J~todHoke

DTICH -ELECTE

DOEC 2,0 191

IDRI FTII4G VERTICAL CQ*RNT`METER 2 MOED)I AADE'.fl T1IE~'4IFORCKMIti AND XB~T DATA

JAStt 1'978 ATLANTIS-LI CRUIS (02)

by

Nancy J. PenningtonIand

Robert A. W~el1 er

Octobe:- 1981

LaiTUR~NICAL REPORT

Prepared for the Office of Naval Researchunder Contri4ct, N00014-?6-C-41197; NffR083-.400 and for the National S~oience Pozotda-tion under idrant OCR 77-25803.

Approved- fqr p~ubý"ic release; distribution

WOODlS HOLE, MASSACHUSETTS 02543

/bi 12 2$ 0i4

UNCLASSIFIED 10/81SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Dotes Irnered)

READ INSTRUCTIONSREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETINGFORM

.- - I. REPORT NUMBER / 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. S. RECIPJNT'S CATALOG NUMBER

IV~ -WHQ1Jz.81 -92-- J _________/____

"4. TITLE (and Subtitle) S. TYPE OF REPORT G PERIOD COVERED

DRIFTING VERTICAL CURRENT METER, MOORED AANDERAAT STechnical ReportTHERMISTOR CHAIN, AND XBT DATA - JASIN 1978ATLANTIS-II CRUISE (102) 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUNSER

7. AUTHOR(e) S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMSER(')

Nancy J. Pennington and Robert A..Weller N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400*

OCE 77-258039. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS '10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK

AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 *NR 083-400

II. CONTROLLING )FFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE

NORDA/National Space Technology Laboratory October 1981Bay St. Louis, MS 39529 13. NUMBER OF PAGES

13214 MONITORING AGENCY NAME & AODRESS(II dilferent from Controlltng Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of thie report)

UNCLASSIFIEDIS&. DECL ASSI FICATION/DOWN GRADING

SCHEDULE

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 4'

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered In Block 20, if different from Report)

IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

This report should be cited as: Woods Hole Oceanog. Tech. Rept. WH01-81-92.

19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if neceesary and Identity by block number)

1. JASIN2. Vertical current meter3. Temperature data

20. ABSTRACT (Continue on revere. side if necemsary and Identify by block number)

The report presents summaries of three data sets taken at and in thevicinity of the oceanographic moorings deployed in the 1978 Joint-Air-SeaInteraction Project (JASIN). The data sets are: (1) the temperature,pressure and vertical motion records from the freely drifting Vertical CurrentMeters (VCMs) deployed fron the ATLANTIS I, (2) the temperature data fromthe Aanderaa thermistor chains on W.H.O.I. mooring 653, designated as JASINmooring W3, and (3) the expendable bath~ythermoqraph (XBT) data collectedfrom the ATLANTIS II while participating in the JASIN Project. -

... 1473 EDITION OF I NOV65 IS OSSOLETED JN 0102-014-6601 S1C UNCLASSIFIED OF]/8 THI PE Vtn ettered)SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE ba DfB'lrd

••.• :•=z:•T.::••-,• •• . .. _. .. "I,. ". -. .. ... ...... .. .......---

WHOI-81-92 J

4

DRIFTING VERTICAL CURRENT METER, MOOREDAANDERAA THERMISTOR CHAIN, AND XBT DATA -

JASIN 1978 ATLANTIS-II CRUISE (102)-

by .4

Nancy J. Penningtonand

Robert A. Weller

Accession ForWOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION NiS 7 RA&4I'

Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 DTIC TAB C3

Unannouncoed 0lJust i•loation

October 1981Duistribution/-

Availability Codes"Avail and/or

st Speci tal .TECHNICAL REPORT

Prepared jo'r the Offjice of Naval. R1search under Contract

N00014-76-C-0.197; NR 083-400 and for the National ScienceFoundation under Grant OCE 77-25803.

Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for any pur- D T ICpoa of' the United States Government. This report should ELECTEbe cited as: Woods Hole Oceanog. Inst. Tech. Rept. WHOX-81-92. DEC 28 1981

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. SApproved for Distribution: _ h D

Valentine WorthingtoW, ChairmanDepartment of Physical Oceanography

Abstract

The report presents summaries.of three data sets taken at and in the

vicinity of the oceanographic moorings deployed in the 1978 Joint Air-Sea

Interaction Project (JASIN). The data sets are: (1) the temperature,

pressure and vertical motion records from the freely drifting Vertical rCurrent Meters (VC4s) deployed from the ATLANTIS II, (2) the temperature 1

data from the AanderaA thermistor chains on W.H.O.I. mooring 653, i

designated as JASIN mooring W3, and (3) the expendable bathythermograph

(XBT) data collected from the ATLANTIS II while participating in the

JASIN Project;

• '• i

• . I

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

List of Tablesii

List of Figures iPreface viAcknowledgements vV In troduct ion viPart I - Vertical Current Meters (VC.1) 1

Part II -Aanderaa Thermistor Chain 19

Part III -Expanded Scale XBTs 97

KReferences 132

..... .. . , .... . . ... .

LIST OF TABLES

W 1. Vertical Current Meter (VCMQ Summary Sheet 6

2. XBT Positions 101 - 104

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Chart of JASIN area. vii2. VCM drop area. 4

3. Side view of Vertical Current Meter (VCK). 5

4. VCM drift patterns. 9

5. VCM Drop 1 time series. 10

6. VCM Drop 2 time series. 11

7. VC4 Drop 3 time series. 128. VCM Drop 4 time series. 13

9. VC4 Drop 7 time series. 1410. VCM Drop 8 time series. 15

11. VCM Drop 9 time serics. 16

12. VCM Drop 10 time series. 17

13. Displacement plots of VC4 drops. 18

14. Design of mooring W3 showing position of

Aanderaa thermistor chain. 22

15. 37 daily temperature time series. 23 - 59

16. 37 daily 9.20 - 13.00 isotherms by .20C. 60 - 96

17. XBT area. 100

18. XBT sections during Leg 1 and Leg 2. 105

19. Comparison of a regular XBT and an expanded scale XBT. 106

20. Details of XBT system. 107

21. Block diagram of XBT. 109

22. Electric circuit diagram of EXBT system. 110

23. T-S diagrams for CTD stations. 112

24. T-S diagram for Fixed Intensive Array (FIA) area. 113

25. Salinity on 100 surface. 114

26. XBT profiles for 17 sections. 115 - 131

iii

• ~ ~~~.... s . • .• .. .-- .-.----..- .....-.. ..... ......-

4

PREFACE

This report is the fourth and last in the JASIN (Joint Air-Sea

Interaction project) data series. The other reports are: -4

Report # WHOI # Authors Subject

1 79-42 Pennington, N. and CTD Profiles

M. G. Briscoe

2 79-43 Briscoe, M. G., C. Mills, Meteorological

R. Payne and K. Peal measurements

3 79-65 Tarbell, S., N. G. Briscoe Current meter

and R. Weller data

iv

I

ACKROWLMDGn11ET

The W.H.O.I. buoy group designed, prepared, deployed, and recovered

the moorings. Jerry Dean was responsible for the preparation and use of

the *rtical Current Meters. Rick Trask analyzed the failures of the

Aanderaa thermistor chain recorders and, after JASIN, came up with

solutions to those failures. We thank Mary Ann Lucas for her typing and

editing of this report.

This work has been supported by ONR Contract N00014-76-C-0197,

NR083-400 and by NSF Grant OCE77-25803.

V

-~-t

I NTRODUCT ION

The Joint Air-Sea Interaction project (JASIN) was a multi-national

program initiated in 1966 by the Royal Meteorological Society (U.K)b the

major field experiment was conducted in July to September 1978 northwest

of Scotland in the northern end of Rockall Trough. Some fourteen ships,

four aircraft, nine countries, and sixty principal investigators

participated. Pollard (1978) provides an overview of the JASIN 1978

experiment.

Work done by participants from the Woods Hole Oceanographic

Institution included the deployment of moored current meters and

meteorological instrumentation (see Tarbell, et. al., 1979), hydrographic

work from the ATLANTIS II (A-II) (see Pennington and Briscoe, 1979),

shipboard meteorological measurements (see Briscoe, et. al., 1979), and

temperature measurements from moored Aanderaa thermistor chains, XBTs,

and the freely 3rifting Vertical Current Meters (VCMs). This data report

contains a description of the Aanderaa thermistor chain, XBT, and VCM

components of the JASIN work and summaries of the three data sets.

Figure 1 shows the overall JASIN are z and the Fixed Intensive Array

(FIA) where most of the JASIN moorings were located. The FIA is detailed

in the lower left of Figure 1. Mooring Kl from the Institut fur

Meereskunde (Kiel, F. R. Germany), moorings Bl-B4 from Oregon State

University, and mooring H2 from NOAA/PMEL in Seattle are shown for

reference.

The Vertical Current Meters were deployed to track the horizontal

velocity field in the vicinity of thý: moorings and to provide a direct jmeasurement of the vertical component of velocity and of temperature as

they drifted. The Aanderaa TR-I thermistor chain was deployed to

investigate the vertical structure of the temperature variability at the

location of moorin, W3. The XBTs were taken to collect information on

the spatial variability of the temperature field in the vicinity of the

FIA. This data report is divided into three parts, Parts 1, 2, and 3

cover the Vertical Current Meters, Aanderaa thermistor chains, and XBTs,

respectively.

vi

15* W 1O~O050 W 50W

)+ + 6*J.AS IN A)

Bank VIA REA 00 STORNAWAY

00 0/emut0

Rocko00

//OBANA

64e ~'.GLASGOW

MAC RIHANISH

W2 .

W30 40W 0B

59000'N 0 a______2 _

12*40' W 12030'W 12*20'W

FIGURE 1: Chart of JASIN Arec

vii 1

- -- �uj �I p �..* II LU

I I

Ii I

A

I

II

I

I I

viii

__ _ I

1JA

Part 1.

Vertical Current Meters

- - - - -- -- - -

- ~~~ .. .....;:..

.. ............ ........ ......------

Vertical Current Meters (VCM)

A A The VCds are neutrally buoyant, free-floating instruments which are

ballasted to sink to a predetermined depth. While floating at that depth

the instrument makes measurements of the vertical velocity relative to

itself, of pressure, and of temperature. Three instruments, VCM #1,

V04 #2, and VCM #5, were deployed during JASIN in a total of ten

different drops. The area within which the floats drifted is shown in

Figure 2.

Relative vertical current is sensed by an array of vanes mounted

axially around the float, Fig. 3. Because the float compressibility is

less (about 1/2) than that of the water, vertical motions in the water

generate relative vertical flow past the vanes causing the entire float

to rotate. This rotation ii. sensed relative to an internal compass. The

sum of the pressure change (float vertical motion) and the rotation ofthe float (flow relative to the float) is a measure of total vertical

water displacement, with a resolution of about 2 cm. The temperature

measurement is accurate to about 0.0100 C. On some VCMs (VCM-DT),

temperature difference was measuzed by thermistors placed 1 m apart along

the outside of the pressure housing. The accuracy is about .0020C

(Dean, 1979). The calibration of float rotation to vertical displacement

was done using a plot of relative displacement, proportional to float

turns, vs. pressure as the instrument sank during deployment. From the

slope of this curve the calibration constant was determined.

The VCM floats used in JASIN were weighed in a fresh water tank at

Woods Hole and ballasted to be neutrally buoyant at a selected surface

temperature and salinity standard of l1.0 0 C and 35.320/,,. The ballast

was then adjusted for depth based on in situ temperature and salinity at

the desired depth. The VCM float constants are approximately

0.0804 gm/meter ballast for depth,

0.332 gm/°C temperature correction,

27 gm/0/00 salinity correction.

A summary of desired depths and actual depths is included in Table 1.

I3*

++ -60oNJASIN

60 RpemoryA

VCM ARE A/ VIA

.,!ýATORN 'WAY

2600

OBAN

-'2 AGLASGOW

lilt. MACHRIHANISHq

W2

W30 W159o00N -B

SI Ki

12*40-W 12D30W 12020,W

IPigure 2. White Areas VOM Drops

-14

I

Figure 3. Scaled side view of the vertical current meter (VC4) showingits orientation when neutrally buoyant. The overall length of theinstrument from recovery bail (top) to the transducer (bottom) is2.2 meters. Vertical motion is sensed by eight inclined vanes shown atthe mid-point of tk.- cylinder.

5

.~ . .. .. .. ....... ....

. 4 -4 .4.4-4 F-4 F4 r-4

4 - P-4 - -o 0 0 H 0-ONa 0 ChLn Ln LA LA LA tn U LA LA

2c IE- 0

0D ( 0 0 0 0R C4 04 (4NA N (N

0N E4 N (N N LN

0 C 0 v 0 LA LA LA LA000 0 0

Ln LA LA Ln LA LA LA LA LA

ra4

C-4 LA W (N LA N LnC4 )CE- 4Z W. 8If 2:

0z4. -1 H

oo 0 m 0 0 0o 0 OD 0 OD

CD 1- 1m W4 HirI

'-4 -f .4 4-

Li

0n 4 0 m 0n oo 0 0 0 00N :3 N N- n N4 Ný Ln N N = r

0- m 0o NN N

(N- 4 .-4%0

001 (N 4o0 LA 0 NLA iD N N i 0; 14 N 0'a O

a-f N 4 4'

4b E

I LA c-4 N- 0o c

SThe VCM includes an AMF acoustic release receiver and a release of

: Wi'.O.I. design. On command from the ship, or on preset command from an

internal timer, the float drops a 900 gm weight and returns to the surface A

for recovery. A flashing light turns on at release time, and the "ping"

rate doubles to confirm release. Four hydrophones, two on each side of the

ship, were streamed for the purpose of tracking the VCMs. During JASIN,

however, the need for the ATLANTIS II to participate during parts of every

day in other experimental work made detailed tracking of the floats

impossible. The acoustic tracking capability and the light simplify 4

finding the float on the surface in spite of its low profile in the water.

Nine recoveries were made under a variety of weather and light conditions

during this cruise. An instrument was lost on the fifth drop during

recovery operations.

For further references on VCM design and performance, see Burt et al

(1974), Dorson (1974), and Voorhis (1971).

Data recorded each 16 seconds on a digital data cassette recorder

include average temperature, as temperature difference (in the VCM-DT

models), and pressure for the record interval; accumulated turns at the

time of recording; and total number of record intervals since a reference

time zero. Preliminary data processing aboard ship consists of reading the Idata cassette and producing a computer compatible 9-track data record.

Data from the 9T tape could be listed and plotted on the Calcomp in

engineering units for an early check on quality and a preliminary

scientific evaluation.

Table 1 summarizes the VCM performance. There were 11 days, 37 hours

of good data records. Drop 6 could not be decoded. Drop 1 was a short

duration test deployment. Drop 5 ended with the loss of VCM #1 during

recovery. Drops 2, 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were conducted in the vicinity ofmooring W2, and drop 3 was conducted to the southeast of mooring W2

(Fig. 4). The floats deployed near W2 drifted to the northwest or west.

Drops 7 and 8 and drops 9 and 10 were simultaneous deployments of two

floats. The float deployed during drop 3 drifted to the southeast.

Figures 5-12 give time series of pressure, temperature, tdif., and

float rotation, labelled turns. The floats' pressure record shows that the

7

instruments oscillated with an amplitude of upwards of 20 meters. Verticalwater displacement time series, calculated from the pressure and rotationrecords and averaged over 12 minute intervals, are shown in Fig. 13.Upward displacement of the water was observed by the VCMs deployed during

JASIN.

.4

A

~ 4

HA

J

8

Lf-1 ! I ,ý' ' ~

13000,W 12030' 100

0 VCM LAUNCHA VCM RECOVER 59010 N

N4 w 2

59000'75

VCM DEPTH(m) LAUNCH RECOVERY2 113 1208 IAUG 1420 2AUG3 83 1134 3AUG 2000 4AUG4 90 1230 5AUG 0113 6AUG 5007 75 1409 9AUG 1159 liAUG8 76 1408 9 AUG 1335 ilAUG9 68 0107 12 AUG 1703 13 AUG :10 70 010 7 12 AUG IO1701 3AUG

303

Figure 4. VCM drift oatterns.

9

VCM/R2102/1 100 1 i0213 M

50 50

100 100

150 150

128 i 128

Fz 64I 64t z(r_

0.0 A. 161I I

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9.50 -1 9.50

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190 190

200 200

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HOURS

Figure 5.

10

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126 126

z 64 4 z

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9.0 9.0 C

1000

700

80 70

Figur 10.

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0 VLM/P2 102/9068 M

25 25

50 50

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cc 29.750 9.750

LU LU

50 90

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Figure 11.

16

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20

Aanderaa Thermistor Chains

Three Aanderaa thermistor chains (TR-l) were deployed on W.H.O.I.

mooring 653, identified in JASIN as mooring W3. The recording packages

of the instruments were each held in a stainless steel bracket with a

strength member that fastened in-line with the mooring. The thermistor

chains were attached to the wire rope of the mooring with spiral shaped

plastic coils (com,.tonly used for wrapping bundles of wires together).

Two of the Aenderaa thermistor chains deployed during JASIN failed to

record any data because the magnetic tape became fouled around the tape

drive capstan, early in the experiment. The problem occurred because the

lower take-up spool did not maintain the proper tension in the tape which

allowed the tape to go slack and eventually foul. Subsequent

investigations revealed that in the two instruments that failed the shaft

on which the lower take-up spool turns was of an older design whereas the

corresponding take-up spool had undergone modifications. When this

assembly was subject,ýd to cold temperatures, it became jammed which in

turn let the tape go slack. The instrument which functioned properly

during the experiment did not have this mismatch of new and old

components. 1

The data from the one instrument that did work has been presented in

two ways. First, the temperatures recorded by the thermistors (at 31,

34, 37, 40, 43, 46, 49, 52, 55, and 58 m depths, nominally) have been

plotted. Second, isotherm depths (for the 13.0, 12.8, 12.6, 12.4, 12.2,

12.0, 11.8, 11.6, 11.4, 11.2, 11.0, 10.8, 10.6, 10.4, 10.2, 10.0, 9.8,

9.6, 9.4, and 9.2 0 C isotherms) have been plotted. In both cases the

scales have been chosen to match the scales used in the Oregon State

University data reports covering their JASIN thermistor chain data.

A

21

: OOAR LIGHT

WHO) SPAR BUOY (8?0 POUNDS

187mBUOANTSURVIVAL BUOYANCY CONE)

MOORING 653(5) 17' (JASIN W3)jGLASS BALLS 11,6 m -

ON m 1,1 mn 3/8" CHAIN53/" CHAIN r

vACM- (6532)

"1.0 m 3/8" CHAIN

'I .27.7m 1/4" WIRE ROPE

47.5 m -- AANDERAA RECORDER AND 30m

THERMISTOR STRING 65.13)

11 1 m 1/4" WIRE ROPE153m BUOYANT

TETHER

59.7 m .. AANDERAA RECORDER AND 30m

THERMISTOR STRING (6534)

[ 6 I m 1/4" WIRE ROPE N

AANDERAA RECORDER AND 30 m76.9 m THERMISTOR STRING (65351

79 m - VACM DT (6536)

0.9 m 3/1" CHAIN

82 m - ACM-I (6537)

1.8 m 3/8"CHAIN

IIIm 56" SPHERE 85 m - VMCM (6538)

3m 1/2" CHAIN 3 m 3/4" CHAIN

PRE..SURE RECORDER 377 POUNDS BALLAST WEIGHT

3 m 1/2" CHAIN

AMF ACOUSTIC RELEASE

3 m 1/2" CHAIN

1395 m 1/4"UNJACKETED WIRE ROPE (522m AND 873m)

20m 1" NYLON

3 m 1/2" CHAINANCHOR (3500 POUNDS WET) W/DANFORTH (60 POUNDS ON 2m 3/8"CHAIN)

il.]D :1551 m

Figure 14.

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XBT Data

Some 169 XBTs (expendable bathythermographs) were dropped from

ATLANTIS II during the JASIN experiment. Figure 17 shows the area in

which the XBTs were dropped. Table 2 lists the time, location, and

bucket temperature associated with each drop. Figure 18 shows the

patterns of the XBT drop locations.

EXBT System

The standard Sippican Co. Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) bridge

and recording system has an indicated temperature scale of -2 0 C - 350 C,

approximately 50C/inch and a depth scale of 100 meters/inch. These fixed

scales are somewhat awkward when one is working in regions of the ocean

where the temperature of the entire water column varies by as little as

20C. To overcome these limitations we replaced the Sippican XBT bridge

and recorder with a simple and inexpensive bridge. We utilized an

Hewlett Packard strip chart recorder (model 7100B) to plot the output

from the bridge. Figure 19 illustrates the difference between the EXBT

scales and the standard Sippican XBT recorder scales.

Theory of Operation

The Sippican XBT probe consists of a molded projectile with a

thermistor recessed in the nose, which falls through-the water column at

an approximately constant rate. The resistance of the thermistor is

sensed through a copper wire which unwinds from a spool contained within

the projectile (see Fig. 20a) and from a second spool remaining in the

launcher.

The thermistor's resistance, RT, decreases about 5% per degree

centigrade temperature increase. In addition to the resistance change of

interest, the resistance of the copper wire, Rc, and the sea water

to ship's ground, Rsw, vary continuously. Figure 20c details the

resistance involved in the primary and secondary measurement loops. Thesecondary loop is identical to the primary loop except that it does not

contain a thermistor.

99

L , Aai

150W 100W 5*W

- 500 gO0 0

++ 60*N

0A00 ~LEG i XBTSfs CLEG 2 XBTS2

V ~STORNAWAY

Roc~08 AA

-Iwo,

LGLASGOW

___________MACHRIHANISH

+ 55ONA

* I 1240W 920wil20

59*0100

Table 2

JASIN 1978 ATLANTIS-II-102

XBT Positions

UTCID STAPT LAT LONG# Date T I ME' (N) (W) COMMENTS

LEG 1

1 8-7 1300 590 15.56 130 00.37 SEA SURFACE TEMP = 13.1 0 C2 7 1433 13.64 120 58.72 13.23 7 1.534 12.56 55.53 13.4

4 7 IC54 10.68 52.58 13.35 7 1758 09.81 49.64 13.16 7 19u3 08.38 47.76 13.57 7 193-/ 07.11 43.86 13.18 7 2.13 03.26 39.63 13.28A 7 2118 04.92 38.32.9 7 2137 04.58 38.29 13.2

10 8-8 0131 580 56.82 24.66 13.5?10A 8 0136 56.65 24.04 13.511 3 - 55. 73 22.13 1.3.312 8 0308 54.27 19.36 ].3.513 8 0339 52.90 16.56 13.3

V 14 8 0507 51.29 13.80 ]3.715 !1 0532 49.99 11.03 13.210 0 (655 48.06 07.60 13.517 B 0747 47.40 05.86 13.218 8 1118 45.91 02.37 13.219 8 .1138 44.47 110 59.76 13.120 8 1250 44.15 120 00.50 13.321 8 1300 45.01 02.03 13.122 8 1310 46.07 03.82 1.3.123 ABORTED23A 8 1:321 47.41 06.07 11.024 8 1.330 48.50 07.91 13.225 8 1.340 49.76 09.89 13.126 8 1350 51.05 11.68 13.127 8 1400 52.40 13.38 13.128 8 14 Iu 53.74 15.13 13.229 8 ]1420 55.17 16.40 13.130 8 1430 56.80 17.31 13.131 8 1440 58.34 18.17 13.132 8 1450 59.82 19.39 13.2 i3- 8-10 0052 590 00.00 30.00 13.334 10 0100 00.23 22.70 13.035 10 0110 00.26 20.01 13.036 10 0120 00.22 17.31 13.037 10 0130 00.27 14.tl 13.038 10 0140 00.21 11.88 12.9539 10 0150 00.19 09.12 12.9540 10 0200 00.23 06.37 12.95

101.

Table 2 (continued)

XBT Positions

UTCII)STARr IAT LONG .# DATL TIME (N) (W) COMMENTS

41 8-10 0210 59- 00.19 120 03.61 SEA SURFACE TEMP 12.95*C42 10 0220 00.05 00.86 12.9543 10 0224 580 59.98 110 59.83 12.9544 10 0230 59.47 59.78 12.9545 10 0240 58.50 1420 01.68 12.95 A46 10 0250 57.52 03.56 12.9547 10 0300 56.48 05.41 12.9548 10 0310 55.60 07.36 12.949 10 0320 54.55 09.23 12.9550 10 0331 53.51 11.35 13.051 10 0340 52.66 13.09 12.9552 10 0350 51.69 14.95 12.9553 10 0400 50.75 16.80 13.054 10 0410 49.69 18.86 13.055 10 0418 49.03 20.17 13.0556 10 1200 590 05.49 25.99 13.557 10 1215 05.42 21.58 13.158 10 1223 05.32 18.5259 10 1230 05.23 17.01 13.160 10 12-45 05.12 12.37 13.261 10 1300 05.05 07.75 12.962 10 1315 05.05 03.21 12.8

'163 10 1330 05.11 110 58.73 12.964 10 1345 04.82 54.62 12.965 10 1400 02.80 54.76 13.066 10 1415 00.41 54.93 13.267 10 1430 580 58.22 54.82 13.268 10 1445 56.10 54.76 13.4569 10 1500 53.96 54.90 13.570 10 1515 51.89 54.93 13.471 10 1530 49.80 54.88 13.472 10 1545 47.74 54.83 13.172A 10 1600 45.63 54.98 13.373 10 1615 44.67 57.70 13.174 10 1630 44.79 120 02.29 13.075 10 1645 44.95 06.88 13.076 10 1700 44.97 11.47 13.2717 10 1715 45.03 16.01 13.2.78 10 1730 45.04 20.66 13.179 10 1745 45.05 25.27 13.00 10 1800 47.68 25.21 13.0

81 10 1815 50.40 24.89 13.082 10 1830 53.08 24.97 13.083 10 1845 55.81 25.28 13.1

102

Table 2 (continued)

XBT Positions

UTCID START LAT LONG

# DATE TIME (N) (W) COMMENTS

LEG 2

84 9-4 0830 580 56.18 120 29.96 TEST

85 4 0900 56.38 k3.54 START THERMISTOR CHAIN BOX

86 4 0910 16.65 21.60 TURN NORTH

87 4 0920 57.64 21.47

88 4 0930 58.60 21.4.1

89 4 0940 59.60 21.32

90 4 0950 00.61 21.20

91 4 1000 590 01.59 21.0892 4 1010 02.62 20.97

93 4 1020 03.61 20.89

94 .4 1030 04.21 21.68 TURN WEST

95 4 1040 00.21 23.45

96 -

97 4 10,50 04.13 25.26

98 4 1100 04.02 27.03

99 4 1110 03.95 28.79

100 4 %1120 03.91 30.55

101 4 1123 03.91 31.44

102 4 1130 03.78 32.35

103 4 1140 03.77 34.16

104 4 1150 03.63 36.01

105 4 1200 03.59 37.82 TURN SOUTH

106 -

107 4 1210 02.73 38.28

108 4 1220 01.61 38.23

109 4 1230 00.48 38.17

110 4 1240 580 59.40 38.19

ill 4 1250 58.28 38.21

112 4 1300 57.19 38.24

113 4 1310 56.18 38.29

114 4 1320 55.79 39.65 TURN EAST

115 4 1330 55.90 34.99

116 4 1340 55.92 33.11

117 4 1350 55.95 31.23

11i 4 1400 55.97 29.411194 11056.00 27.55

120 4 1420 56.05 25.77

121 4 1430 5--.13 23.97

122 4 1440 56.13 22.17

122A 4 1450 56.97 21.94 TURN NORTH

103

Taole 2 (continued)

XBT Positions

UTC ~ID START LAT LONG

# DATE TIME (N) (W) COMMENTS

4123 9-4 1500 580 57.91 120 22.07124 4 1510 58.90 22.22125 4 1520 59.87 22.38126 4 1530 598 00.78 22.54127 4 1540 01.70 22.73128 4 1550 02.64 22.92 li129 4 1600 03.57 23.13130 4 1610 04.26 23.93 TURN WEST .4131 4 1620 04.19 25.95132 4 1630 04.16 28.02133 4 1640 - -134 4 1650 04.07 32.191:5 4 1700 04.02 34.40136 4 171.0 04.00 36.67137 4 1720 03.86 38.67138 4 1734 -..

139 4 1740 02.10 39.39140 4 1750 01.18 39.67141 4 1800 00.33 39.94142 4 1810 580 59.51 40.12143 4 1820 58.55 40.25144 4 1830 57.61 40.32145 9-5 1030 590 05.31 39.92146 5 1045 04.96 38.30147 5 1100 05.09 36.22148 5 1115 05.23 33.72149 5 1130 05.27 31.25150 5 1145 05.24 28.66150A 5 1150 01.25 27.83151 5 1200 05.25 26.20152 5 1215 05.33 23.67153 5 1230 05.25 21.42154 5 1245 04.74 19.68155 5 1300 03.38 20.01156 5 1315 01.94 20.06157 5 1330 00.57 20.01158 5 1345 580 59.15 20.13159 5 1400 57.76 19.98160 5 1415 56.40 20.12

161 5 1430 55.11 .19.98162 5 1445 54.73 22.42162A 5 1447 - -163 5 1500 54.75 25.23164 5 1515 54.77 28.02165 5 1530 54.89 30.63166 5 1545 54.86 33.15167 5 1600 54.95 35.66168 5 1615 54.90 38.07169 5 1630 54.07 44.26

104

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4TE.AERTUETEMPERATURE DC -

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0 I,-- I,-.

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S. ~~bOO -J- 0

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17 6"1,1 1 3

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4ý4

; REISISTANCE KS..O

I'I

Figure 19. A comparison of a regular and an expanded scale XBT profile.

All the JASIN XBTs were recorded on an expanded scale.

106

-....-. 7 ,Jt,-,.- ,- ,i~l-A --- n .. _.-

SIPPICAN XBT PROBE

Glasz bead thermitta-

Copper wire Copper wires

Silwater ground a

SIPPICANXBT CANISTER

ThermistorCopper wires

ground

TIC

• 1!

PROBE-', RC Re' 5KQCopper wire resistance

TRT 13..3- 13.2KaThermistor resistance

GROUND RswPATH R Undetermined

PRIMARY SECONDARY CLOOP LOOP

UI

Figure 20. Details of a regular XBT system: probe (a), canister (b),and resistances network (c).

107

The expanded scale XBT recording syste,1 is comprised of the new

bridge and analog recorder (Fig. 21). The bridge consists of a precision

voltage source, a dual constant cu'rrent source, and a differential

amplifier (Fig. 2?). The constant current source supplies two identical

currents which flow through the primary anI secondary loops of the XBT

probe arnd sea-water-t;hip ground path (Fig. 20c). The constant current

I flowing in the primary loop results in potential Vlt

V1 I (R + R+ R)1sw c t

The current I in the secondary loop results in a potential V2 :

V -I (R + R)2 sw c

The resistance variation Rt can be isolated by monitoring the

differential voltage V - V1 2

Rt - (V1 - v2)/I

The analog recorder is then used to record an output from the bridge

proportional to Rt.

Below are given the resistance and temperature values supplied by

Sippican Co. (Sippican Manual R-467B, Table 5-1) used to obtain R(T)

and T(R) for interpretation of EXBT data. Also given below is the

relationship between elapsed time and depth of the XBT probe.

Temperature OC Resistance k j5.0 12.6975.6 12.3576.0 12.0856.7 11.6997.0 11.5067.8 11.0808.0 10.9588.9 10.4969.0 10.439

10.0 9.94811.0 9.48311.1 9.43412.0 9.04312.2 8.95013.0 8.62514.0 8.230

108

Reuae Dua contan

po~s suply urrnt Surc

off frontat Rorde wit

U~O RECORDt ING

EXPANDED SCALEXBT

~iq~r~ 1. lo~ digra oftheEXET system. For details see Figure 22. 1

109

to + PAN 1O

STOR AEETO AO

COOMMON MODE

SK ZRO DJ 3 10REJECTION TEN

-4' CONNECT TO A OF SIPPICAN ZEROBOET NT~R A EDCESDT 0

© CNNCTTOB F IRUCN PROBEBRATELMNTFOTEP 5

110

Laost-equare minimization was used to obtain fourth order polynomials for

R(T) and T(R).

A 16.32902 a 51.08125

A -.8336822 a -7.256200

* .2395431 10"1 a .4455120

•A3 - -. 524036 10- 53 - -. 153488 10 1

A - .844554 10- Ba .217192 10-34 4

2 3 4 cT (R) 8 + B R + B2R + B3R + aBR(R B 0 1 2 3 4

R(T) A + AT + A2T2 + AT 3 A4T4

1 1 2 3 4

*D(t) " 6.472t - 0.00216

T -Temperature 16C] -R = Resistance (k )

D = Depth [m).

"t a Time rsecs•

* From Sippican (1970) Ocean Engineering Bulletin Ho. 1. j

Data

The individual traces of XBT data have been grouped in sections

and are presented in Figure 26. The depths of the 12.50, 120, 110, 100 4 -

and 96C isotherms are indicated. Figures 23 and 24 are included to show i Ithe variation in the T-S relation encountered in the JASIN area. Colder#

fresher water was found to the north and warmer, saltier water to the

south (Figure 25).

111

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4131

REFERENCES

Briscoe, M. G. (1979). Cruise report, Atlantis-Il [The Joint Air-Sea

Interaction Project (JASIN 1978)), Woods Hole Oceanographic

Institution, Technical Report W.H.O.I.-79-64.

Briscoe, M. G., C. A. Mills, R. E. Payne, and K. R. Peal (1979).

Atlantis-II (cruise 102) moored and shipborne surface meteorological

measurements during JASIN 1978, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,

Technical Report W.H.O.I.-79-43.

Burt, K., D. C. Webb, D. L. Dorson, A. J. Williams, III (1974).

Telemetry Receiver and Acoustic Command System; IEEE International

Conference on Engineering in the Ocean Environment Record. IEEE

Publication #74-CH0873-0 0CC 1974, Vol. II, pp. 53-56.

Dean, J. P. (1979). A moored instrument for vertical temperature

gradients, Journal of Geophysical Research, 84(C8), 5089-5091.

Dorson, Donald (1974). A Low Point Ocean Data Recorder; IEEE

International Conference on Engineering in the Ocean Environment

Record, IEEE Publication #74-CH0873-0 0CC 1974, Vol. II, pp. 51, 52.

Pennington, N., and M. G. Briscoe (1979). Atlantis-II (cruise 102)

preliminary CTD data from JASIN 1978, Woods Hole Oceanographic

Institution, Technical Report W.H.O.I.-79-42.

Pollard, R. T. (1978). The Joint Air-Sea Interaction Experiment - JASIN

1978, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 59 (10),

1310-1318.

Tarbell, S., M. G. Briscoe, and R. A. Weller (1979). A compilation of

moored current meter and wind recorder data, Volume XVIII (JASIN

1978, Moorings 651-653). Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,

Technical Report W.H.O.I.-79-65.

Voorhis, Arthur D. (1971). Response Characteristics of the NeutrallyBuoyant Float. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Technical

Report W.H.O.I.. 71-73.

132

MANDATORY DISTRIBUTION LIST

FOR UNCLASSIFIED TECHNICAL REPORTS, REPRINTS, AND FINAL REPORTSPUBLISHED BY OCEANOGRAPHIC CONTRACTORS

OF THE OCEAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DIVISION -OF THE OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH

(REVISED NOVEMBER 1978)

1 Deputy Under Secretary of Defense -3

(Research and Advanced Technology) IMilitary Assistant for Environmental ScienceRoom 3D129Washington, D.C. 20301

Office of Naval Research800 North Quincy StreetArlington, VA 22217

3 ATTN: Code 483 Is3 ATTN: Code 460

2 ATTN: 1028

I CDR Joe Spigai, (USN) •.

ONR Representative •Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst.Woods Hole, MA 02543

Commanding OfficerNaval Research LaboratoryWashington, D.C. 20375

6 ATTN: Library, Code 2627

12 Defense Technical Information CenterCameron StationAlexandria, VA 22314ATTN: DCA

CommanderNaval Oceanographic OfficeNSTL StationBay St. Louis, MS 39522

1 ATTN: Code 8100J;, I ATTN: Code 6000S• •TTN: Code 3300 i

NODC/NOAACode D781Wisconsin Avenue, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20235

.ir. Michael H. KellyAdministrative Contracting OfficerDepartment of the NavyOffice of Naval ResearchEastern/Central Regional OfficeBuilding 114, Section D666 Summer StreetBoston, MA 02210

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