Anatomy

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Functions of Skeletal System

· Support of the body

· Protection of soft organs

· Movement due to attached skeletal muscles

· Storage of minerals and fats

· Blood cell formation

Basic Info

· The skeleton has 206 bones

· Two basic types of bone tissue

· Compact bone

· Homogeneous

· Spongy bone

· Small needle-like pieces of bone

· Many open spaces

BONE CLASSIFICATION

Classification

1.Long: bones are longer than they are wide (arms, legs)

2.Short: usually square in shape, cube like (wrist, ankle)

3.Flat: flat , curved (skull, Sternum)4.Irregular: odd shapes (vertebrae, pelvis) 5.Sesamoid: Free Floating (Patella

Long Bone

• Mostly made up of compact bone but may have large amount of spongy bone at the ends or extremities.

Short Bone

• Is roughly cube-shaped with vertical and horizontal dimensions approximately equal, consisting primarily of spongy bone.

Flat Bone

• Thin, floating, and usually curved.

Irregular Bone

• Odd shapes that do not fit into the other categories.

Sesamoid

• Free floating bone under a tendon.

JOINTS OF HUMAN BODY

Ball & Socket Joint

• Most mobile joint in the human body.• Allows movement in all directions and

rotation.• A rounded end of one bone fits inside a cup-

shaped ending on another bone.

Gliding Joint

• Also known Plane Joint• The bones glide/slide past each other

Saddle Joint

• The ends of the two bones fit together in a special way, allowing movement forwards and backwards and left to right, but not rotation.

• Only in the thumb

Pivot Joint

• Have a ring of bone that fits over a bone protrusion, around which it can rotate

• Only allows rotation

Hinge Joint

• Allows extension and flexion of a joint.

Condyloid Joint

• Also known as Ellipsoid• This permits movement in two planes, allowing

flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Functions of Muscles

• Movement• Posture• Joint Stability • Heat Generation

Types of Muscle Tissue

• Smooth: Found in hollow organs and used to propel substances through them. Involuntary muscle.

• Cardiac: Found in the heart. Involuntary muscle.

• Skeletal: Used to move the body. Voluntary muscle.

Other Vocab.

• Contractility: the ability to contract or make shorter.

• Excitability: responsiveness to stimulation and regulation by nervous impulses and hormones.

• Extensibility: the ability to be stretched from the normal resting length.

• Elasticity: the ability to stretch and return to the original shape.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Functions of Circulatory System

• To pump blood throughout the human body and move nutrients and waste to where they need to go.

The Heart

• Pumps blood to the whole body.

Major Blood Vessels• Arteries: Carry blood away from heart.• Veins: Carry blood back to the heart.• Capillaries: They connect smaller arteries with

smaller veins, or venules, like a conal system.

Vocab

• Venules: a small blood vessel that allows deoxygenated blood to return from the capillary to the lager blood vessels called veins.

L

Blood Flow Through the Heart

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Functions of Nervous System

• To deliver, receive, and send signals to the brain and body.

Parts of the Nervous System

• Central Nervous System: It is made up of the brain and spinal cord. Control center of the body. All information is brought to it.

• Peripheral Nervous System: Consists only of nerves, that go from your spiral cord to your arms, hands, legs, and feet. Divides into two parts: somatic and autonomic systems.

Parts of the CNS

• Brain: the command center of the body, all information is sent here deciphered and responded to.

• Spinal Cord: all the nerves connect to here and relay information back to the brain.

Parts of the PNS

• Somatic: Control the voluntary actions of the body.

• Autonomic: Controls the involuntary actions of the body, and is divided into two parts; sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Parts of the Autonomic System

• Sympathetic: Responsible for “Fight or Flight” reactions

• Parasympathetic: Responsible for “Rest and Digest” functions.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Functions of the Respiratory

• Is to provide oxygen to the body's cells while removing carbon dioxide.

• The respiratory system consists of tubes that filter incoming air and transport it into the microscopic alveoli where gases are exchanged

Parts of the Respiratory

• The 3 major parts of the respiratory system: the airway, the lungs, and the muscles of respiration

Vocab

• Respiration: Is exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body

• Ventilation: (breathing), the movement of air in and out of the lungs, is composed of inspiration and expiration.

• Inspiration: Taking in oxygen• Expiration: Expelling carbon dioxide

Facts

• The lungs are enclosed by the rib cage and the diaphragm

• The R lung is made up of 3 lobes and the L lung has 2 lobes.

• Normal breathing is a rhythmic, an involuntary act even though the muscles are under voluntary control.

Factors that Affect Breathing

• Chemicals• Lung tissue stretching• Emotional state affect breathing

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Functions of Integumentary System

• Protection: dehydration, invasion of infectious organism

• Homeostasis: water balance• Temperature Regulation• Waste Disposal• Receptor organs: touch, pain, temperature,

sensations, pressure• Vitamin D Production• Storage

Layers of Skin

• Epidermis: outermost layer• Dermis: made up of two sections Papillary and

Reticular; contains connective tissue, vessels, glands, follicles, hair roots, sensory nerve endings, and muscular tissue.

• Hypodermis: deepest layer primary composition of adipose tissue. Subcutaneous layer

Keratin

• Is a fibrous protein that aids in protection• Is the waterproofing protein• The majority of the skin on the body is

keratinized• Millions of the dead cells rub off daily• The only area on the body that is non-

keratinized is the lining of the skin on the inside of the mouth

Scar Tissue

• Scars are a part of the body’s natural healing process, it is the fibrous tissue that replaces damaged tissue.

• Scar tissue is exactly the same protein (collagen) as the tissue that it replaces.

• The fiber composition of the protein is different; instead of a random basket weave formation of the collagen fibers found in normal tissue, in scars the collagen cross-links and forms a pronounced alignment in a single direction.

Types of Scars

• Hypertrophic: over production of collagen that cause the scar to be raised above initial injury site. Red raised lumps on the skin.

• Keloid: Is excessive hypertrophic scaring that can lead to large tumorous neoplasms.

• Atrophic: is recessed or pitted scars, caused by the loss of underlying structures.

• Stretch marks: are caused when the skin is stretched to rapidly (growth, pregnancy, weight gain.