – 10.18 = 406.0
• 16.78 + 10. = 2716.78 + 10. = 27
• 422.501 – 420.4 = 2.1422.501 – 420.4 = 2.1
• 25.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 = 49.825.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 = 49.8
• 42.00x1042.00x10-4-4 + 1.8x10 + 1.8x10-6-6 = 4.2 x 10 = 4.2 x 10-3-3
4545
More PracticeMore Practice
4.18 – 58.16 x (3.38 – 3.01) = 4.18 – 58.16 x (3.38 – 3.01) =
4646
More PracticeMore Practice
4.18 – 58.16 x (3.38 – 3.01) = 4.18 – 58.16 x (3.38 – 3.01) =
4.18 – 58.16 x (0.37) =4.18 – 58.16 x (0.37) =
4747
More PracticeMore Practice
4.18 – 58.16 x (3.38 – 3.01) = 4.18 – 58.16 x (3.38 – 3.01) =
4.18 – 58.16 x (0.37) =4.18 – 58.16 x (0.37) =
4.18 – 21.5192 = 4.18 – 21.5192 =
4848
More PracticeMore Practice
4.18 – 58.16 x (3.38 – 3.01) = 4.18 – 58.16 x (3.38 – 3.01) =
4.18 – 58.16 x (0.37) =4.18 – 58.16 x (0.37) =
4.18 – 21.5192 = 4.18 – 21.5192 =
-17.3392-17.3392
Round off correctlyRound off correctly
4949
More PracticeMore Practice
4.18 – 58.16 x (3.38 – 3.01) = 4.18 – 58.16 x (3.38 – 3.01) =
4.18 – 58.16 x (0.37) =4.18 – 58.16 x (0.37) =
4.18 – 21.5192 = 4.18 – 21.5192 =
-17.3392-17.3392
Round off correctly to 2 sig. figsRound off correctly to 2 sig. figs
-17-17
5050
Unit Factor MethodUnit Factor MethodDimensional Analysis Dimensional Analysis
• simple but simple but importantimportant way to way to alwaysalways get get right answerright answer
• way to change from one unit to anotherway to change from one unit to another
• make unit factors from statementsmake unit factors from statements 1 ft = 12 in becomes 1 ft/12 in or 12in/1 ft1 ft = 12 in becomes 1 ft/12 in or 12in/1 ft
3 ft = 1 yd becomes 3ft/1yd or 1yd/3ft3 ft = 1 yd becomes 3ft/1yd or 1yd/3ft
5151
Unit Factor MethodUnit Factor MethodDimensional Analysis Dimensional Analysis
• simple but simple but importantimportant way to way to alwaysalways get get right answerright answer
• way to change from one unit to anotherway to change from one unit to another
• make unit factors from statementsmake unit factors from statements 1 ft = 12 in becomes 1 ft/12 in or 12in/1 ft1 ft = 12 in becomes 1 ft/12 in or 12in/1 ft
• Example: Express 12.32 yards in Example: Express 12.32 yards in millimeters.millimeters.
5252
Unit Factor MethodUnit Factor Method
.).........yd1
ft3( yd 12.32
mm ?yd 12.32
5353
Unit Factor MethodUnit Factor Method
mm 10)11.27cm1
mm10( )
in1
cm2.54( )
ft1
in12( )
yd1
ft3( yd 12.32
mm ?yd 12.32
3
5454
Unit Factor MethodUnit Factor Method• Example: Express 323. milliliters in Example: Express 323. milliliters in
gallonsgallons
5555
Unit Factor MethodUnit Factor Method• Express 323. milliliters in gallons.Express 323. milliliters in gallons.
gal 0.0856gal 0.085595gal ?
)qt4
gal1( )
L1
qt1.06( )
mL1000
L1( mL 323gal ?
mL 323gal ?
5656
Unit Factor MethodUnit Factor Method• Example: Express 5.50 metric tons in Example: Express 5.50 metric tons in
pounds. 1 metric ton = 1 Megagrampounds. 1 metric ton = 1 Megagram
5757
Unit Factor MethodUnit Factor Method• Example: Express 5.50 metric tons in Example: Express 5.50 metric tons in
pounds.pounds.
lbsxlbsg
lbgrams 46
1021.1537.12114454
1
tonmetric 1
1x10 tons5.50 lbs ?
tonsmetric 5.50 lbs ?
5858
Unit Factor MethodUnit Factor Method• area is two dimensionalarea is two dimensional
• Example: Express 4.21 x 10Example: Express 4.21 x 1066 square square centimeters in square feet centimeters in square feet
5959
Unit Factor MethodUnit Factor Method• area is two dimensionalarea is two dimensional
express 4.21 x 10express 4.21 x 1066 square centimeters in square centimeters in square feet square feet
2262 )cm 2.54
in 1(cm104.21ft ?
6060
Unit Factor MethodUnit Factor Method• area is two dimensionalarea is two dimensional
express 4.21 x 10express 4.21 x 1066 square centimeters in square centimeters in square feet square feet
22262 )in12
ft 1()
cm2.54
in 1(cm104.21ft ?
6161
Unit Factor MethodUnit Factor Method• area is two dimensionalarea is two dimensional
express 4.21 x 10express 4.21 x 1066 square centimeters in square centimeters in square feet square feet
232
22262
ft 4.53x10ft 4531.6063
)in12
ft1()
cm2.54
in1(cm104.21ft ?
6262
Unit Factor MethodUnit Factor Method• volume is three dimensionalvolume is three dimensional
• Example: Express 3.61 cubic feet in Example: Express 3.61 cubic feet in cubic centimeters. cubic centimeters.
6363
Unit Factor MethodUnit Factor Method• volume is three dimensionalvolume is three dimensional
• Example: Express 3.61 cubic feet in Example: Express 3.61 cubic feet in cubic centimeters.cubic centimeters.
353
3333
cm 101.02cm 102223.42
)in 1
cm 2.54()
ft 1
in 12(ft 3.61cm ?
6464
PercentagePercentage
• Percentage is the parts per hundred of Percentage is the parts per hundred of a sample.a sample.
• Example: A 500. g sample of ore yields Example: A 500. g sample of ore yields 27.9 g of sulfur. What is the percent of 27.9 g of sulfur. What is the percent of sulfur in the ore?sulfur in the ore?
6565
PercentagePercentage• Percentage is the parts per hundred of Percentage is the parts per hundred of
a sample.a sample.
• Example: A 500. g sample of ore yields Example: A 500. g sample of ore yields 27.9 g of sulfur. What is the percent of 27.9 g of sulfur. What is the percent of sulfur in the ore?sulfur in the ore?
5.58%
100%x ore g 500
S g 27.9
100% x ore of grams
sulfur of grams iron % ?
6666
Derived Units - Density Derived Units - Density • density = mass/volumedensity = mass/volume
• What is density?What is density?
• Example: Calculate the density of a Example: Calculate the density of a substance if 123. grams of it occupies substance if 123. grams of it occupies 57.6 cubic centimeters.57.6 cubic centimeters.
6767
Derived Units - Density Derived Units - Density • density = mass/volumedensity = mass/volume
• What is density?What is density?
• Example: Calculate the density of a Example: Calculate the density of a substance if 123. grams of it occupies substance if 123. grams of it occupies 57.6 cubic centimeters.57.6 cubic centimeters.
Vm D
mL 6.57cm 57.6 mL 1 cm 1 33
6868
Derived Units - Density Derived Units - Density • density = mass/volumedensity = mass/volume
• What is density?What is density?
• Example: Calculate the density of a Example: Calculate the density of a substance if 123. grams of it occupies substance if 123. grams of it occupies 57.6 cubic centimeters.57.6 cubic centimeters.
g/mL 2.13 DmL 57.6
g 123. D
Vm D
mL 6.57cm 57.6 mL 1 cm 1 33
6969
Derived Units - Density Derived Units - Density • Example: Suppose you need 175. g of a Example: Suppose you need 175. g of a
corrosive liquid for a reaction. What corrosive liquid for a reaction. What volume do you need? volume do you need? – liquid’s density = 1.02 g/mLliquid’s density = 1.02 g/mL
7070
Derived Units - Density Derived Units - Density • Example: Suppose you need 175. g of a Example: Suppose you need 175. g of a
corrosive liquid for a reaction. What corrosive liquid for a reaction. What volume do you need? volume do you need? – liquid’s density = 1.02 g/mLliquid’s density = 1.02 g/mL
D
mV
V
mD
7171
Derived Units - Density Derived Units - Density • Example: Suppose you need 175. g of a Example: Suppose you need 175. g of a
corrosive liquid for a reaction. What corrosive liquid for a reaction. What volume do you need? volume do you need? – liquid’s density = 1.02 g/mLliquid’s density = 1.02 g/mL
mL 172mL 171.57 1.02
g 175V
D
mV
V
mD
mLg
7272
Heat & TemperatureHeat & Temperature• heat and T are not the same thingheat and T are not the same thing
T is a measure of the intensity of heat in a bodyT is a measure of the intensity of heat in a body
• 3 common T scales - all use water as a 3 common T scales - all use water as a referencereference
7373
Heat & TemperatureHeat & TemperatureMPMP BPBP
• Fahrenheit Fahrenheit 3232ooF F 212212ooFF
• Celsius Celsius 00ooC C 100100ccCC
• Kelvin Kelvin 273 K 273 K 373 K373 K
7474
Relationships of the 3 T ScalesRelationships of the 3 T Scales
273KC
or
273 C K
o
o
7575
Relationships of the 3 T ScalesRelationships of the 3 T Scales
1.85
9
10
18
100
180
273K C
or
273 C K
o
o
7676
Relationships of the 3 T ScalesRelationships of the 3 T Scales
1.8
32FC
or
32C 1.8F
1.85
9
10
18
100
180
273KC
or
273 C K
oo
oo
o
o
7777
Heat and TemperatureHeat and Temperature• Example: Convert 111.Example: Convert 111.ooF to degrees F to degrees
Celsius.Celsius.
1.8
32111C
1.8
32FC
o
oo
7878
Heat and TemperatureHeat and Temperature• Example: Convert 111.Example: Convert 111.ooF to degrees F to degrees
Celsius.Celsius.
9.438.1
791.8
32111C
1.8
32FC
o
oo
7979
Heat and TemperatureHeat and Temperature• Example: Express 757. K in Celsius Example: Express 757. K in Celsius
degrees.degrees.
8080
Heat and TemperatureHeat and Temperature• Example: Express 757. K in Celsius Example: Express 757. K in Celsius
degrees.degrees.
.484C
273..757C
273.KC
o
o
o
8181
The Measurement of HeatThe Measurement of Heat
• SI unit J (Joule)SI unit J (Joule)
• calorie calorie 1 calorie = 4.184 J1 calorie = 4.184 J
• English unit = BTUEnglish unit = BTU
8282
Synthesis QuestionSynthesis Question• It has been estimated that 1.0 g of It has been estimated that 1.0 g of
seawater contains 4.0 pg of Au. The seawater contains 4.0 pg of Au. The total mass of seawater in the oceans is total mass of seawater in the oceans is 1.6x101.6x101212 Tg, If all of the gold in the Tg, If all of the gold in the oceans were extracted and spread oceans were extracted and spread evenly across the state of Georgia, evenly across the state of Georgia, which has a land area of 58,910 milewhich has a land area of 58,910 mile22, , how tall, in feet, would the pile of Au how tall, in feet, would the pile of Au be?be?Density of Au is 19.3 g/cmDensity of Au is 19.3 g/cm33. 1.0 Tg = 10. 1.0 Tg = 101212g. g.
8383
Au g106.4)OH of g
Au g104.0O)(H of g10(1.6
OH of g 101.6)Tg
g 10( Tg) 10(1.6
12
2
12
224
224
1212
8484
331533
3113
12
12
2
12
224
224
1212
mile 1cm 104.16 mile 1cm 160,934
cm 160,934in 1
cm 2.54
ft 1
in 12
mile 1
ft 5280mile 1
Aucm103.3Au g 19.3
1cmAu g106.4
Au g106.4)OH of g
Au g104.0O)(H of g10(1.6
OH of g 101.6)Tg
g 10( Tg) 10(1.6
8585
ft 107.13mile 1
ft 5280mile)10(1.35
mile 58,910
mile107.96
mile107.96cm104.16
mile 1Au) cm 10(3.3
692
35
35315
3311
8686
Group ActivityGroup Activity• On a typical day, a hurricane expends On a typical day, a hurricane expends
the energy equivalent to the explosion of the energy equivalent to the explosion of two thermonuclear weapons. A two thermonuclear weapons. A thermonuclear weapon has the explosive thermonuclear weapon has the explosive power of 1.0 Mton of nitroglycerin. power of 1.0 Mton of nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin generates 7.3 kJ of Nitroglycerin generates 7.3 kJ of explosive power per gram of explosive power per gram of nitroglycerin. The hurricane’s energy nitroglycerin. The hurricane’s energy comes from the evaporation of water that comes from the evaporation of water that requires 2.3 kJ per gram of water requires 2.3 kJ per gram of water evaporated. How many gallons of water evaporated. How many gallons of water does a hurricane evaporate per day?does a hurricane evaporate per day?