SI-5098 / SI-7098METODOLOGI PENELITIANFakultas Teknik Sipil dan LingkunganINSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNGRESEARCH: A SCIENTIFIC ENDEAVORFEBRUARY 2015

Todays TOPICS *Research as (part of) Scientific EndeavorThe fundamental of Scientific Research

What is RESEARCH?Why do we do?*

What is RESEARCH?* a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data/information in order to improve our understanding of the phenomenon about what we are concerned or interested toward increasing the sum of human knowledge

Research and Science"Basically, I'm not interested in doing research and I never have been. I'm interested in understanding, which is quite a different thing. David Blackwell (professor of Statistics)*Science is simply common sense at its best, that is, rigidly accurate in observation, and merciless to fallacy in logic.Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895, English Biologist)

Research and ScienceShould there be a problem for research?*

Research: the scientific approach*It (science) is not perfect. It is only a tool. But it is by far the best tool we have, self-correcting, ongoing, applicable to everything. It has two rules. First: there are no sacred truths; all assumptions must be critically examined; arguments from authority are worthless. Second: whatever is inconsistent with the facts must be discarded or revised.Carl Sagan, in Cosmos, 1980Science is simply common sense at its best, that is, rigidly accurate in observation, and merciless to fallacy in logic.(Thomas Henry Huxley, Biologist)

Research-Knowledge Cycle System

Analysis

Relevant Information Review

RELEVANT THEORY

IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Data Acquisition

Identification of Main Data

Hypothesis Formulation

Established Body of Knowledge

New Knowledge

New Theory

Expansion, Revision

OUTPUT

RESEARCH

The Philosophy of ScienceSCIENCE is a systematic approach to the discovery of knowledge based on a set of rules that defines what is acceptable knowledge.PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE is any set or rules that defines what is acceptable knowledge.There are disagreement amongst scientists.Questions on Philosophy of Science:When is something true?How can we tell which one is better, if we have more than one explanation?How can we put what we know into practice?Why do we do it the we do? What justify our approach?

*Francis Dane

Is knowledge a subset of that which is both true and believed?*BELIEFSTRUTHSPROPOSITION

Theory, Paradigms & HypothesisTheory is a system of ideas for explaining something; the exposition of the principlesTheory is used to facilitate predictionScientific theory must be testable empirically

Paradigm is a theoretical framework which includes a system by which people view event; a logical system that encompasses theories, concepts, models, procedures, and techniques

Hypothesis is a provisional explanation of anything; a statement that describes the relationships between variablesshould be testableshould be positiveshould be expressed in clear and simple language*

Epistemology and OntologyEpistemologyHow we know thingsThe theory of knowledge, embedded in the theoretical perspective, that concerns with the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge.What is knowledge? How is knowledge acquired? What do people know? How do we know what we know? *

Epistemology and OntologyOntologyThe science of being. It describes claims and assumption that are made about the nature of social reality, claims about what exist, what it looks like Ontology is the theory of objects and their ties. Ontology provides criteria for distinguishing various types of objects (concrete and abstract, existent and non-existent, real and ideal, independent and dependent) and their ties (relations, dependences and predication).Ontology is the specification of conceptualization what is required be called existOntological assumptions concern with what one believe constitutes social reality.*

Epistemology and OntologyWhy do we study Epistemology and Ontology?To understand the relationship of research key components To avoid confusion when discussing the theoretical debates and approachesTo be able to recognize others and defend ones position*

When Something is True?The question of Rationale Inference the difficulty inherent in supporting any claim about the existence of a universal truth.Solution to rationale inference problem must be based on FACTS phenomenon of characteristics available to anyone who knows how to observe them.Summary of facts is called THEORY. Theories are made up of CONCEPT abstraction that represents concrete PHENOMENAProblem fitting FACTS into THEORY*

Empiricism is the idea that knowledge is based on experience (1. in a certain mental state, and 2. can refer to a series of events that one has gone through from which one has, perhaps, learned something) the view that experience, particularly sensory experience, is the primary -or the sole- path of knowledge posterioriRationalismThe idea that concepts are derived not from experience but from reasoningThe view that "reason is the primary -or the sole- path of knowledge priori OptimistPessimistRationalist

*How do human reason?Argument a reason or a series of reasons to support an opinion or assertion

Deductive Logic (Aristotle, Greek Philosopher (384 BC 322 BC)Deductive Reasoning is based on previously known (general) knowledge to conclude new (specific) knowledgefrom whole to parta conclusion is derived from a set of premiseif the argument is valid, then the conclusion is 100% certainit is conclusive but not creative or imaginativeIt is impossible for both premises to be true and the conclusion falseconclusion follows from the premisesthe premises logically imply the conclusion

Deductive LogicsyllogismA form of deductive reasoning consisting of (major) premise, (minor) premise, and conclusionEvery X has the characteristic Y. This thing is X. Therefore, this thing has the characteristic Y.The relationship between premises and conclusion is not inseparable. focus on the correctness or accuracy of the relationshipA Priory: premises do not require sensory experience (empiric)

Deductive Logic (Aristotle, Greek Philosopher (384 BC 322 BC)SyllogismAll men are mortal (premise-1)Abraham is a man(premise-2)Abraham is mortal(conclusion)Entailment (direct deduction)Photosynthesis process needs sun light(premise-1)At night there is not sun light(premise-2)No photosynthesis is possible at night(conclusion)

Inductive reasoning, also known as induction or inductive logic, is a type of reasoning that involves moving from a set of specific facts to a general conclusion It is a process of generalization that involves applying specific information to a general situation of future eventsIt can also be seen as a form of theory-building, in which specific facts are used to create a theory that explains relationships between the facts and allows prediction of future knowledgeReasoning using "induction" means the ability to gradually generalize a finding based on accumulating data empiricism*Inductive Logic (Sir Francis Bacon, English Philosopher (1561-1626) Rene Descartes(1596-1650)

The premises of an inductive logical argument indicate some degree of support (inductive probability) for the conclusion but do not entail it; i.e. they do not ensure its truthconclusion is derived from number of observationspremises are attempted to be derived from conclusionsthe conclusions are not certain (inconclusive)

*Inductive Logic

*Inductive LogicGeneralization If there is air, men can live(premise-1)If there is air, animal can live (premise-2)If there is air, plant can live (premise-3)If there is air, all living creatures can live(conclusion)Analogy Aaron was graduated from ITB(premise-1)Aaron is very knowledgeable and smart(premise-2)ITB graduates are knowledgeable and smart (conclusion)

The Hypothetico-Deductive Method (William Whewell1794 1866)A research approach that when faced with a problem, one starts with a general theory of all possible factors that might affect an outcome and deduce from it specific hypothesis (or predictions) about what might happen.

The seven stepsObservationPreliminary Information GatheringTheory FormulationHypothesizingFurther Scientific Data CollectionData AnalysisDeduction*

How can we tell which theory is better?Theories must be tested against its otherCRITERIA FOR GROWTH finding standards that can be used to decide one theory (explanation) is better than the otherTo test a theory, we one must agree that it falls in the same PARADIGM a logical system that encompasses theories, concepts, models, procedures, and techniques group of related theories.Data against which the theory is being tested must be OBJECTIVE observation can be replicated, can be observed by more than one person under a variety of different conditions

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How can we put what we know into practice?There is no absolute truths. positivismThe answer to that question is to PRAGMATIC ACTION determining how we should go about practicing a scientific approach into practice.To decide what action to take (which theory to be used) is determined based on the consensus amongst researchers/ scientists or the majority of them. Here, the more researchers produced the same result, the higher the agreement that the results are the fact that fit with the theory.Yet, due to various reasons, the objectivity sometimes remains arguable.

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How do we justify the scientific approach?Again, there is no absolute truths. All and all, is having a consensus justified? If everyone is doing the same thing, do you have to do the same, even if it would kill you?INTELLECTUAL HONESTY the ability of individual scientist to justify the use of science itself.To some extent this situation deals with the ethic of research

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NowWhat do we know about research..? And how that relates to scientific works?What issues relevant to that matter?*

WHAT IS RESEARCH?*

Research (Sridhar ISRO)A voyage of discovery; an experience method of critical thinking; a careful critical inquiry in seeking facts from principlesAn art of scientific investigationA systemized effort to gain new knowledge, a movement from known to the unknownAn activity caused by instinct of inquisitiveness to gain fresh insight / find answer to questions / acquire knowledge*

Doing Research Research can be done individually or in collaborationIt serves as means to satisfy Researchers individual needs and/or curiosity (R for the sake of R)Organizations needSocietys needs Industrys needs and/or expectation*

Innovation Agent FormsIn-house R&DExisting-IAVenture-IAConsortium-IAStart-Up CompanyConsortiumUniversity-Industry R&D collaboration*

Research Methodology; Research Method; Research TechniqueResearch Methodology is a science of studying how research is done scientificallyResearch MethodBehavior and instruments used in selecting and constructing technique for gathering dataResearch TechniqueBehavior and instruments used in research operation

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Nature of ResearchCharacteristic of scientific researchcareful search, investigation, seeking answer to (a) question (s)systematically adds/contributes to knowledgefor PhDs, research makes an original (incremental) contribution

*Research is a critical process of asking and attempting to answer questions about the world.

Research BasicWhat is research, and what is it for?Research characteristicsResearch projectSource of research projectsElement of research proposal

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Research is NOTResearch is not information gatheringGathering information from text book and magazineDoes not contribute to new knowledge

Research is not the transportation of factsSimply transporting facts from one source to another isnt research Although make existing knowledge more accessible, still nothing new*

In principleProve in research can be done:Empirically hypothesis is proven based on facts (gathered or measured)Rationally hypothesis or postulate is proven through logical reasoning based on given law*

Question How do you position yourself in (research) work?What is your objective or purpose of doing research?*Are the answers to those questions relevant to academic or scientific community?

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