SI-5098 / TL-5098 / KL-5098METODOLOGI PENELITIANFakultas Teknik Sipil dan LingkunganINSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG DESIGNING RESEARCH

Research Design*

Designing a Research*Research Design is used to structure the research, to show how all of the major parts of the research project (i.e., the samples or groups, measures, treatments or programs, and methods of assignment) work together to try to address the central research questions.The purpose of Research Designed is to test:the INTERNAL VALIDITY, that is the approximate truth about inferences regarding cause-effect or causal relationships among variables within the research problem, as well as the EXTERNAL VALIDITY (the relationship between the research and experience and everyday experience)

Principle of Research Design*What we observe/measureWhat we testWhat we do

Design of Research*What we observe/measureWhat we testWhat we do

General Scheme of Experimental Research Design*

Structure of Research Design *

Experimental Research Design*

Experimental ResearchThis is the most rigorous research design to test the causal relationships between variables, or in other way, to test the proposition:If X, then YIf the Program is given, then the Outcome occurs*

Principle of Experimental Research*

PrinciplesRemarksTemporal PriorityThe requirement that causes precede their effectsControl over VariablesThe (experiment) research must be able to identify and describe the relationship amongst variables Random AssignmentAny procedure that provides (all participants) an equal opportunity to experience any given level of the independent variables.ValidityThe extent to which a claim or conclusion is based on sound logic (internal and external validity)Effects and BiasAbility to recognize the presents of and consequences of bias and effects

Effects and Bias in Experimental Research*

EffectsRemarksHistory EffectsAny effect that is produced whenever uncontrolled event alters participants responsesMaturity EffectsMaturity of participants influence their responses (for long lasting experiment wiser, knowledgeable. Contrary to being mature boredom, fatigue, emotional Testing EffectsChanges in response caused by measuring (more than once) the dependent variablesInstrumentation EffectsChanges in the manner in which the dependent variables are measuredStatistical Regression EffectsEffect that occurs when extreme values are observed or measured outliersSelection EffectsEffects caused by the manner in which the participants were recruitedMortality EffectsCaused by the loss or participant during experimentParticipant BiasAny intentional effort on the part of participants to alter their responseExperimental BiasResearchers / experimenters differential treatment on experimental groups

Design of Experimental ResearchBasic experimental design*Subject selectionIndependent Variables(3 levels)Dependent Variables

Design of Experimental ResearchBasic pre-test experimental design*Subject selectionIndependent Variables(3 levels)Dependent Variables(Posttest)Dependent Variables(Pretest)

Quasi- Experimental ResearchThis is research method that approximately but is not truly experimental method lack of random assignmentIn this research method, the cause-effect aspect of the research question remains, but the emphasis is changing from (a) determining whether the independent variable is causing the dependent variable to (b) whether an independent variable is an indicator of whatever cause may be.Q-E research can be done by employing (a) interrupted time-series design or (b) multiple time-series design, or (c) regression discontinuity design (cross-sectional)*

Survey ResearchIn this research method, data/information is gathered through directly asked the individual or group of participants.Types of SurveyQuestionnaireInterview*

Survey ResearchSurvey content:FactsOpinionBehavior Survey Instruments;Survey topicsSurvey instructions self administered or assistedSurvey formats Arrangement of survey items (grouping of inquiry)Administrating survey mail, telephone, face-to-face interviews, mixed mdeoPurposes description, association, elaboration *

Types of Questions in Survey Research*

Type of QuestionRemarksDichotomous Yes/No; True/FalseBase-on Level of MeasurementNominal question: select from 1, 2, 3Cardinal order: 1st, 2nd, 3rd Scaling e.g., Likert, Guttman strongly agree strongly disagree Filtered or ContingencySelect from Yes or NoIf Yes then.Formats of ResponsesStructured Fill in the Blank; Check markUnstructured elaborate

Scaling Issue of Questions in Survey Research*dimensionality

Scaling Issue of Questions in Survey Research*Types of Scaling:Likert summative scalingGuttman cumulative scalingThurstone equal-appearing interval scalingThe Use of Scaling:

ScaleResponse Scaleresults from a processis used to collect the response for an itemeach item on scale has a scale valueitem not associated with a scale valuerefers to a set of itemsused for a single item

Field ResearchField research is a collection of research methods that include direct observation to naturally occurring events.Naturally occurring events events that are not created, sustained, of altered solely for the purpose of the researchIntrusion anything that might lessen the participants perception of an event as being natural*

Archival ResearchArchival research is any research in which a public record is the unit of analysisSystematic archival methods can be separated into: Content Analysis and Existing Data AnalysisContent Analysisinterpreting any communication mediumAttempt to uncover:WHO is the source of messageWHAT is the content of messageTO WHOM is the message deliverHOW is the communication techniqueWHAT effect of the messageWHY, reason for communicationManifest Content the physical material that makes up the archiveLatent Content Existing Data Analysis *

Archival ResearchContent Analysisinterpreting any communication mediumAttempt to uncover:WHO is the source of messageWHAT is the content of messageTO WHOM is the message deliverHOW is the communication techniqueWHAT effect of the messageWHY, reason for communicationManifest Content the physical material that makes up the archiveLatent Content refer to inferred, underlying , or hidden meaning in material that makes up the archiveExisting Data Analysis *

Ready to do research?*