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COMP541COMP541

Hierarchical Design & Hierarchical Design & VerilogVerilog

Montek SinghMontek Singh

Jan 28, 2010Jan 28, 2010

TopicsTopics Hierarchical DesignHierarchical Design Verilog PrimerVerilog Primer

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Design HierarchyDesign Hierarchy Just like with large program, to design a large Just like with large program, to design a large

chip need hierarchychip need hierarchy Divide and ConquerDivide and Conquer

To create, test, and also to understandTo create, test, and also to understand

BlockBlock is equivalent to object is equivalent to object

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ExampleExample 9-input odd func (parity for byte)9-input odd func (parity for byte) Block for schematic is box with labelsBlock for schematic is box with labels

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Design Broken Into ModulesDesign Broken Into ModulesUse 3-input odd functionsUse 3-input odd functions

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Each Module uses XOREach Module uses XOR

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Use NAND to Implement XORUse NAND to Implement XOR In case there’s no XOR, for exampleIn case there’s no XOR, for example

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Design HierarchyDesign Hierarchy

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Components in DesignComponents in Design RHS shows what must be designedRHS shows what must be designed

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Reuse is CommonReuse is Common Certainly forced because of availability of parts (chips)Certainly forced because of availability of parts (chips) Also the design cycle was very longAlso the design cycle was very long Now more flexibility with programmable logicNow more flexibility with programmable logic

But still reuse from libraries or intellectual property (IP)But still reuse from libraries or intellectual property (IP) Example: buy a PCI designExample: buy a PCI design Open source, see Open source, see www.opencores.org

Note the many logic blocks available in Xilinx libraryNote the many logic blocks available in Xilinx library

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Flow of CAD SystemFlow of CAD System

NetlistNetlist is is description of description of connectionsconnections

Generic Gates

Replaces Generic Gates

with ones available in Technology

Library

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Technology MappingTechnology Mapping Full customFull custom

Pixel-Planes chips (machines in lobby)Pixel-Planes chips (machines in lobby) Memories, CPUs, etcMemories, CPUs, etc

Standard cellStandard cell Library of cellsLibrary of cells Engineer determined interconnectionEngineer determined interconnection

Gate arraysGate arrays Small circuits with interconnectSmall circuits with interconnect

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Hierarchy Example – 4-bit Hierarchy Example – 4-bit EqualityEquality Input: 2 vectors A(3:0) and B(3:0)Input: 2 vectors A(3:0) and B(3:0) Output: One bit, E, which is 1 if A and B are Output: One bit, E, which is 1 if A and B are

bitwise equal, 0 otherwisebitwise equal, 0 otherwise

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DesignDesign Hierarchical design seems a good approachHierarchical design seems a good approach One module/bitOne module/bit Final module for EFinal module for E

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Design for MX moduleDesign for MX module Logic function isLogic function is

I’d call this “not E”…I’d call this “not E”… Can implement asCan implement as

i i i i iE AB AB

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Design for ME moduleDesign for ME module Final E is 1 only if all intermediate values are 0Final E is 1 only if all intermediate values are 0 SoSo

And a design isAnd a design is

0 1 2 3E E E E E

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Hierarchical VerilogHierarchical Verilog We already saw example of We already saw example of instantiationinstantiation when when

we used AND and OR gateswe used AND and OR gates

Just use module name and an identifier for the Just use module name and an identifier for the particular instanceparticular instance

Vector of Wires (Bus)Vector of Wires (Bus) Denotes a set of wiresDenotes a set of wires

input [1:0] S;input [1:0] S;

Syntax is [a: b] where a is high-orderSyntax is [a: b] where a is high-order So this could be “[0:1] S”So this could be “[0:1] S” Order will matter when we make assignments with Order will matter when we make assignments with

values bigger than one bitvalues bigger than one bit Or when we connect sets of wiresOr when we connect sets of wires

NOTE: THIS IS NOT AN ARRAY!NOTE: THIS IS NOT AN ARRAY!

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MXMX

module mx(A, B, E);module mx(A, B, E);input A, B;input A, B;output E;output E;

assign E = (~A & B) | (A & ~B);assign E = (~A & B) | (A & ~B);

endmoduleendmodule

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MEME

module me(E, Ei);module me(E, Ei);input [3:0] Ei;input [3:0] Ei;output E;output E;

assign E = ~(Ei[0] | Ei[1] | Ei[2] | Ei[3]);assign E = ~(Ei[0] | Ei[1] | Ei[2] | Ei[3]);

endmoduleendmodule

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Top LevelTop Levelmodule top(A, B, E);module top(A, B, E);

input [3:0] A;input [3:0] A;input [3:0] B;input [3:0] B;output E;output E;

wire [3:0] Ei;wire [3:0] Ei;

mx m0(A[0], B[0], Ei[0]);mx m0(A[0], B[0], Ei[0]);mx m1(A[1], B[1], Ei[1]);mx m1(A[1], B[1], Ei[1]);mx m2(A[2], B[2], Ei[2]);mx m2(A[2], B[2], Ei[2]);mx m3(A[3], B[3], Ei[3]);mx m3(A[3], B[3], Ei[3]);

me me0(E, Ei);me me0(E, Ei);

endmoduleendmodule

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Integrated CircuitIntegrated Circuit Known as IC or chipKnown as IC or chip Silicon containing circuitSilicon containing circuit

Later in semester we’ll examine design and Later in semester we’ll examine design and constructionconstruction

Maybe processesMaybe processes

Packaged in ceramic or plasticPackaged in ceramic or plastic From 4-6 pins to hundredsFrom 4-6 pins to hundreds

Pins wired to pads on chipPins wired to pads on chip

BondingBonding

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Levels of IntegrationLevels of Integration SSISSI

Individual gatesIndividual gates MSIMSI

Things like counters, single-block adders, etc.Things like counters, single-block adders, etc. Like stuff we’ll be doing nextLike stuff we’ll be doing next

LSILSI VLSIVLSI

Larger circuits, like the FPGA, Pentium, etc.Larger circuits, like the FPGA, Pentium, etc.

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Logic FamiliesLogic Families RTL, DTL earliestRTL, DTL earliest TTL was used 70s, 80sTTL was used 70s, 80s

Still available and used occasionallyStill available and used occasionally 7400 series logic, refined over generations7400 series logic, refined over generations

CMOSCMOS Was low speed, low noiseWas low speed, low noise Now fast and is most commonNow fast and is most common

BiCMOS and GaAsBiCMOS and GaAs SpeedSpeed

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CatalogsCatalogs Catalog pages describe chipsCatalog pages describe chips Look atLook at

http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/scas014c/scas014c.pdf

SpecificationsSpecifications PinoutsPinouts Packages/DimensionsPackages/Dimensions Electrical characteristicsElectrical characteristics

Electrical CharacteristicsElectrical Characteristics Fan inFan in

max number of inputs to a gatemax number of inputs to a gate

Fan outFan out how many standard loads it can drive (load usually 1)how many standard loads it can drive (load usually 1)

VoltageVoltage often 1V, 1.2V, 1.5V, 1.8V, 3.3V or 5V are commonoften 1V, 1.2V, 1.5V, 1.8V, 3.3V or 5V are common

Noise marginNoise margin how much electrical noise it can toleratehow much electrical noise it can tolerate

Power dissipationPower dissipation how much power chip needshow much power chip needs

TTL highTTL highSome CMOS low (but look at heat sink on a Pentium)Some CMOS low (but look at heat sink on a Pentium)

Propagation delay – already talked about itPropagation delay – already talked about it 27

Change Topics toChange Topics to VerilogVerilog

First a couple of syntax stylesFirst a couple of syntax styles Help you program more efficientlyHelp you program more efficiently

Verilog test programsVerilog test programs

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Constants in VerilogConstants in Verilog SyntaxSyntax

[size][‘radix]constant[size][‘radix]constant Radix can be d, b, h, or o (default d)Radix can be d, b, h, or o (default d) ExamplesExamples

assign Y = 10;assign Y = 10; // Decimal 10// Decimal 10assign Y = ’b10;assign Y = ’b10; // Binary 10, decimal 2// Binary 10, decimal 2assign Y = ’h10;assign Y = ’h10; // Hex 10, decimal 16// Hex 10, decimal 16assign Y = 8’b0100_0011 // Underline ignoredassign Y = 8’b0100_0011 // Underline ignored

Binary values can be 0, 1, or xBinary values can be 0, 1, or x

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Conditional AssignmentConditional Assignment Equality testEquality test

S == 2'b00S == 2'b00

AssignmentAssignment

assign Y = (S == 2'b00)? 1’b0: 1’b1;assign Y = (S == 2'b00)? 1’b0: 1’b1;

If true, assign 0 to YIf true, assign 0 to Y If false, assign 1 to YIf false, assign 1 to Y

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4-to-1 Mux Truth Table-ish4-to-1 Mux Truth Table-ishmodule mux_4_to_1_dataflow(S, D, Y);module mux_4_to_1_dataflow(S, D, Y); input [1:0] S;input [1:0] S; input [3:0] D;input [3:0] D; output Y;output Y;

assign Y = (S == 2'b00) ? D[0] :assign Y = (S == 2'b00) ? D[0] : (S == 2'b01) ? D[1] :(S == 2'b01) ? D[1] : (S == 2'b10) ? D[2] :(S == 2'b10) ? D[2] : (S == 2'b11) ? D[3] : 1'bx ;(S == 2'b11) ? D[3] : 1'bx ;endmoduleendmodule

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Verilog for Decision TreeVerilog for Decision Treemodule mux_4_to_1_binary_decision(S, D, Y);module mux_4_to_1_binary_decision(S, D, Y); input [1:0] S;input [1:0] S; input [3:0] D;input [3:0] D; output Y;output Y;

assign Y = S[1] ? (S[0] ? D[3] : D[2]) :assign Y = S[1] ? (S[0] ? D[3] : D[2]) : (S[0] ? D[1] : D[0]) ;(S[0] ? D[1] : D[0]) ;

endmoduleendmodule

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Binary DecisionsBinary Decisions If S[1] == 1, branch one wayIf S[1] == 1, branch one way assign Y = S[1] ? (S[0] ? D[3] : D[2])assign Y = S[1] ? (S[0] ? D[3] : D[2])

and decide Y = either D[2] or D[3] based on S[0]and decide Y = either D[2] or D[3] based on S[0] ElseElse : (S[0] ? D[1] : D[0]) ;: (S[0] ? D[1] : D[0]) ;

decide Y is either D[2] or D[3] based on S[0]decide Y is either D[2] or D[3] based on S[0] Notice that conditional test is for ‘1’ condition Notice that conditional test is for ‘1’ condition

like in Clike in C

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Instance Port NamesInstance Port Names ModuleModule module modp(output C, input A);module modp(output C, input A);

Ports referenced asPorts referenced as

modp i_name(conC, conA)modp i_name(conC, conA)

Also asAlso as modp i_name(.A(conA), .C(conC));modp i_name(.A(conA), .C(conC));

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ParameterParameter Can set constantCan set constant

Like #defineLike #define

parameter SIZE = 16;parameter SIZE = 16;

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Verilog for SimulationVerilog for Simulation Code more convenient than the GUI testbenchCode more convenient than the GUI testbench

Also more complex conditionsAlso more complex conditions Can test for expected resultCan test for expected result

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ISEISE Make Verilog Test FixtureMake Verilog Test Fixture Will create a wrapper (a module)Will create a wrapper (a module)

Instantiating your circuitInstantiating your circuit It’ll be called UUT (unit under test)It’ll be called UUT (unit under test)

You then add your test codeYou then add your test code Example on next slidesExample on next slides

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Module and Instance UUTModule and Instance UUTmodule syn_adder_for_example_v_tf();module syn_adder_for_example_v_tf();

// DATE: 21:22:20 01/25/2004 // DATE: 21:22:20 01/25/2004 // ...Bunch of comments...// ...Bunch of comments...

......// Instantiate the UUT// Instantiate the UUT syn_adder uut (syn_adder uut ( .B(B), .B(B), .A(A), .A(A), .C0(C0), .C0(C0), .S(S), .S(S), .C4(C4).C4(C4) ););

......endmoduleendmodule

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RegReg It will create storage for the inputs to the UUTIt will create storage for the inputs to the UUT

// Inputs// Inputs reg [3:0] B;reg [3:0] B; reg [3:0] A;reg [3:0] A; reg C0;reg C0; We’ll talk more about We’ll talk more about regreg next class next class

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Wires for OutputsWires for Outputs That specify bus sizesThat specify bus sizes

// Outputs// Outputs

wire [3:0] S;wire [3:0] S;

wire C4;wire C4;

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Begin/EndBegin/End Verilog uses begin and end for blockVerilog uses begin and end for block instead of curly bracesinstead of curly braces

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InitialInitial Initial statement runs when simulation beginsInitial statement runs when simulation begins

initial initial beginbegin

B = 0;B = 0; A = 0;A = 0; C0 = 0;C0 = 0; endend

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Procedural assignmentProcedural assignment Why no “assign”?Why no “assign”? Because it’s not a continuous assignmentBecause it’s not a continuous assignment Explain more next class when we look at Explain more next class when we look at

storage/clockingstorage/clocking

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Initialize in Default Test FileInitialize in Default Test File There’s one in ISE generated file, but don’t think There’s one in ISE generated file, but don’t think auto_initauto_init is defined is defined

// Initialize Inputs// Initialize Inputs `ifdef auto_init`ifdef auto_init

initial begininitial begin B = 0;B = 0; A = 0;A = 0; C0 = 0;C0 = 0; endend

`endif`endif

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What to Add?What to Add? Need to make simulation time passNeed to make simulation time pass Use # command for skipping timeUse # command for skipping time Example (note no semicolon after #50)Example (note no semicolon after #50)

initial initial

beginbegin

B = 0;B = 0;

#50 B = 1;#50 B = 1;

endend

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ForFor Can use Can use forfor loop in initial statement block loop in initial statement block

initialinitial beginbegin for(i=0; i < 5; i = i + 1)for(i=0; i < 5; i = i + 1) beginbegin

#50 B = i;#50 B = i;endend

endend

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IntegersIntegers Can declare for loop control variablesCan declare for loop control variables

Will not synthesize, as far as I knowWill not synthesize, as far as I know

integer i;integer i;

integer j;integer j;

Can copy to input regsCan copy to input regs There may be problems with negative valuesThere may be problems with negative values

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There are alsoThere are also WhileWhile RepeatRepeat ForeverForever

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TimescaleTimescale Need to tell simulator what time scale to useNeed to tell simulator what time scale to use Place at top of test fixturePlace at top of test fixture

`timescale 1ns/10ps`timescale 1ns/10ps

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System TasksSystem Tasks Tasks for the simulatorTasks for the simulator $stop – end the simulation$stop – end the simulation $display – like C printf$display – like C printf $monitor – prints when arguments change $monitor – prints when arguments change

(example next)(example next) $time – Provides value of simulated time$time – Provides value of simulated time

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MonitorMonitor// set up monitoring// set up monitoring

initialinitial

begin begin $monitor($time, " A=%b ,B=%b\n", A, B);$monitor($time, " A=%b ,B=%b\n", A, B);

endend

// These statements conduct the actual test// These statements conduct the actual test

initialinitialbeginbegin

Code...Code... endend

NextNext Sequential CircuitsSequential Circuits We’ll put off the study of arithmetic circuitsWe’ll put off the study of arithmetic circuits

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