Air Travel Development, Security & Safety

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AIR TRAVEL DEVELOPMENT,SECURITY & SAFETY

Kishore Thomas John

Lakshmi S. Pillai



Civil Aviation History WW- I introduced the mass production of Aircrafts.

Safety and security was developed following the war. Eg.

Navigation ,Parachutes and Distress Flares. Commercial and Civil aviation was less developed in the 20¶s and

30¶s.

W ith introduction of W ireless Radio, air travel reached longerdistances and more sophistication.

Development of Bombers in WW-II led to larger commercial,cargo and passenger aircrafts.

Civil aviation and Cargo aviation developed rapidly in the 60¶sand 70¶s. Eg. Large Capacity Aircrafts and The Concorde.

Development of Turbojet and Turboprop replaced propellors.





´Heavier -than -Air Flying Aircrafts are Impossible ́

Lord Kelvin (1892)

Development of Rocket Science in 60¶s and 70¶s introduced SolidState Electronics, Satellite Communication, Computers and LEDsystems aboard aircrafts.

Satellite Navigation Systems were introduced in the 80¶s and 90¶sfollowing development of GPS by US military.

Synthetic Vision, Composite Air-Frames and Better Fuels were alsointroduced enhancing Air Safety.

Major Civil Aircrafts manufacturers are: Airbus (Fr), Boeing (US),

Bombardier (Cn), Embraer (Br) and Tupolev (USSR). Flag Carriers of 70¶s were replaced by Open Skies policy in the

80¶s with exponential growth in Civil Airline Traffic.

Likewise, Air Accidents have also risen and cause considerableconcern to governments.



Air Safety Systems



Air Traffic Control (ATC) ATC communicates with Air Crafts from ground to ensure

Separation between aircrafts in proximity.(Both vertical and Horizontal)

Coordinates the Visual Flight Rules(VFR) and Instrument Flight

Rules (IFR). 4 Main Types of ATC

1. Center Controllers: Controls Aircrafts between Airports

2. Control Towers: Controls aircrafts within small distance of theairport. (10-15 Km)

3. Oceanic Controllers: Control aircrafts over oceans and betweencontinents, usually without radar.

4. Terminal Controllers: Controls wide span in busy airports.(50-80 Km)



CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITIES Each signatory country has a Civil Aviation Authority (C AA) to

oversee the following areas of civil aviation:

1. P ersonnel Licensing² Regulating the basic training andissuance of Licenses and Certificates.

2. F light Operations² Carrying out Safety Oversight of Commercial Operators.

3. Airworthiness ² Issuing Certificates of Registration andCertificates of Air-W orthiness to Civil Aircraft, and overseeing the

safety of maintenance organizations.

4. Aerodromes² Designing and Constructing AerodromeFacilities.

5 . Air Traffic Services ²Managing the Traffic inside of a

country's Airspace.





Technological Developments Precision Approach Path Indicator: Indicates the Angle of Descentto Pilots.

Radio Technology developed Navigation Aids which can direct andland Aircraft in Bad W eather. Instrument Landing System (ILS)- In

the Cockpit. Radar- Introduced Ground Control Approach (GC A) & Distance

Measuring Equipment (DME).

VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR)- To calculate Radial in Degrees with Respect to North and Slant Angle w.r.t Beacon.

Global Positioning System ± GPS W ide Area Augmentation System ( W AAS)- To enhance GPS to

coordinate Vertical Path in addition to Horizontal.

Auto Pilot- Automatically Steers Aircraft after take off with help of Preprogrammed controls and W aypoints.



Air Accidents- Overview, Statistics andCauses



Air Accident Statistics

Cause

1950 1960 1970 1980 19902000 All

Pilot Error 40 32 24 25 27 25 29

Pilot Error (weather related) 11 18 14 17 21 17 16

Pilot Error (mechanical related) 7 5 4 2 4 3 4

Total Pilot Error 58 57 42 44 53 45 50

Other Human Error 0 8 9 6 8 9 7

Weather 16 10 13 15 9 8 12

Mechanical Failure 21 20 23 21 21 28 22

Sabotage 5 5 11 13 10 9 9

Other Cause 0 2 2 1 0 1 1



Accident By Phase Of The Flight



W hich Type Of Flying is Safer? Type of Flight

Fatalities per

million f light

hours

Airliner (Scheduled and nonscheduled Part 121) 4.03

Commuter Airline (Scheduled Part 135) 10.74

Commuter Plane (Nonscheduled Part 135 - Air taxi on

demand)

12.24

General Aviation (Private Part 91) 22.43

Which type of flying is safer?



Survival rate of passengers on

aircraft involved in fatalaccidents

carrying 10+ passengers

Odds of being on an

airline f light which

results in at least onefatality

Odds of being killed

on a single airline

f light

Top 25 airlines with the

best records

1 in 8.47 million

Top 25 airlines with the

best records

1 in 13.57 million

Bottom 25 with the

worst records

1 in 830,428

Bottom 25 with the

worst records

1 in 1.13 million

SILLY STATISTICSDecade % surviving

1930s 21

1940s 20

1950s 24

1960s 19

1970s 25

1980s 34

1990s 35

2000s 24

Survival rate of

passengers on aircraft

ditching during controlled

flight

53%





7 . Bird-Hit: Can damage turbines and cause engine failure. Modern

aircrafts refitted with stronger turbines to withstand multiple birdstrikes. Fatalities in case of fighters.

8. G round Equipment .

Human Causes

1. P ilot E rror: Misplanned navigation, and errors during take off and landing.

2. Controlled F light I nto Terrain: Eg. Mountains and TallStructures in low visibility and altitude. Development of AutoLevel and Altimeter ±Induced Voice W arning System.

3. Attack By Hostile Country: Eg. Shooting Down of Iran Air Flight655 in 1988 By US Navy in the gulf of Aden.





Other Major Concerns

1. Airport Design: Evacuation Plan, Crash Land Recovery, DisasterPlanning, Fire Engines and Versatility and self sustenance .

2. Drunken and P aranoid P assengers.

3. Runway Safety: Must be periodically checked for debris anddamage.

4. F light Safety Testing G round Crew.



AIR INDIA·S DILEMMA



Causes Of Air India·s Miserable Safety

Records Almost All large capacity long distance Aircrafts purchased during the Indira

Gandhi Era.

Poor Maintenance and Availability of Spares for Obsolete Aircrafts.

Lack of Efficient ground crew, safety engineering and inspections beforeflights.

Till date, around 2176 cancelled flights or delays due to technical glitches.

Lack of sufficient Hangers and Aerodromes in frequent flying foreigndestinations to do maintenance and testing.

Air

India was Kicked out of

I ATA in 2006 for failing to keep up establishedsafety norms and procedures. This has severely reduced the travel among

foreign passengers in the airline.

Two crashes and a hijacking has severely affected the reputation of India¶sflag bearing airline.



A IR INDI A¶ S

AGE IN G FL EET



́This is The Captain Speaking. Prepare to Crash Land My Darlings«.µ





The Air Marshall·s Dilemma

Mainstay of India¶s Air Force is the MiG 21 MK -1 which is about 700and crashing«

Most of the Aircrafts were bought in Batches in ¶74, µ78 and µ82.

The Aircraft is almost obsolete and is used only in a few Africancountries.

Following the breakdown of U.S.S.R, spares are unavailable andmost aircrafts are poorly maintained.

MiG 21 is dubbed as the ³Flying Coffin´, and India¶s military crashrecord is worse that that of the Pakistanis.

Other Aircrafts are the MiG 23, Mig 25, Mig 27, MiG 29, Su 27,

Su 30, Jaguar, Harriers and the Mirage 2000¶s MiG 23,25 and 27 are being Phased Out. But contracting and

Tendering is causing tremendous delays and is compromising theCountry¶s Air Superiority.

Also good trainer Aircrafts are not available. Still using propellor

aircrafts which fly at Sub-Sonic Speeds.



VAR I ANTS

OF THEMiG 21



Some Troubling Crash Statistics

Aircraft Type Total Recorded Percentage

MiG-21

315 163(13) 52%

MiG-23 23 (3)

MiG-25 04 02

MiG-27 21

MiG-29 07(1) 05 (0)

Jaguar 23(1) 23 (1)

Mirage 200003 03



Analog Cockpit Of The MiG 21



WELCOME TO THE FUTURE



THE BEGINNING OF THE END

NO QUESTIONS PLEASE!!!

Don¶t Trouble Yourself.

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