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ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1....

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Page 1: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

ALJABAR LINIER

Page 2: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

ALJABAR LINIER

Kelas BJUMAT08.00Ruang i.III.3

Kelas AJUMAT09.45Ruang i.III.3

Page 3: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

Referensi Utama:

Elementary Linear AlgebraHoward Anton Chris Rores

John Wiley, ninth edition

Page 4: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

Chapter 11.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation

1.2. Gaussian Elimination

1.3. Matrices and Matrix Operations

1.4. Inverses, Rules of Matrix Arithmetic

1.5. Elementary Matrices and a Method for Finding A–1

1.6. Further Results

1.7. Diagonal, Triangular, and Symmetric Matrices

Page 5: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

Chapter 11.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation

1.2. Gaussian Elimination

1.3. Matrices and Matrix Operations

1.4. Inverses, Rules of Matrix Arithmetic

1.5. Elementary Matrices and a Method for Finding A–1

1.6. Further Results

1.7. Diagonal, Triangular, and Symmetric Matrices

Page 6: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

Persamaan linier : (linear equation)

Persamaan yang semua variabelnya berpangkat 1

Contoh:

x + y + 2z = 9

Solusi: berupa suatu “tripel” dengan masing-masing nilai sesuaiurutan (nilai-x, nilai-y, nilai-z) yang memenuhi persamaantersebut.

Himpunan Solusi (Ruang Solusi) untuk persamaan di atas:

{ … ( 0, 1, 4), (1, 0, 4), (4, 5, 0), …. }

(0, 10, 0), (2, 1, 1) tidaktermasuk dalamRuang Solusi

(solution space)

Page 7: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

Sistem Persamaan Linier: (systems of linear equations)

Suatu sistemdengan beberapa (2 atau lebih) persamaan linier.

Contoh: x + y = 3

3x + 5y = 11

Ruang Solusi:

berupa semuaordered-pair (nilai-x, nilai-y) yang harus

memenuhi semua persamaan linierdalamsistemtersebut;

untuk sistemini ruang solusinya{ (2, 1) }

(1, 2) bukananggota Ruang Solusi, karena tidak memenuhi

persamaan kedua (3 + 10≠ 11)

Page 8: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

Interpretasi Geometrik:

Sistemmenggambarkan 2 garis lurus pada sebuah bidang datar.

g1: x + y = 3

g2: 3x + 5y = 11

Solusi: g1 dan g2 berpotongan di(2, 1)

Kemungkinan:

berpotongan di 1 titik tidak berpotongan berimpit

Page 9: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

berpotongan di 1 titik tidak berpotongan berimpit

Ruang Solusi :

{ (x,y) } { } { … (x1, y1), (x2, y2), … }

consistent inconsistent consistent

Page 10: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

Solusi Sistem Persamaan Linier

a. Eliminasi

b. Substitusi

c. Eliminasi Gauss

d. Eliminasi Gauss – Jordan

a. Eliminasi

x + y = 3 →→→→ 3x + 3y = 93x – 5y = 1 →→→→ 3x – 5y = 1

8y = 8 →→→→ y = 1

3x – 5 = 1 →→→→ 3x = 6 →→→→ x = 2

x dieliminasi

Page 11: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

b. Substitusix + y = 3 atau y = 3 – x y disubstitusi

3x – 5y = 1

3x – 5(3 – x)= 1 atau 3x – 15 + 5x = 1→→→→ 8x = 16 →→→→ x = 2

y = 3 – x →→→→ y = 1

Page 12: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

Chapter 11.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation

1.2. Gaussian Elimination

1.3. Matrices and Matrix Operations

1.4. Inverses, Rules of Matrix Arithmetic

1.5. Elementary Matrices and a Method for Finding A–1

1.6. Further Results

1.7. Diagonal, Triangular, and Symmetric Matrices

Page 13: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

Augmented Matrix: (Matriks yang diperbesar)

Matriks yang entri-entrinya dibentuk dari koefisien -koefisien Sistem Persamaan Linier, ditambah kolom di kanan tanda “=“

Contoh : x + y + 2z = 9

2x + 4y – 3z = 1

3x + 6y – 5z = 0

Augmented Matrix-nya : 1 1 2 9

2 4 -3 1

3 6 -5 0

Page 14: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

Penyelesaian Sistem Persamaan Linier

c. Eliminasi Gauss (lihat contoh 3, halaman 5)

x + y + 2z = 9 1 1 2 9

2x + 4y – 3z = 1 2 4 -3 1

3x + 6y – 5z = 0 3 6 -5 0

lalu diusahakan berbentuk 1 1 2 9

0 ? ? ?

0 0 ? ?

dengan prosesOperasi Baris Elementer (OBE)(Elementary Row Operation - ERO)

ditulis dalam

bentuk matriksaugmented

Page 15: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

Operasi Baris Elementer (OBE)(Elementary Row Operation - ERO)Perhatikan bahwa tiap baris dari matriks merepresentasikan persamaan linier

1. Mengalikan suatu baris dengan bilangan nyata k≠≠≠≠ 02. Menukar posisi dua baris3. Menambah baris-i dengan k kali baris-j

1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9

2 4 -3 1 0 2 -7 -17

3 6 -5 0 0 3 -11 -27

1 1 2 90 2 -7 -170 0 -½ -3/2

baris2 + (-2) x baris1baris3 + (-3) x baris1

baris3 + (-3/2)x baris2

Page 16: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

x y z

1 1 2 9 Substitusi Balik:0 2 -7 -170 0 -½ -3/2 -1/2 z = -3/2 z = 3

1 1 2 90 2 -7 -17 2y – 7z = - 170 0 -½ -3/2 2y = 21 – 17 y = 2

1 1 2 9 x + y + 2z = 90 2 -7 -17 x = – 2 – 6 + 9 x = 10 0 -½ -3/2

z

yz

Page 17: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

Eliminasi Gauss (ringkasan):

Sistem Persamaan → Matriks → Eliminasi → Substitusi

Linier Augmented Gauss Balik

OBE

Page 18: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

d. Eliminasi Gauss-Jordan (contoh yang sama)

x + y + 2z = 9 1 1 2 9

2x + 4y – 3z = 1 2 4 -3 1

3x + 6y – 5z = 0 3 6 -5 0

dan diusahakan berbentuk 1 0 0 ?0 1 0 ?

0 0 1 ?

dengan prosesOperasi Baris Elementer (OBE)(Elementary Row Operation - ERO)

Page 19: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

Eliminasi Gauss-Jordan(ringkasan):

Sistem Persamaan → Matriks → Eliminasi → Solusi

Linier Augmented Gauss-Jordan (langsung)

OBE

Page 20: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

Operasi Baris Elementer (OBE)(Elementary Row Operation - ERO)Perhatikan bahwa tiap baris dari matriks merepresentasikan persamaan linier

1. Mengalikan suatu baris dengan bilangan nyata k≠≠≠≠ 02. Menukar posisi dua baris3. Menambah baris-i dengan k kali baris-j

1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9

2 4 -3 1 0 2 -7 -17

3 6 -5 0 0 3 -11 -27

1 1 2 90 2 -7 -170 0 -½ -3/2

baris-2 + (-2) x baris-1

baris-3 + (-3) x baris-1

baris-3 + (-3/2)x baris-2

Page 21: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

x y z

1 1 2 9

0 2 -7 -17 baris 2×××× (1/2)0 0 -½ -3/2 baris 3 ×××× (– 2)

1 1 2 9 baris 1 + (– 2)×××× baris 30 1 -7/2 -17/2 baris 2 + (7/2)×××× baris 30 0 1 3

1 1 0 3 baris 1 + (– 1)×××× baris 20 1 0 20 0 1 3

1 0 0 10 1 0 20 0 1 3

Page 22: ALJABAR LINIER Persamaan Linear...Howard Anton Chris Rores John Wiley, ninth edition Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction to Systems of Linear Equation 1.2. Gaussian Elimination 1.3. Matrices

LATIHAN

Selesaikan Persamaan Linier di bawah dengan Eliminasi Gauss – Jordan

x + y + 2z = 3

2x – y + 2z = – 1

3x + 2y + 8z = 4


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