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1.1 Sanitary Conditions in the world

How do we per ceiv

e sanitar y conditio

ns? 

W hat f unctions must a su

stainable system f 

ulf il?

Learning objective:

To become familiar with various sanitary

conditions in the world, functions of

sanitation, and to foster a critical under-

standing of statistics and other data.

 Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden 

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Sanitation – the silent crises

  !." billion people #$"% of the world&s population !'1'(  lac) so called improved sanitation

 1*% of the world&s population lac) safe water supply

 1'% of all wastewater in developing countries is treated

  +alnutrition is a maor factor ma)ing us more vulnerable

to disease and death, thus food security is important

  The combined effects of poor personal and domestic

hygiene and lac) of safe water and good environmental

sanitation is considered the most important ris) factor  

for disease and death  Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

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roportion of households in maor cities 

connected to piped water and sewers

ouse or yard Connected to

  connection for water #%( a sewer #%(

  /frica 0$ 1*

  Asia 77 45

  atin /merica 2 33 $"

  Caribbean  4ceania 3$ 1"

  Europe ! "#

  5orth /merica 1'' 67

Source: Stockholm Water Front , 5o. 0 8ecember !''3

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new

9astewater - collected and treated by

effective treatment plants #median percentage(

Source: 58 2 5;C

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Stormwater, solid and organic waste 

 /nimals scavenging organic

material and clogged storm water

drains

Stormwater drainage as a

conduit for solid waste

Copyright: >an-4lof 8rangert Copyright: >an-4lof 8rangert

 Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

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Sanitation ladder ....... upgrading

Outside house:

 Private dry

urine-diverting toilet 

Communal flush

 Indoors:

 Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping niversity, !"eden 

Open

defe#ation $%örn &inner's !"edish niversity of (gri#ultural !#ien#es  Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping niversity, !"eden 

 Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping

niversity, !"eden 

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8iseases related to e?creta and wastewater 

$isease% +ortality#deathAyear(

Burden of

disease

Comments

8iarrhoea  1 *'' ''' 7! ''' ''' 66.*% of deaths occur in dev.countriesD 6'% are children

Typhoid   7'' ''' no data

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  ;mproved urban sanitation coverage !'1'

Source: 5;C

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9hat sanitation is about

H ersonal and household hygiene

H Clean environment incl. water 

H Solid waste management

H Ireywater disposal and treatmentH Safe e?creta disposal

H Stormwater handling

)raditional interpretation:

H  /cceptance, affordable, convenience and pride

H

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Pathogen & hazardous waste reduction – indicators

depend on flow-stream

Nutrient reuse – (i) X% of ecreted !" P" # is reused

for crop production" (ii) $% of used water is reused

Nutrient & hazardous waste containment –

indicators depend on flow-stream

Integrated resource management –indicators depend on flow-stream

Access – (i) &-hr access to facilit' 'ear-round" (ii) privac'" personal securit' and shelter"

(iii) no smell" (iv) preferrabl' indoors and accessible to men" women" children" elderl'

Greywater management – (i) no stagnant water in compound or in streets"

(ii) no vectors" (iii) no avoidable pollution eg fat or paint residues

 / sanitation ladder for improved functions 

 /dapted from JvarnstrKm et al., !'1'

!creta containment – (i) in use" (ii) no vectors" (iii) no faecal matter" (iv) hand-washing

facilit' in use (v) can withstand stormwater events

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Sustainable - more than a catch word

  The Bruntland Commission #16*3( e?pressed sustainability as: 

“…development that meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of future generations

to meet their own needs" … 

ustaina'ility comprises a variety of perspectives:

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Crucial physical boundaries for human activities

Biodiversity

loss

  /cid

oceans

4Gone

depletion

5 2 cycles

and use

changes

Chemical

pollution

Source: Loc)strKm et al., !''6

=reshwater

global use

 /erosolloading

Climate

change

lanetary

boundary

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The planet is resilient

- but humans can push it over a threshold

Lesilient to human actions

ushed over

threshold

5ew eEuilibrium

and new

disturbances

Source: Loc)strKm et al., !''6

  T  h e  g  l o  b e 

 a  l  w a y s

  r e m a

  i n s, 

  b u t  p e o p  l e

  m a y 

 p e r  i s  h

  M

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LeEuirements on sanitation arrangements

 Inside the home * old  re+uirements

- h'gienic and protecting human health

- comfortable (indoors" no smell" eas' to clean" securit')

Outside of the home re+uirements * ne" 

- save resources (little*no water" reuse nutrients" little energ')

- protect the environment (ground + surface water" soil" air)

Lessons to consider:

H ,euirements change over time" sometimes uickl'H .nerg' use is high for conve'ance over long distances

  and for advanced treatment technolog' Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

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Leuse or disposal in the history of sanitation

and area ma)ing use of

organic waste from thecity of Stoc)holm 161'

Jarl Tingsten, 1611

toc,0

holm

!+,m

The Osilent highwayO man

rowing on river Thames

;llustration: www.CartoonStoc).com.

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 Continued

 ./ample 2?ater issues have been in focus to the detriment of appreciating

good sanitation /airncross (969) and others have reached the

conclusion that water uantit' is more important to good health

than water ualit' for man' diseases .nough water to clean thehands and bod'" wash clothes" clean the house" etc is more

important than improved drinking water ualit' at the margin

Lesson to consider :

We need to measure the right parameters

to be able to draw useful conclusions

 Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

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@ 4anitation viewed as less important

@ People assumed to be uninterested

@ 0s less of a public concern" andattracts little public investment in

 poor urban areas up to now

@ ,esidents do not perceive that the' pa' for sanitation b' eg poor health

Lessons to consider:

H  Ahe 2illennium Bevelopment Coals deal more with water than

  sanitation issues" but sanitation is picking up with the new emphasis

H  4eparate planning for sanitation and water leads to installation of

 piped suppl' long before proper disposal and treatment of wastewater

@ ?ater Dwill do the trickD

@ .ver'one wants water 

@ ?ater suppl' is a publicconcern" and attracts publicand private investments

@ .as' to charge for the water- if the suppl' is regular 

Sanitation versus 9ater