Age of Ideologies IIAge of Ideologies II

Communism: Communism:

Marx, Lenin, Stalin, and Brother Marx, Lenin, Stalin, and Brother Andrew, Andrew,

Karl Heinrich MarxKarl Heinrich Marx• Born 1818 in Trier, Germany to a wealthy Born 1818 in Trier, Germany to a wealthy

German-Jewish familyGerman-Jewish family

• His father born into a line of rabbis name His father born into a line of rabbis name was Herschel Mordecai but he changed it was Herschel Mordecai but he changed it to Heinrich Marx for business’ saketo Heinrich Marx for business’ sake

• Began studying at the University of Bonn, Began studying at the University of Bonn, where he joined the Trier Tavern clubwhere he joined the Trier Tavern club

• His father wanted him to be serious about His father wanted him to be serious about education so sent him to the Friedrich education so sent him to the Friedrich Willhelms UniversitWillhelms Universitätät in Berlin in Berlin

• Obtained a doctorate in 1841Obtained a doctorate in 1841

Karl Heinrich MarxKarl Heinrich Marx• 1842 began a career in Journalism1842 began a career in Journalism

• 1843 his paper was shut down1843 his paper was shut down

• Met Engels in Paris and they had warm Met Engels in Paris and they had warm happy communist feelings togetherhappy communist feelings together

• Marx began to develop the philosophy of Marx began to develop the philosophy of historical materialismhistorical materialism

• 1848 Marx and Engels first published a 1848 Marx and Engels first published a copy of copy of The Communist ManifestoThe Communist Manifesto as a as a statement of faith for their small statement of faith for their small Communist LeagueCommunist League

Karl Heinrich MarxKarl Heinrich Marx• Marx/Engels were kicked out of Paris and Marx/Engels were kicked out of Paris and

moved to Brussels in Belgiummoved to Brussels in Belgium

• They were kicked out of Belgium and They were kicked out of Belgium and moved to Kmoved to Kööln (Cologne) Germanyln (Cologne) Germany

• 1849 Marx moves to Cologne and starts a 1849 Marx moves to Cologne and starts a leftist paperleftist paper

• May 1849 Marx is kicked out of Germany May 1849 Marx is kicked out of Germany and moves to London where he remains and moves to London where he remains for the rest of his lifefor the rest of his life

• Gets married to Jenny von Westphalen Gets married to Jenny von Westphalen and has 7 children (3 survived)and has 7 children (3 survived)

Karl Heinrich MarxKarl Heinrich Marx• Marx lived in London writing books and Marx lived in London writing books and

political commentaries like “Das Kapital”political commentaries like “Das Kapital”• Emphasized revolutionary activist politicsEmphasized revolutionary activist politics• Was an atheist and saw religion as a thing Was an atheist and saw religion as a thing

to be pitied, and useful only as a drugto be pitied, and useful only as a drug““Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of

real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people. The the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people. The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness. To call on them to give up their demand for their real happiness. To call on them to give up their

illusions about their condition is to call on them to give up a illusions about their condition is to call on them to give up a condition that requires illusions. The criticism of religion is, condition that requires illusions. The criticism of religion is,

therefore, in embryo, the criticism of that vale of tears of which therefore, in embryo, the criticism of that vale of tears of which religion is the halo.religion is the halo. ””

• Marx died 2 years after his wife in 1883Marx died 2 years after his wife in 1883

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - LeninVladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - Lenin• Born 1870 in Simbirsk, RussiaBorn 1870 in Simbirsk, Russia• During his childhood his brother was During his childhood his brother was

hanged for attempting to assassinate Tsar hanged for attempting to assassinate Tsar Alexander III this cemented Lenin to Alexander III this cemented Lenin to Marxist extremismMarxist extremism

• Was well learned in Latin and Greek, but Was well learned in Latin and Greek, but was kicked out of university for was kicked out of university for participating in protestparticipating in protest

• After independent study he obtained a After independent study he obtained a license to practice law in 1891license to practice law in 1891

• Continued revolutionary activity and was Continued revolutionary activity and was exiled to Siberia from 1895-1900exiled to Siberia from 1895-1900

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - LeninVladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - Lenin• Wrote reactionary material and led the Wrote reactionary material and led the

Bolshevik party in the split up of the Bolshevik party in the split up of the primary leftist party. primary leftist party.

• During WWI he led an anti-patriotic faction During WWI he led an anti-patriotic faction hoping for the overthrow of Russia to hoping for the overthrow of Russia to provide the chaos needed for revolutionprovide the chaos needed for revolution

• Ultimately with the slogan of “All power to Ultimately with the slogan of “All power to the Soviets” Lenin led a successful the Soviets” Lenin led a successful revolution in 1917revolution in 1917

• Became leader of Russia and made an Became leader of Russia and made an unloved treaty with Germany to end WWIunloved treaty with Germany to end WWI

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - LeninVladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - Lenin• Lenin’s major contribution to Communism Lenin’s major contribution to Communism

was his professionalizing of the partywas his professionalizing of the party

• Began a secret police service the Cheka Began a secret police service the Cheka Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия по борьбе с контрреволюцией и саботажемВсероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия по борьбе с контрреволюцией и саботажем

• Lenin initiated the “Red Terror” stomping Lenin initiated the “Red Terror” stomping out imprisoning and executing all out imprisoning and executing all “counter-revolutionary elements”“counter-revolutionary elements”

• He consolidated and led the government He consolidated and led the government promoting a new economic policy to help promoting a new economic policy to help care for the war ravaged Russia he was care for the war ravaged Russia he was now rulingnow ruling

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - LeninVladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - Lenin• Tried to prevent greater Anti-SemitismTried to prevent greater Anti-Semitism• 1922 suffered a stroke and was partially 1922 suffered a stroke and was partially

debilitateddebilitated• Began to doubt the other leaders of the Began to doubt the other leaders of the

party, especially Stalin, whom he had party, especially Stalin, whom he had personally trained and elevatedpersonally trained and elevated

• Died Jan. 21 1924 not wishing to have any Died Jan. 21 1924 not wishing to have any special memorial or servicesspecial memorial or services

• He received the exact opposite in the He received the exact opposite in the formation of the cult of Lenin which formation of the cult of Lenin which included the renaming of St. Petersburg included the renaming of St. Petersburg into Leningrad in his honorinto Leningrad in his honor

Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin• Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин

Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin

• Born in 1898 into the Georgian Born in 1898 into the Georgian (Jughashvili)ჯუღაშვილი (Jughashvili)ჯუღაშვილი familyfamily

• Grew up abused as a child, which some Grew up abused as a child, which some say hardened him for the rest of his lifesay hardened him for the rest of his life

• At 14 he attended the Tiflis Theological At 14 he attended the Tiflis Theological seminary, living off of a scholarship and a seminary, living off of a scholarship and a small stipend for singing in the choir small stipend for singing in the choir

• Became an active Marxist and his Became an active Marxist and his activities earned him Siberian exile to 1917activities earned him Siberian exile to 1917

Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin• Had a bad home life, his first wife died, Had a bad home life, his first wife died,

their son committed suicide. His second their son committed suicide. His second wife committed suicide, their son died an wife committed suicide, their son died an alcoholic, and their daughter emigrated to alcoholic, and their daughter emigrated to the U.S.the U.S.

• Stalin rose to power, using manipulation Stalin rose to power, using manipulation and great political cunningand great political cunning

• He started the cult of Lenin and attached He started the cult of Lenin and attached himself as Lenin’s most devoted followerhimself as Lenin’s most devoted follower

• Used a ban on party factionalism to exile Used a ban on party factionalism to exile and ban all of his detractors from the partyand ban all of his detractors from the party

Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin• Ruthlessly encouraged industrial growth and Ruthlessly encouraged industrial growth and

collectivized the peasants into communes collectivized the peasants into communes triggering a famine that killed 5-10 million. triggering a famine that killed 5-10 million.

• Blamed failures on rich peasants (kulaks) who Blamed failures on rich peasants (kulaks) who were then sent to Gulag prison campswere then sent to Gulag prison camps

• Stalin harshly repressed religion wanting worship Stalin harshly repressed religion wanting worship only for Lenin and thus himself the number of only for Lenin and thus himself the number of churches went from 54,000 in 1917 to a few churches went from 54,000 in 1917 to a few hundred in the mid 20hundred in the mid 20thth century. century.

• The Orthodox church was re-allowed during WWII The Orthodox church was re-allowed during WWII as a patriotic and nationalistic organization, as a patriotic and nationalistic organization, though it split from mainstream Orthodoxy in though it split from mainstream Orthodoxy in following Stalinfollowing Stalin

Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin• Performed a “great purge” removing “bad” Performed a “great purge” removing “bad”

influences from the party and re-influences from the party and re-emphasizing the Lenin-Stalin cultemphasizing the Lenin-Stalin cult

• Initiated mass deportations of ethnic Initiated mass deportations of ethnic groups out of mainland Russiagroups out of mainland Russia

• Severely persecuted the Jews as American Severely persecuted the Jews as American spies and traitorsspies and traitors

• A low estimate of 20 million people died A low estimate of 20 million people died during his reignduring his reign

• Died in 1953 of a stroke or poisoningDied in 1953 of a stroke or poisoning

Chairman MaoChairman Mao• Basically, see Stalin and replace Russia Basically, see Stalin and replace Russia

with Chinawith China• Created a massive personality cult around Created a massive personality cult around

himself, being worshiped above all. His himself, being worshiped above all. His picture was everywhere, and his printed picture was everywhere, and his printed words were in redwords were in red

• Part of the cult was the “little red book” that Part of the cult was the “little red book” that was full of the sayings of Maowas full of the sayings of Mao

• Initiated various programs resulting in the Initiated various programs resulting in the death of 10’s of millions of his citizensdeath of 10’s of millions of his citizens

• Died in 1976 leaving behind a subjugated Died in 1976 leaving behind a subjugated China China

Brother AndrewBrother Andrew• Anne van der BijlAnne van der Bijl was born in 1928 to a was born in 1928 to a

poor family in Hollandpoor family in Holland• Grew up in a good Christian home, but Grew up in a good Christian home, but

didn’t personally have faithdidn’t personally have faith• 1939 his brother died of Tuberculosis and 1939 his brother died of Tuberculosis and

Andrew blamed God for itAndrew blamed God for it• 1940 Germans occupied Holland and 1940 Germans occupied Holland and

Andrew raised small mischief against Andrew raised small mischief against themthem

• After the war he became a soldier and was After the war he became a soldier and was injured, while convalescing he began to injured, while convalescing he began to read the Bible read the Bible

Brother AndrewBrother Andrew• Prayed “Lord, if you will show me the way Prayed “Lord, if you will show me the way

I will follow you.”I will follow you.”• Wanted to become a missionary but was Wanted to become a missionary but was

daunted by the 12 years training requireddaunted by the 12 years training required• 1953 attended the Glasgow missionary 1953 attended the Glasgow missionary

school in Scotland for training because school in Scotland for training because they had a much quicker programthey had a much quicker program

• He learned much from a month long “no He learned much from a month long “no money, don’t ask for any” mission tripmoney, don’t ask for any” mission trip

• During this time Andrew witnessed many During this time Andrew witnessed many miracles and a faith which would mark the miracles and a faith which would mark the rest of his life grewrest of his life grew

Brother AndrewBrother Andrew• Had an opportunity to attend a socialist Had an opportunity to attend a socialist

youth festival in Warsaw and there saw the youth festival in Warsaw and there saw the hopelessness of the communistshopelessness of the communists

• He felt his calling in Rev. 3:2 “Now wake He felt his calling in Rev. 3:2 “Now wake up! Strengthen what little remains, for up! Strengthen what little remains, for even what is left is at the point of death”even what is left is at the point of death”

• At God’s prompting someone taught At God’s prompting someone taught Andrew to drive, then later two others Andrew to drive, then later two others gave him a brand new VW bug and moneygave him a brand new VW bug and money

• Andrew loaded his car with bibles and Andrew loaded his car with bibles and smuggled them into Yugoslavia relying on smuggled them into Yugoslavia relying on God to give him a place to deliver themGod to give him a place to deliver them

Brother AndrewBrother Andrew• 1958 Andrew married the love of his life 1958 Andrew married the love of his life

Corrie Van DamCorrie Van Dam

• Developed a famous border crossing Developed a famous border crossing prayer when openly smuggling bibles in prayer when openly smuggling bibles in “Father, You have made blind eyes to see -- now “Father, You have made blind eyes to see -- now I ask you to make seeing eyes blind."I ask you to make seeing eyes blind."

• Continued smuggling bibles by dozens, Continued smuggling bibles by dozens, hundreds, and thousands into various hundreds, and thousands into various Communist countriesCommunist countries

• 1961 project pearl delivered 1 million 1961 project pearl delivered 1 million bibles to China in one nightbibles to China in one night

Brother AndrewBrother Andrew• Wrote his autobiography God’s Smuggler Wrote his autobiography God’s Smuggler

which led others to join him in his workwhich led others to join him in his work

• Founded the Open Doors ministry which Founded the Open Doors ministry which focuses on bringing bibles to those who focuses on bringing bibles to those who don’t have themdon’t have them

• Now Open Doors works primarily in the Now Open Doors works primarily in the Muslim countries Muslim countries

• Corrie Ten Boom also ministered to the Corrie Ten Boom also ministered to the communists with her “pepperbox communists with her “pepperbox messages” and speaking toursmessages” and speaking tours

Christian CommunismChristian Communism• Pre-Marx Communism was primarily Pre-Marx Communism was primarily

espoused by Christian Idealistsespoused by Christian Idealists

• The emphasis is placed on Acts 2:44-5The emphasis is placed on Acts 2:44-5• ““And all that believed were together, and had all things And all that believed were together, and had all things

common; And sold their possessions and goods, and common; And sold their possessions and goods, and parted them to all parted them to all men,men, as every man had need.” as every man had need.”

• Post-Marx, Marxian social/economic ideals Post-Marx, Marxian social/economic ideals were kept, but atheism was rejectedwere kept, but atheism was rejected

• Modern Christian communalist Modern Christian communalist movements stemmed from this e.g. movements stemmed from this e.g. Calvary Chapel CommunesCalvary Chapel Communes