48
,r , ........ COLONY AND PROTECTORATE REPORTED EMPLOYMENT ' ) AND WAGES · IN KENYA 1948-1960 EAST AFRICAN ,STATISTICAL DEPARTMENT KENYA UNIT AUGUST- 1961 Priee: Sh. 3f50
,r , ........
COLONY AND PROTECTORATE
REPORTED EMPLOYMENT
' )
AND
WAGES · IN KENYA 1948-1960
EAST AFRICAN ,STATISTICAL DEPARTMENT
KENYA UNIT
AUGUST- 1961
Priee: Sh. 3f50
.·
EAST AFRICA HIGH COMMISSION
KENYA
REPORTED EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES IN KENYA, 1948 - 1960
EAST AFRICAN STATISTICAL DEPART.MEN'P - KENYA UNIT
AUGUST, 1961o
1. D. E. P. CENTRE
DE
OOCUMENTATI0!\1
REPORTED EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS .IN KENYA, 1948 - 1960 0 .
C 0 N T E N T S ------------------------------
Introduction Emp1oyment and Population Growth and Structure of the
Labour Force Geographica1 Distribution of
Emp1oyment Earnings Distribution of non-African Earnings Industri a1 Structure of the Wage Ei11 Geographica1 Distribution of Earnings Size Distribution of Firms
Appendix A. Appendix E.
Paragraph Paragraphs
"
" " " " " "
1
2 - 7
8 - 18
19 - 21 22 - 31 32 - 35 36 - 41 42 - 43 44 - 46
. '
--
REPORTED EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS IN KENYA, 1948 - 1960.
INTRODUCTION
1. This report presents the details of the Enumeration of employees which was held on 30th June, 1960 . It also analyses, so far as this is possible, the changes and growth which have taken place in the structure of the Colony's employed population over the twelve year period from 1948. The report contains all the important tables to be found in previous reports, but in order to avoid duplicating much of the material presented in the Report of the Labour Department for 1960 , the emphasis in this publication is on economie analysis. It is, of course, not possible to include in any report all the information collected, and the Economies and Statistics Division of the Treasury will welcome enquiries for information, which for reasons of space and limited interest do not appear in this document, but may, nonetheless, be available.
EMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION
2 . The population of Kenya was on 30th June, 1960, estimated to be 7,130,000, assuming since 1948 a 2.25 percent per annum r ate of increase for Africans and a slightly higher rate for Asians and Europeans. The number of persons recorded in paid employment on the same date was a little over 622,000 or slightly over 9 per cent of the total population. A more meaningful comparison, however, is that of the number of persons in paid employment with the potential lab our force. In view of the long time that has elapsed since the last population census, it is difficult to be precise on this, but it is important that the attempt should be made i n order that wage earning employment may be placed in proper perspective.
3. Taking the potential labour force to be 25 per cent* of the total population, the following pattern emerges:-
* For the African population 25 per cent is a fairly good approximation, as the sexes seem to be evenly balanced. In the 1948 census some 54 per cent of the African population were between the age of fifteen and sixty, while 2 per cent were over the age of 60. Africans represent 96 per cent of the total population.
2.
ESTIMATED EMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION, 1948, 1954, 1960. Table 1 .
Able Bodied Males Adult Male ( 3) as
Year Total Population ( aged 15-60 ) Wage Earne r s % of (2) (1) (2) ( 3) (4 )
1948 5,399,000 1 , 350,000 342,000 25.3%
1954 6 ,207,000 1 , 552,000 435 , 000 28.0%
1960 7,130 , 000 1 , 782 , 000 5039000 28 .2%
4 . At first sight it appears that the provlslon of wage earning employment has more t han kept pace with t he i ncrease in population. While thi s may well be true over the per iod 1948 - 1960 as a whole , in more recent years provision of paid employment has not been increasing at the rate necessary to maintain a rising ratio in Column 4 of Table 1 . The reliability of Table 1 , not unnaturally, depends on t he rate of populat ion increase . The population census to be held in August. 1962 could possibly show that t he assumption of 2. 25 per ce~t per annum for the rate of population increase, has been too low. If, in fact , this proves to be so, then the ratio of adult male wage earners to able-bodied mal es, may well have declined between 1954 and 1960 .
5. The figures in Table 1 re late to all races , but there is naturally a marked difference in the propor t ion of tot al population in paid employment in each rac i al group . In 1960, about 1 in 11 of the total African population was in wage earning employment. For Europeans the ratio was nearer 1 in 3 and for Asians, partly bec ause of the low · proportion of females i n employment and partly on account of the large number of family businesses , t he ratio was 1 in 6.
6. As seen in the wider context of ether African countries, Kenya has a fairly high proportion of her adult male population in wage earning employment . According to fi gure s prepared by the Internat ional Labour Office, Ni geria in 1952 had something i n the region of 4 per cent of her potential male labour force at work in wage earning employment, Ghana some 16.5 pe r cent , and what was formerly French West Africa some 7 per cent. For Southern and Northern Rhodesia on the ether hand , the figures were well over
J. . .. .., ..
• ' • \ Il 1 ••• r .• . :
., ·_,
50 per cent ·in both cases. This uneven development reflects the differing structure of the economies of these countries . The c'omparatively low incidence of wage earning employmènt ~n the West African countries is ·explained by the heavy dependence of t ·hese economies on crops produced by peasant farmers and the rel ative unimportance of manufacturing industry, although the position is changing in this respect. In Kenya, however, the major source of wage earning employment is in non-African owned agricultural enterprises in the main growing labour-intensive crops.
7. Table 1 does not give a complete picture in so far as it excludes jùveniles and females . Employment of juveniles is in total both unimportant and declining; in 1960 it was confined to Africans and represented less than 4 per cent of total employment. Employment of women on the other hand is becoming of increasing importance , and this aspect is discussed in the following section of this report .
THE GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE LABOUR FORCE
8~ Overall the employed population has been inc:Peasing since 1948 at an ave-rage annual rate of 3.3 per cent. Table 2 below analyses very broadly the s tructure of paid employment in 1960 and in certain other years for purposes of comparison. Although the total employed population rose by 200,000 between 1948 and 1960 , the rate of increase has not been a regular one over this period • . 'Dominating the situation have been the large increases which took ~lace in the years between 1951 and 1955 and which were to a great extent brought about, or given added impetus, by the Emergency .
4.
NUMBERS REPORTED IN PAID EMPLOYMENT 1948 - 1960
(including Casual and Part-time Workers and Apprentices)
Table 2 . '000
1948 1951 1955 1957 1959 1960
AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
European 1 . 0 1.9j 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.9
A sian 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 African 192.6 203.2 245.7 251.1 249.4 269.1
Total 193.9 205.1 247.9 253.4 251.7 271.8
PRIVATE INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE
(including domestic ser-
vants)
European 6.0 24.4~ 10.6 11.4 12 . 0 12 . 3 A sian 14.6 23.6 25.8 25.1 25.6 African 103.9 115.8 157.4 156.8 148.0 151.1
Total 124.5 140.2 191.6 194.0 185.1 189.0
PUBLIC SERVICES European 4.5 5.3 10.0 9.2 9.0 8.9 Asian 8.6 8.1 10.6 10.9 11.1 11.8 African 89.0 93. 4 155 .0 146.9 140.0 140.7
Total 102.1 106.8 175.6 167.0 160.1 161.4
ALL ElVIPLOYMENT European 11.5 14 .0 22.4 22 . 4 22.7 23.0 A sian 23.5 25.7 34.6 37.2 36.8 38.3 African 385.5 412.4 558.1 554.8 537.4 560.9
Total 420.5 452.1 615.1 614.4 596.9 622.2
5.
9. · Reflecting its .importance in the national economy, agriculture has over the twelve year period, accounted for between 40 per cent and 50 per cent of the total paid employment. Although since 1948 the rate of increase in agricultural employment at 2.9 per cent per annum has been slightly below that for total employment 9 this has been due rather to the larger increases that have taken place elsewhere, particularly in the public services, than to any lack of deve1opment within the agriculture sector itself. The trend in agricultural employment over the twe1ve year period from 1948 has been steadily upwards, overriding the year to year fluctuations, and in 1960 employment in thi.s sec tor stood at i ts highest point ever . This has not been so in the remainder of the private sector or in the public service, where the level of employment was in 1960 below that of 1957 and indeed below the 1955 level . Increases in agricultural employment 9
however 9 represent to a very large extent transfers of workers from the subsistence sector to the exchange economy and thus it 1eaves the occupational distribution of all people at work unchanged. The great majority of persons at work 9 but not in paid employment, will undoubtedly be engaged in some form of agricultural activity. If the assumptions already made with regard to population are correct, then this means that slightly more than 80 per cent of the country 0 s adult male population at present derive~ its livelihood from agriculture .
10. In the private sector other than agri culture , there is a marked contrast in the rate of growt h of employment before 1955 and the comparative stagnat i on since then. Employment in private industry and commerce reached it s p€ak in 1957, declining in 1958 and 1959 , but recover ing slightly in 1960 . Between 1948 and 1960 t here was an increase of some 64 , 500 in the number of persons engaged in private industry and commerce , of which 90 per oent took place over the years 1949 t o 1955 and no less t han 12 percent in the period between November 1954 and · November 1955 9 although the poss i bil1ty that part of this latter increase was due to i nc reased cov erage 9 cannot be discounted .
11. Table 3 gives a more detailed breakdown of the various com~onent groups of the privat e sector ( exc l uding agriculture) . The reasons for t he relative lac k of growth since 1955 are somewhat div erse , but generall y t he overall increases that took place before then were too great to be maintained in any other than the most favourable conditions. The indications are , however , t hat had not political factors intervened, expansion might have been resumed agai n i n 1960. In the case of manufacture and repairs , an import ant f actor may well be the size of the market . By 1955 capacity within the manufac t uring sector wa s in al l probability sufficient to satisfy the potential market f or several
6.
years and increases in t he market through l arger wage bil ls, which did in fact occur, only served to ensure that existing capacity was more fully used. Assisted by a high level of activity on public account the building and const ruction
. industry recovered slightl y in 1960, and this is reflected in a larger labour force. The effect of this on employment in mining and quarrying was, however, not as great as might have been expected and mere ly resulted in a slowing down in the r ate of decline, instead of producing an increase in numbers employed. The s teady increase in the numbers employed i n commerce continued in 1960, reflecting the record level of domes tic experts and increased imports during the first half of the year. A full statement of employment and earnings by individual industry fo r 1960 i s given in appendix table I.
12. The public services , which include those persons employed by the Kenya Government, employees of t he East Africa High Commission and the Railways and Harbours and Posts and Telecommunications Administrations in Kenya, civilians employed in defence and employees of l ocal and foreign governments, accounted in 1960 for 26 per cent of all employed persons. A more rapid rate of growth within the public sector than for the economy as a whole is a feature of most economies in the early stages of development. This is no less true of Kenya, and at an average rate of 3 . 9 per ce nt pe r annum between 1948 and 1960, public service employment has been increasing at a higher annual average rate than employment in other sectors of the economy , although the actual increases have been confined to the period prior to 1955.
EMPLOYMENT IN THE PUBLIC SERVICES, 1949, 1955, 1959 AND 1960. (including part-time, casual and apprentices male & female)
Table 4o
1949 1955 1959 1960
Numbers % of Numbers % of Numbe.ts % of Numbers % of Emp1oy,ed Tot fil Employed Total Employed Total .Employed Total
Kenya Government 59,943 58. 0 103, 539 58.9 96 , 955 60.6 99,569 61.7
E.A. R. & Ho 23 , 745 22.6 34,~21 19.7 26,983 16.8 25,973 16o1
E.A. H. C. 4~ 3 67 4. 1 3,682 2. 1 3, 103 1o 9 3,102 1. 9
Other Puplic Services (including Local Government) 172095 16. 3 332 924 19. 3 33!038 20o 6 322790 20.3
Total (Public 105,150 100.0 175, 666 100.0 160,079 100.0 161,434 100.0 Services )
1
Table 3.
Mining & Quarrying
European 00 0.
A sian 0 0 . . African 0. ..
Total • 0 . . Manufactures & Repaira
European 00 .. A sian 0 0 0 •
African . . . . Total . . . .
:Building & Construction
European . . . . A sian . . .. African .. • 0
Total .. .. E1ectric Light, Power & Wa ter Supply
European • 0 . . A sian . . 0 •
African .. • 0
Total .. • 0
Commerce
European .. 0 0
A sian 0 0 0.
African 0. • 0
Total • 0 .. Transport & Communications
European 0 • 0.
A sian 0 0 0 •
African 0 0 0 0
Total 00 0 •
other Services
European • 0 • 0
A sian 0 0 .. African • 0 0 0
Total 0 0 .. Total (Priva te Industr;y & C0111merce)
European • 0 . . A sian • 0 • 0
African .. 0 •
Total 0 • 0 •
INDUSTRIAL COMPOSITIOO PRIVATE INDUSTRY & COMMERCE (EXCI1JDING AGRICULTURE)
Including Casua1 and Part-time Workers and Apprentices
1949, 1955, 1957. 1959 and 1960
l 9 4 9 l 9 5 5 l 9 5 7 Estimated Estimated Estimated
Nunibers annual Numbers annual Numbers annual Employed Wage Bill Employed Wage Bill Employed Wage Bill
~·ooo ~·ooo ~·ooo
0 0 0 0 50 40 50 90 83 102 .. 0 • 100 30 200 90 229 122 0 0 .. 8,500 300 7.450 570 _7 .547 576
. . 0 • 8,650 370 7,700 750 7,859 800 -
.. • 0 1,080 780 2,550 2,940 2,659 3,131 .. . . 4,230 1,210 7,100 2,990 7,429 3,310 .. .. 27. 650 900 45,500 3.090 46 892 3606
.. .. 32,960 2,890 55,150 9,020 56,980 10,(47
. . .. 350 390 600 690 701 924 . . . . 2,400 730 2, 700 1,130 3,305 1,523 0 • • 0 16 150 600 22 100 1.570 20 173 1.671
0. 00 18,900 1,720 25,400 3,390 24,179 4,118
• 0 .. 120 80 150 150 228 272 . . .. 220 60 300 150 ~ 177 . . . . f i 1,800 130 1,920 154
. . .. ' 340 140 2,250 430 2,492 603
.. 00 2,200 1,700 3, 700 3,880 3,943 4,632 . . .. 5,500 1,590 9,600 4,100 10,122 4.632 • 0 .. 18,300 700 22,350 1_,_580 22,707 1,880
.. . . 26,000 3,990 35,650 9,560 36,772 11,14.4
• 0 .. 600 470 900 1,140 976 1,244-• 0 0 0 1,350 350 1,550 600 1,808 770 0 • • 0 3 .. 750 200 ll 900 1,140 12 944 1 362
oo 0 0 5,700 1,020 14,350 2,880 15,728 3,376
• 0 .. 1,200 500 2,650 1,880 2,811 2,308 oo 0 0 1,050 230 2,150 720 2,574 975 00 • 0 J_8, 720 1200 46 300 2,840 44.64.8 _}, 2_77_
00 0 • 41,000 1,930 51,100 5,440 50,033 6,560
. . .. 5,600 3. 960 10,600 10,770 ll,401 12,613 0 0 • 0 14.850 4 , 200 23,600 9, 780 25,811 11,509 .. 0 0 113 100 3 900 157,400 10,920 156 831 12 526
0 • 0 0 133,550 12,060 191,600 31,470 194,04.3 36,64.8
l 9 5 9 l 9 6 0 Estima.ted Estimated
Numbers annua1 Numbers annual Emp1oyed Wage Bill Emp1oyed Wage Bill
~·ooo ~·ooo
57 87 38 63 182 113 181 107
5.187 423 4.817 407
5,426 623 5,036 577
2, 700 3,380 2, 764 3,595 6,811 3,090 6,955 3,184
44 206 3.628 42 614. 3.899
53,717 10,098 52,333 10,678
453 608 527 744 2,385 1,002 2,359 987
16,059 1.279 18,2~ 1.521
18,897 2,889 21,120 3,252
257 340 287 375 328 179 339 184
1,901 175 1 876 l.9lt-2,486 694 2,502 753
4,020 5,059 3,951 5,120 10,444 5, 016 10,532 5,097 23,028 2,113 24-,_542 2.351
37,492 12,188 39,025 12,568
1,028 1,360 1,056 1,438 2,032 843 2,189 930
11 173 1 327 11 500 1.491
14,233 3,530 14,745 3,859
3,518 2,996 3,614 3,151 2,868 1,164 3,064 1,269
46.4-69_ 3 .. 849 47 519 4 035
52,855 8,009 54,197 8,455
12,033 13,830 12,237 14.,486 25,050 11,407 25,619 11,758
1148 023 12,794 l'51 102 13 898 185,106 38,031 188,958 40.14.2
i For Africans in 1949 "Electric Light, Power and Water Supply" is included with "Manufactures and Repairso"
7.
13. Table 4 shows that within the publ ic service the Kenya Government is not only by far the lar gest employer i n absolut e ·terms, but i t is the one with the highest annual rate of increase . Employment in the field of education has increased by nearly ten fold since 1948, while the police, prisons and agriculture have all shown higher than average incr eases.
14 . Modern industrial development involves increased mechani sat i on and a consequent increase in demand for more skilled and semi- skilled labour relative to unskilled manual l abour. This factor partly expla ins why European employment has increased over t he last twelve year s by some 100 per cent whereas African employment has increased by only 45 per c ent in t he same period. At t h e same time the increasing cost of Afri can unskilled labour, together with the relatively higher overhead costs of such labour, particularly in respect of housing , has probably caused employers to use it more sparingly. The same considerat ion wil l apply to employment in the public services , where the need is co ntinual ly for more and more technical officers in t he field of research, agriculture, education and similar highly specialised activi ties. Although the supply of this type of labour from local sources is in t he short r un inelastic, the att empt made by Government to provide employment opportunities for local people, who must i n the very nature of the case be largely Africans, i s reflected in the higher than average r ate of growth of African employment within the public sector.
15. It has already been suggested that the slower rate of growth of agricultural employment is partly a reflec tion of the rapid strides made in ether sectors of the economy. Agricultural employment is, however, more directly related to output than is employment in manufacturing industry where more scope for economies in operation exists. Increases in agricultural production, such as that which took place in 1960, tend to be accompanied by proportionate increases in employment 9 productivity remaining roughly unchanged. It i s, however, only African employment that has varied pari passu with production, and one feature which distinguishes the racial composition of agricultural employment from that in ether sectors is t he increasing ratio of Africans to Europeans.
16. Brief reference has already been made to the growing importance of women in employment. Female employment in 1960 represented some 15 per cent of total employment, compared with 8 percent in 1948. While the employment of European women has not grown very rapidly, African women in agriculture are becoming of increasing
8.
im:Qortance, such em:ployment being_ in effect an ext ension of --tïhetr -·t-rad±tional role as c.ulti:v:at.ors of the land. The
employment of Afri can women as wage earners in sec t ors other than agriculture is still the exception rather than the rule, but with many of the barriers imposed by custom being broken down, the position is gradually changing . In the past one reason for the uncommon occurrence of African women employed outside agriculture was that the wages of migrant workers were usually not sufficient to support their families at the place of employment , coupled with the fact that tribal custom and economie necessity dic tated that the women remained at home to raise crops for household consumption.
NUMBERS OF FEMALES REPORTED IN PAID EMPLOYMENT, 1954, 1959 AND 1960.
Table 5.
AGR!CULTURE AND FORESTRY
European African
Total
PRIVATE INDVSTRY AND COMMERCE
European A sian African
Total
PUBLIC SERVICE
European A sian African
Tot{l-1
ALL EMPLOYME!fr
1948 % of(x) 1954 Total
76 27,791
27 ,868
2, 139 484
2,060
4,683
1 ,142 148 738
2,028
Employ-ment
14.3
36. 0 0.3 2.0
3. 7
25. 0 o. 2 o. 8
2.0
152 48,371
48, 527
3, 671 1,239 6,065
10,975
2,087 431
2,772
5,290
% of 1959 Total .Elnploy-ment
9.8 21. 9
21.8
40.2 5. 6 4.3
3. 6
148 61 .956
62 , 110
4 , 771 2, 036 7,622
14,429
2, 741 869
5,131
8, 741
% of 1960 Total Employ-ment
24-o 7
7. 8
191 68,078
68,280
4,991 2,414 7, 605
15,010
2,848 1,010 6, 211
10,069
% of Total Emp1oyment
10.3 25.3
40.8 9. 4 5.0
31.9 8.6 4.4
6.2
European 3,357 32. 0 5,910 32.0 7, 660 33. 7 8, 030 34.9
( z) (x)
Asian 633 0. 3 1 , 674 5.1 2,911 7.9 3,435 9.0 African (z )~3~0~,~5~89~~7~·~9--~5~7~, 2~0~8--~1~1.~6~~7~4~, ~70~9~~1~3~.9~~81~,~8~94~--~1~4.~6 --
Total 34, 579 8. 2 64, 792 11. 9 85, 280 14. 3 93,359 15.0
Includes a very smal1 number of Asians engaged in Agriculture. io e. 14.4 per cent of total Africans employed in agricu1 ture were women.
9.
17. The most striking fact conëerning the Asian female population brought to light by t he 1948 population c ensus was that over the age of 20 years no more than 3 per cent were single. The number of Asian women employed in that year was comparable with the number over the age of 19 who wer e not married. Thus the sit uation in 1948 was that the vast major ity of Asian women married at an early age, going straight from their parents' home to that of the husband, and no work was ever undertaken outsi'de the home, except by a few who r emained s i ngl e for an unusual number of years .
18. Although the employment of Asian women. in agriculture remains negligible, Table 5 gi ves some ind i cation of the increasing importance of Asian women in the other two main sectors . The explanation of the greater number of Asian women coming forward for employment in recent years may lie in part in an increasing proportion of women to men amongst the Asian community and in pa±-t in cb.anging economie and social conditions which have led to women~arrying at a later age.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTI ON OF EMPLOYMENT
19. I t would have been interesting to have been able t o make an analysis of changes in the.geographical di stribution of the employed population over the period since 1948. Unfortunately, any attempt to do so is likely to be vitiated by the effect of the Emergency Regulations which during the years of greatest growth -in the employed population imposed restrictions on the free movement of large numbers of workers . Further difficulties in distinguishing any t rend arise from the alterations which have been made to administrative boundaries from time to time. However, the distribution of the working population between urban and rural areas is naturally a function of the relative importance of agricultur al and other activities. The very heavy dependence on agriculture, as a sour c e of l i velihood, has already been mentioned in paragraph 9 above. Although total employment over all sectors of the economy stood in 1960 at its highest point ever, it was brought about by a high level of employment in the cash agricultural sector, which although it affects the distribution of workers between the monetary and non- monetary sectors of the economy, does not alter the urban and rural pattern of wage earning .
20. Table 6 shows the relative distribution of paid employment between urban and rural areas, for adult African males. Only Africans have been considered as· the great majo r ity (over .8.0 per cent) of the non-African .labourcf~rce was in 1960 employe9 in one or. other of the nine main towns.
(x) Nairobi; ·Mombasa, Nakuru 9 Kisumu; Eldore~ 9 Kitale 9 Thika, Nyeri, Nanyuki.
10.
Table 6 shows that , at least up until 1957, there was a movement towards greater urban employment. Since then this movement seems to have been reversed by the operation of two factors; the first being a retrenchment of labour in industry and commerce as a result of its rising cost. In the absence of further increased capital expenditure, and in the face of rising minimum wages, the operation of this factor is likely to continue. The second reason for the decli ning importance 0f urban employment is the more rapid growth of agricultural employment in recent years, which can be seen from Table 2.
THE RURAL AND URBAN DISTRIBUTION OF ADULT MALE AFRICANS IN PAID EMPI.OYMENT, 1948 - 1960.
(inc1uding casua1 workers) Table 6.
Emp1oyment Employment of which in Nine in a11 other Agricultural Total Main Towns a reas Emp1oyment
1948 Numbers 97,718 212' 356 126,451 310,074
Percentage 31.5 68.5 59.5 100.00
!22!t Numbers 135,385 249,421 139,784 384,806
Percent age 35.2 64.8 56.0 100.00
1957
Numbers 158,383 282,612 152,989 440, 995 Percentage 35.9 64.1 54.1 100.00
.ill2 Numbers 145,338 289,883 161,677 435,221
Percentage 33.4 66.6 55.8 100.0Q
1960
Numbers 142, 952 310,356 176,616 453,308 Percent age 31.5 68.5 56.9 100. 00
21. Within the towns the pattern of development as shown in table 7 has been somewhat diverse. Two points , however , stand out. In the first place, the steady growth of Nairobi, and with the exception of Mombasa, the relative decline in importance of the other main centres of industry. Secondly, the table woul d seem to demonstrate the obvious dependance
11.
of Mombasa on external trade. Between 1948 and 1957 the volume of trade of Kenya, and Uganda, a very large proportion of which passes through Mombasa , more than doubled, reaching its peak in 1957. Employment in Mombasa also reached an all time high in 1957 , subsequent decline, and recovery again in 1960, reflecting exactly fluctuations in the volume of external trade. The table also shows that in absolute terms employment in urban areas in commer ce and industry nas remained fairly static since 1957, and sorne possible r~aspns for this have already been mentioned i n paragraph 11 aboye. Further details of the distribution of employment ~nd earnings in urban areas are given in appendix tables IV . and V.
EMPLOYMENr OF ADULT MALE AFRICANS IN NINE MAIN TOWNS 19 19 7 19 9 AND 1960
Table 7. ·
~ Numbers employed
% of total employment in Private Industry & Commerce
1957
Numbers employed
% of total employment in Private Industry & Commerce
1959
Nurnbers employed
% of total employment in Private Industry & Commerce
1960
Numbers e~plpyed
% of total employment in Privrte Industry & Commerce
including Casual s and Domestic Servants PRIVATE I NDUSTRY AND COMMERCE
Nairobi Mombasa Nakuru Kisumu
29 ,053 13,500 3 ,528 2, 997
44,535 27, 211 6,04]. 3 ,938
45, ~89 22,950 5,003 3,713
30.1 15.0
45,870 24,774 4,932 4,375
2.0
(x) Eldoret , Kitale , Nanyuki, Nyeri, Thika.
Other(x) Total Towns (nine main
towns)
6,446 55,524
8,425 90,150
8,607 86,262
7,387 87,338
4. 9 57.0
],.2 .
EARNINGS
22. Of the provisional Gross Domestic Product of ~223 million i n 1960 , BOille ~93.9 million was distributed in the form of wages and sala~ie s. This latter fïgu.re, however , i ncludes an imputed element of i.9 million in re·sp-e·ct o·f lack ·of coverage, ·Kenya 0 s contribution to the wages of military personnel, and the cost to employers of certain benefi ts in kind, such as passages and contributions towards pensions . The report _ed wage bill derived from the 1960 Enumeration of Employees was i.84.9 milli on, but this a lso contains an element of imputat ion , which i s analysed i n tables ·10 A9 B and C below. In 1948 the repor ted wage bill was slightly less t han i.23 million . I gnoring priée changes 9
there has thus been an increase of approximately 270 per cent i n the wage bill in the last twelve years . An enlarged wage bill is usually brought about by the operation of two .factors 9
" on the one hand increased earnings and on the other more people at work. ~he rel ative impoftanc e of these fac t ors i s analysed in Table 8 below. ·
AVERAGE EARNINGS, NUMBEI_lli EMPLOYED AND ESTIMATED WAGE BI LL,
194.8 - 1960 Table 8.
Average earnings Numbers in empl oyment Estimated Wage Bil~
Year
' 194:8 1954 1955 1959 1960
1948 1954 1955 1959 1960
194.8 ' 1954 1955 195-9 1960
.. -
= = = =-=
= = = = =
= =· = = =
Index
l OO 153 165 195 199
100 150 168 188 189
100 174 206 253 268
Numbers Index (thousands )
A. E~OPEAN
11. 5 :;: 100 18.8 = 163 22. 4 = 195 22. 7 = 197 23. 0 = 200
B. A SIAN
23.5 = 100 32.9 = 140 34.6 = 147 36.8 = 157 38. 3 = 163
c. AFRICAN
385o 5 = 100 490.9 = 127 558. 1 = 145 537. 4 = -139 560. 9 = 145
.f, million Index
7.0 = lOO 17.5 = 250 22. 6 = 323 27.1 = 387 27. 9 = 399
6.1 = 100 12.8 = 210 15.0 = 245 17.9 = 293 18.7 = 307
9. 8 = 100 21.8 = 222 29.3 = 299 34.6 = 353 38.3 . = 391
13 .
23 . ,The - ~bove figures suggest .that so far as the wage bill for Africans is concerned, -which has nearly quadrupled since 1948, higher average ·earnings have been of greater importance than inc reased numbers . Although information on t he occupational distrtbution of African warkers is not available, it would seem that the higher average earnings of Africans are due at least as much to their having acquired new skills and their promotion to more responsible positions , as to the general i ncrease i n the level of wages. For Europeans higher· earnings and increased numbers appear t _o have be en of ,about equal importance . The slower rate o! increase in the wage bill paid to Asians is due mainly to the slower growth in average earnings. That average earnings hav~ failed to grow at a faster rate must derive in part from the acceptance of lower rates of pay for many jobs under competition from the rising class of educated Africans.
24 . The discussion so f a r has been in terms of money as opposed to real earnings . For the European community some indication of the trend in real ear nings may be obtained by adjusting actual earnings by the Nairobi Cost of Living Index (excluding rent) whic h, based on August 1939 = 100, covers the whole of the period under considerat ion. The effects of priee changes, as rec orded by this index on the European wage bill , are given in the table below ~ .
EST IMATED WAGE BILL OF EUROPEANS -AT CURRENT AND 1948 PRICES
Table 9. i. million
1948 19"54 1955 1959 1960
Wage Bill at Current Priees . 7.0 17.5 22.6 27.1 27.9
Wage Bill at 1948 Priees . 7.0 12 . 5 15.4 17.2 17.6
25 . Thus although the money wage bill has increased by some 298 percent , priee changes have reduced the increase in it s purchasing power by approximately half to 151 per cent.
26 . The problem of adjust ing the African wage bil l in order to take into a ccount prie e changes is much more difficul t, as there is no suitable priee s eries in existence which c overs more than two years . The Nairobi index is quite unsuitable , for not only has the recently introduced Wage Earners' Index shown that movement s in the living costs of the higher and lower income groups do differ considerably , but an important cause in the rise of the Nairobi Index i s the increasing wages of African domestïc ·· servants. A general i ndic ation of the effect of rising prie es on the African wage bill may be obtained , however, from
14.
two other sources. In the firs~ place, ~t is signi f icant that the youth minimum wage casting, which is based on the priees· of certain quantities of the minimum basic requirements of food and clothing for the lowest paid workers, has shown litt le change since 1955. Secondly, the movement of indices calculated for other East African territories, show a much slower rise for the lower paid workers than for those in the higher income groups. Nonetheless, it remains true that as the lower paid workers increase their earnings and thereby expand the range of goods on which to spend those earnings, t hey become increasingly affected by priee changes. The extent to which this has occurred is the unknown factor in estimating the increase in the real earnings of the African community , but from the above evidence it may be concluded that the rise in priees of some 60 per cept since 1948, as recorded by the Nairobi Cost of Living Index, is a maximum figure when considering the lower income groups .
27. The term "wage bill", as used in the preceding discussion, includes , in addit i on to the aggregate of cash earnings, an imputed allowa~ce for the value of rations and housing. Tables 10 A,B and C below, show for each community the composition of the total wage bill.
ANALYSIS OF TOTAL ESTIMATED WAGE BILL~ 1960.
Table lOA. AFRICANS
Total Cash Value of Value of Total Earnings Rations Housing Wage Bi ll
Agriculture and Forestrl
.B ' OOO 6, 823 2, 701 \
509 10, 033 Proportion of Total Wage Bill 68}& 26. 9% 5.1% lOO.C/fo
Priva te Industry and Commerce (including Domestic ServantsL
.t:' 000 12,529 579 790 "13,898 Proportion of Total Wage Bill 90. 1% 4..2% 5. 7% l OO.C/fo
Public Service .B ' OOO 13, 190 144 1, 037 14,371 Proportion of Total Wage Bill 91.8% l. O}h 7.'4o 100. 0%
All Em,ElOI!!!ent .t: ' OOO 32,542 3,424 2, 336 38,302 Proportion of Total Wage Bill 84. 9% 9.0}b 6. 1% 100.0}6
28. The high proportion of total earnings received in kind by Africans employed in agriculture, is apparent from this table. Such informat ion as is available suggests that there has been little year to year variation in the composition of earnings, although over the last ten years there has been a decline in the proportion paid in kind to Africans in private industry and commerce. This may well be due to a fall in the relative importance of domestic servants in this sector, a high proportion of whom receive benefits in the form of rations.
29. For Europeans agricultural employment provides an exception to the generally high proportion of earnings received in cash.
ANALYSIS OF TOTAL ESTIMATED WAGE BILL, 1960.
Table lOB.
i-'000
Proportion of Total Wage Bill
f-'000 Proportion of Tot al Wage Bill
i-'000
Proportion of Total Wage Bill
i-'000
Proportion of Total Wage Bill
E U R 0 P E A N S
Total Cash Earnings
Value of Board
Value of Housing
Agriculture and Forestry 1,740 28 290
84.6% 1. 3% 14.1%
Total Wage Bill
2,058
100.0%
Private Industry and Commerce (including Domestic Servants)
13,551 139 796 14,486
93.5% l.o% 5.5% 100.0%
Public Service 10,483 49 790 11,322
92.6% 0.4% 7.0% 100.0%
All Em:elo:fE!ent 25,774 216 1,876 27,866
92.5% 0.8% 6.7% lOO.o%
16.
30. The earnings of Asians employed in agriculture 9
though small in relation to the total earnings of this community 9 conform to the general pattern, with a relatively high proportion of benefits in kind. The somewhat high proportion of gross earnings, represented by housing in the public services is probably due to a slight overvaluation 9 relative to that for other communities 9 of the cost to the employer of providing this amenity (see appendix table X.).
ANALYSIS OF TOTAL ESTIMATED WAGE BILL, 1960 .
A S I A N S Table lOC.
Total Cash Value of Earnings Board
Value of Housing
Agriculture and Foresty ~·ooo 327 14 71 Proportion of Total Wage Bill 79e 4%
Total Wage Bill
412
100.0%
Private Industry and Commerce (includi Domestic Servants
~·ooo 11,356 Proportion of Total Wage Bill 96.6%
~·ooo 5,956 Proportion of Total Wage Bill 90 . 7%
~·ooo 17,639 Proportion of Tot al Wage Bill 94.2%
llO
Public Service 76
1.2%
,b.ll Employment
292
530
8.1%
200 893
11 ,758
100.0%
6,562
100.0%
189732
100.0%
31. The additions made for imputed values of benefits in kind have been estimated in respect cf employees stated as being housed with deductions 9 housed free 9 or in receipt uf free r at ions in kind. It is important to isolate these indirect benefits in order to assess the cash in the hands of wage earners available for consumption expenditure 9 as payment in kind represents a restriction of the free choice of the consumer. The imputed value of free housing cannot be regarded as representing a demand for articles of conswnption expenditure, and the value of rations and board 9 while
17.
constituting effective demand for food 9 does not directly inc+ease the demand for other commodities. Thus overall 9
the 1960 gross wage bill of ~84 .9 million was reduced by the subtraction of benefits in kind to some ~76.0 million. Personal income tax is likely to claim a further ~3.0 million. Thus total disposable cash will be approximately ~73.0 million, or some 14 per cent lower than the gross wage bill.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF NON-AFRICAN EARNINGS 1960.
Full-time inoluding apprentioe~ Table llA.
Agricul ture Private Industry Public Services and Conmeroe
I:- per annum Per- Cumulative Per- Cumulative Per- Cumulative cent Percentage cent Pere en tage cent Percent age age age age
0 - 299 1;.3 1. 3 o5 .5 300 - 599 10.3 10.3 5.1 6.4- 1.5 2.0 600 - 779 10. 1 20.4- 4.2 ~o. 6 2 .. 3 4..3 780 - 899 10.2 30.6 4.., 2 14.,8 3. 0 7.3 900 - 1, 019 10.6 4.1.2 6.1 20.9 7. 2 14..5 1, 020 - 1,199 18. 3 59.5 9.8 30.7 12.2 26.7 1,200 - 1, 319 7. 9 67 0 4- 9.4- 40.1 12. 2 38.9 1, 320 - 1, 4-99 10. 3 77.7 13.4- 53.5 18. 4- 57.3 1, 500 - 1,799 8. 2 85. 9 17.7 71.2 20.8 78.1 1p800 - 2 ~ 099 5.0 90.9 10.5 81.7 10.5 88.6 2,100 - 2 , 39~ 2. 9 93.8 6.3 88. 0 5.1 93.7 2,400 - 2, 699 2. 3 96.1 3. 8 91.8 3. 2 96.9 2, 700- 2,999 .9 97.0 2.5 94-.3 1. 1 98.0 3,000 & over 3. 0 100. 0 5. 7 100.,0 2.0 100.0
32 . Details are given in Table llA of the distribution of the earnings of European males . This analysis provides some indication of the relative levels of earnings in the three main sectors of the economy 9 whic h are furthe r discussed in paragraphs 38-41 below . While there were in 1960 some 41 per cent of full-time men employed i n agriculture earning less than ~1 , 020 per annum 9 private indu.s t ry and commerce showed
18.
only 20.9 per cent earning less than this figure and the public services but 14.5 per cent. At t he ether end of the scale over 18 per cent of the men engaged in industry and commerce were, in 1960, earning over ~2,100 per annum as against ll. 4 per cent in the public services and 9·. 1 per cent in agriculture. The average (median)* wage for European men employed full-time in private industry and commerce was in 1960 ~1,453 per annum, in the public services ~1,428 per annum, and in agriculture Ll,l07 per annum.
DISTRIBUTION OF EARNINGS OF EUROPEAN FEMALES, 1960.
(Full-time including apprentices) Table llB.
Private Industry and Commerce Public
~ per annum Percent- Cumulative Percent-age Percent age age
0 - 299 2.4 2.4 1 .5 300 - 599 31.8 34.2 22.5 600 779 34.7 68.9 30.0 780 - 899 16.9 85.8 14.2 900 - 1,019 7.3 93.1 12.0 1,020 - 1,199 3.7 96.8 10.9 1,200 - l, 319 1 . 3 98.1 4.0 1,320 - 1 , 499 1 .0 99.1 2.5 1,500 & over .9 100.0 2.4
Services
Cumulat ive Percent age
. l . 5
24.0
54.0 68 .2 80 .2
91.1 95.1 97.6
100.0
33. European women in 1960 fared somewhat bet ter in the public services than in private industry and commerce. Less than 7 per cent of the European women in private industry and commerce earned more than ~1,020 per annum, while f or the public services the proportion was very nearly 20 per cent. At the bottom end of the scale 34 per cent of the women employed in private industry and commerce earned less than ~600 per annum, compared with only 24 percent of those in the public services. The average (median) wage for full-time European females in private industry and commerce was ~682 as against ~756 in the public services.
* The median wage is the middle wage when the wages are arranged according to size.
19 0
DISTRIBUTION OF EARNINGS OF ASIAN MALES 2 1960. (Full-time including apprentices)
Table llC.
Private Indust ry and Commerce Public Services
f. p er annum Per cent- Cumulative Percent- Cumulative age Percent age age Percent age
0 - 119 4.8 4.8 2.7 2. 7 120 - 179 4.3 9. 1 1.8 4.5 180 - 239 6.1 15.2 3.9 8.4 240 - 299 7. 7 22.9 6.0 14.4 300 - 359 10 . 0 32.9 10 .9 25.3 360 - 419 11.8 44.7 7.1 32.4 420 - 479 11.0 55.7 8.8 41.2 480 - 539 9.4 65.1 8.0 49.2 540 - 599 7.4 72.5 8.0 57. 2 600 - 659 7. 5 80.0 9.2 66.4 660 - 719 4. 2 84.2 7.4 73.8 720 - 779 4.2 88.4 6.3 80.1 780 - 899 4.3 92.7 9.3 89.4 900 - 1,019 3.1 95.8 5.2 94.6 1,020 - 1,199 1.7 97.5 3.4 98.0 1,200 & over 2.5 100.0 2.0 100.0
34. The distribution of Asian male earnings given in Table llC is characterised by an extremely even spread. The table shows , however, that in private industry and commerce almost two-thirds of Asian males earned less than ~540 per annum, while in the public services two-thirds earned less than f-6 60 per annum. At the upper end of the scale some 2.5 per cent earned more than ~1,200 per annum in private industry and commerce, whi le in the public services the proportion was 2.0 per cent. The median wage for full-time males was ~449 per annum in private industry and commerce9 while in the public services it was f-545 per annum.
35. A striking feature of Asian women in employment in 1960 i s that the median wage for women i n the publ ic services at f-449 per annum was the same as that of males in private industry and commerce. There a re , of course, comparatively fewer Asi an women in paid employment than either European women or Asian men. The figures in appendix table VII suggest
20.
that the reason for this smaller differential is t hat only the more educated Asian women go out to work~ and in general are engaged in those occupations that are comparativel y well paid.
DISTRIBUTION OF EARNINGS OF ASIAN FEMALES, 1960. (Full-time including apprentices)
Table llD.
i- per annum
0 - 119 120 - 179 180 - 239 240 - 299 300 - 359 360 - 419 420 - 479 480 - 539 540 - 599 600 - 659 660 - 719 720 - 779 780 - 899 900 and over
Privat e Industry and Commerce
Percentage
2.7
3.5 12. 1 14 .9 12. 5 12.8 10.8 10.8
7 .0 4.2 3.2 2. 0 2.3 1.2
Cumulative Percent age
2. 7 6 .2
18.3 33.2 45.7 58.5 69.3 80.1 87.1 91. 3 94.5 96.5 98.8
100. 0
Public Services
Percentage
1.1 3.6
10 .7 9.6
10 . 0 10.2 9.8
14.0 9.1 4.6 5.3 3.0 6 .4 2.6
Cumulative Percent age
1.1
4. 7 15. 4 25.0 35 . 0 45 .2 55.0 69 .o 78.1 82.7 88.0 91.0
97.4 100 .0
THE INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE OF THE WAGE BILL
36. No very startli ng changes have occurred in the i ndustri a l composition of the wage bill between 1948 and 1960 9 and the cha~ges that have taken place are very largel y the coroll ar y of changes in employment. Hence a fall in the share of agriculture in total employment from 46.1 per cent to 43.7 percent during the period under review resulted in a corresponding fall from 17.5 per cent ta 14.7 per cent in the share of total wages paid . Conversely, a rise in the share of total employment of the public services and private industry and commerce led to correspondingly smal l increases in the share of the total wage bil l taken by t hese sectors. Table 12 sets out the position.
21.
ESTIMATED ANNUAL WAGE BILL 2 1948-1960 .
Table 12. i.. million
1948 1955 1957 1959 1960
AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY European. 0. 6 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.1 A sian 0 . 1 .2 .2 .3 .4 African 3.3 7.5 8.4 8.6 10.0
Total 4.0 9.2 10. 6 10.9 12.5
PRIVATE INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE
European (includin~ domestic servants 3.6 10.8 12.6 13.8 14.5
A sian 3.7 9.8 11.5 11.4 11.7 Afric an 3.3 10. 7 12.6 l 2.8 13.9
Total 10.6 31. 3 36. 7 38.0 40.1
PUBLIC SERVICE European 2.8 10.4 11.0 l l. 3 11.3 Asian 2. 3 5. 1 6.1 6.2 6.6 African 3.2 11.1 12. 5 13 .2 14.4
Total 8.3 26 .6 29 .6 30. 7 32 . 3
ALL EMPLOYMENT European 7. 0 22 .? 25.6 27.1 27 . 9 A sian 6.1 15. 1 l7 .8 17 . 9 18.7 African 9.8 29.3 33.5 34. 6 38.3
Total 22.9 67.1 76.9 79.6 84.9
37. Tables 13 and 14 show in percentage form for the years 1954 and 1960 9 the proportion of total employment engaged in certain branches of t he private sector and in the main divisions of the public service.* The third section of Tables 13 and 14 (relative earnings per head) is obtained by dividing the proportion of the total wage bill earned in each sector by the proportion of the labour force engaged in the corresponding sector. This indicates the level of earnings in each of the branches of economie activity relative to the level in all othe rs.
* For ac tual figures see appendix t ables I 9 II 9 and III .
INDUSTRIAL 61STR IBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT, WAGE BILL AND RELATIVE EARNINGS, KENYA.
ALL EHPLOntENli 1954.
TABl1 l3
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION RELATIVE EARNINGS PER HEAD EHPLOYEO POPULATION OF WAGE BILL
EUROPEAN ASIAN AFRICAN EUROPEAN AS JAN AFRICAN EUROPEAN ASIAN AFRICAN
PR IV ATE SECTOR
AgrfculturG & Forestry 9.13 2.22 44.58 8.07 2.38 25.89 o.88 1.07 0.,58 Mining & Quarryfng 0.57 0.48 1.12 0.46 Oo4S 1 o71 0.81 1.00 1.53 Manufactures & Repaira 13.41 20.02 8.71 13o6'1 19.90 11.19 1.01 0.99 1.28 Building & Construction 3.71 7.63 3.95 3.92 7.85 5.87 1.06 1.03 1.49
Couerce 20.21 28.28 4.50 20.47 28.95 6.15 1.01 1.02 1.37
Transport & Co1municationa 4.00 4.61 1.G4 4.50 4.12 3.19 1.13 0.89 2.07 Other Ser'lioes 7.99 4.6t 9.01 4.78 3.65 10.72 0.60 0.79 1.19
• Total Prfvate ~tor 59.08 67.85 73.41 55.81 67.33 64.7a 0.94 0.99 0.,88 N
N
PUBLIC SERY !CES
Kenya Governse~ 24.43 10.93 15.60 27.90 11 .1 a 19.M 1.14 1.02 1.27
E.A. Hfgh Commission 3.25 1.~ 00.40 ~..29 1 o4-3 0.60 1.01 1.09 1.50
Rai l~ay:: & Harbourn 5.82 12.ot 6.4G 5.94 11.97 8.55 1.02 1.00 1.57
Poste & Tolecom~Unfcatfonn 2.i1 ~.tm 0.47 2.19 3.09 0.93 1.~ 1 .oo 1.98 Othar Services 2. 57 1.38 s.ae 2..77 1.59 4.16 1.08 t .15 1.08
Defenco 2.7~ 3.69 o.oo 2.10 ~.41 1.20 O.Tl 0.92 1.50
Total Public Serviott 40.9?. 32.1!; 26.59 44o19 32.67 35.,20 1.08 1 o02 1.33
GRAND TOTAL tOO,.OO 1 oo.oo 1 oo.oo 1 oo.oo 1 oo.oo 1 OOoOO ~ .oo 1.00 1 .. 00
INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF EHPLOYMENT, WAGE Bill AND RELATIVE EARNINGS, KENYA. ALL EHPLOYMENT
l960. TABLE l4
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF PERCENTAGE DISTRI BUTION RELATIVE EARNINGS PER HEAD EMPLOYED POPULATION OF WAGE BIll
EUROPEAN ASIAN AFRICAN EUROPEAN ASIA N AFR ICAN EUROPEAN ASA IN AFRICAN
PR IVATE SECTOR Agriculturo & Forestry 8.03 2.18 47.97 7.38 2.20 26.20 0.,92 1.01 0.,55
Mining & Quarrying 0.17 0.,47 o.86 0.23 0.57 1. 06 1.35 1.21 1.23
Manufacturas & Repairs 12.01 18.18 7 .,60 12.90 17.00 10.1 B 1.07 0.,94 1.34
Building & Construction 2.29 6.17 3.25 2.67 5.27 3.97 1.17 o.85 1.22
Electric Light & Power & llater 1.25 0.,89 0.33 1.35 0.98 0.51 1.08 1.10 1.55
Commerce 17.17 27.52 4.38 18.37 27.21 6.,14 1.07 a.s9 1.40 N w
Transport & ComiUnioations 4.59 5.72 2.05 5.16 4.96 3.89 1.12 o.87 1.90
Other Servfoes 15.71 8.01 8.,47 11.31 6.,78 10. 53 0.,72 o.8s 1.24
Total Private Seotor 61.22 69.14 74.91 59.37 64.97 62.48 0.97 o.~ 0.83
~BL IC SERVICES
Ke11ya Govllrnmant 24.54 15.48 15.69 24.8?. 16,41 22 .91 1.01 1.06 1.46
E.A. Hfgh Commiasion 2.89 1.51 0. 33 3.12 1.8!l 0.,5$ 1.08 1.25 1.67
Rail1ayn & Harbourc 5.12 7.64 3.9!) 6.24 9. 89 1.1 a 1.22 1.29 1.84
Poots & Tctleooml!ltJnioatfons 1.72. . 3.23 IJ. 5?. 1. 87 a.a4 1 o1 0 1 . os 1.13 f.12
Other Servioea 3.34 1 . 51 4o20 3.73 1.!)7 !).11 1.,1 2 1.30 1.22
Dofenca 1 o17 1.49 O. ·Hi 0.,85 1..23 0.67 0.73 0. 83 1.49
~-
T~ta l Pub lio Servioee 38.78 30.85 25 .. 0!1 400 63 35.03 37.,52 1o05 1.14 1.50 ~__,._~..:;y-~-----~
GRAND TOTAL 1 oo.oo 1 oo.oo too,oo 100,00 tOO,OO 1 ootoo 1.00 1.00 1.,00
- ~ -
38. Most ~ediately apparent from these tables .is the relatively unfavourable position of agriculture and the increasing gap for employed Africans between the level of agricultural earnings and earnings in ether activities. It is, of course, true that the disparity is not so great if real wages are considered, as workers in rural areas probably pay less for many of the things they buy, particularly food, and are often able to supplement their earnings by home-grown produce. Many migrant workers take up wage paid labour in agriculture, primarily tc fulfil such limited objectives as the p~ent of bride priee or the building of a ho~se.
39 . The variation in relative earnings for Africans is also a question of skill and occupation. At the lowest level the difference in earnings between agricultural and non-agricultural employment may not be very great, but the average level of earnings in commerce and industry is undoubtedly raised by the higher proportion of skilled and semi- skilled men employed. The i ncreasing range of occupations now being filled by Africans also explains why there is considerably greater variation between industries in the relative earnings of Afr icans than of non-Africans, and must, i n part, reflect differing degrees of Africanisation. Particularly interesting in thi s connection is the favourable position of the transport and communications industry, both public and private.
40. The major shares of the European wage bill in 1960 were distributed between empl oyment in the Kenya Government (24.8 percent), commerce, which includes wholesale and retail trade, banking and similar activities (18.4 percent) and manufactures and repaire (12.90 percent) . The group of ether services in the private sector which includes business and legal services, workers in hotels and similar trades, although including in 1960 15.7 per cent of the employed population, accounted for only 11.3 percent of the total European wage bill. The reason for the relatively low level of average earnings lies in the fact that in this group are also included religious workers and teachers associated with religion, who, in many cases, receive little more than a nominal salary.
41. The main characteristics of the industrial distribution of the Asian wage bill are the high proportion derived from commerce and manufaoturing industry in the private sector and in the public services the importance, relative to ether communities of employment in the two selfcontained services of the High Commissiono
- 25 -
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF EARNI~GS .. \ . .
42. Details of the geographical distribution of earnings for 1960 are given in appendix tables IV, "V, ···· and VI. Unfortunately, there are serious difficulties which prevent the presentation of detailed statements of the growth . of the wage bill by town and district over time, for not only , is such a comparison subje9t to the disadvantages already mentioned in paragraph 19, but in many respects the information was in earlier years collected in a way which is not comparable with the present procedure. Nonetheless, a few relevant points may be made." In 1960 37 per cent of the total Colony wage bill was earned in the rural areas 9 as against 63 per cent in the nine main towns. Recent years have shown no more than slight variations in this pattern, small movements of two or three per cent being recorded, depending on the relative levels of employment in the agricultural ·and non-agricultural sectors. Employment in Nairobi, although accoünting for o:nly 17 per cent of the total of all employment, was responsible for very nearly 40 per cent of the total wage bill in 1960. Within the provinces (excluding the nine· main towns) Central province provided sorne 30 per cent of the i.31.8 n;tillion p.aid out in rural areas.
43. Since 1955 the level of average earnings of Africans in the nine main towns of Kenya has risen by about 3J per cent. Average earnings in Nairobi rose by s l ightly less than this 9 while in Eldoret 9 Kitale and Kisumu, increases ranging from 5 to 7 per cent more than the average have been recorded. ·
SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF FIRMS
44. The Enumeration of Employees also reveals information about a factor of considerable economie interest, namely, the size distribution of firms in Kenya. Unfortunately, data in earlier years were collected on the basis of the unit of employment and thus are not comparable with the present figures, which are collected on the basis of the firm. Information in i t s present form 9 was collected for the first time in 1955 and i t i s quite interesting to see the way in which firms have grown i~ terms of employment, even over such a short period as five years.
-26-
SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF FIRMS 2 1955 AND 1960.
Table 15.
1955 1960
Number of Number of % of Number of % of Employees firms Total firms Total
1 - 4 3,469 46.8 4,860 41.3
5 - 49 3,469 46.8 4,991 42.4 50 and over 473 6.4 1,914 16.3
45. More detai led information is available for the years 1959 and 1960 and this is given in Table 16 below.
SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF FIRMS BY INDUSTRY, 1959 AND 1960.
Table 16.
1959
Med i an Industry Size of
firm
Agriculture and Forestry 35
Mining and Quarrying 37
Manufactures and Repairs 5
Building and Construction 13
Commerce 4
Transport and Communications 5
Other I ndustr ies and Services 5
No. of fir.ms
3,645
105
531
39802
448
19640
1960
Median Size of
firm
38
34
5
14
4
5
5
No . of f irms
3~ 671
105
1,748
481
3 ,702
412
1 ,646
- 27 ..
46. This table present s few surpr1s 1ng features, except perhaps the small size of fir.ms engaged in manufacture and repair. This is due to the inclusion in this group of many tailors and shoe r epairers whose prime function is probably retail trade, but who nonetheless, do in fact, manufacture shoes and clothes in a small way. The inclusion of these firms in the commerce group would make little difference to the median sized firm there, but the exclusion of smallscale tailoring and shoe repairing establishments from manufacturing, would present a more realistic picture of the size of firm which can be said to be engaged predominantly in that activity . This has been done in the following table, which refers to the more truly manufacturing activities.
MEDIAN SIZE OF FIRM WITHIN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY, 1959 AND 1960.
Table 17.
Median Size of Firm
Industry 1959 1960
Manufacture of beverages 18 15
Textile manufacture 50 and over 50 and over
Paper manufacture 42 50 and over
Printing and publishing 17 18
Chemical manufacture 18 18
Table I.
Table II.
Table III.
Table IV.
Table V.
Table VI.
Table VII.
Table VIII.
Table IX.
Table X.
A P P E N D I X A. ====================
Reported Employment and Estimated Annual Wage Bill by I ndustry, 1960.
Reported Employment and Estimated Annual Wage Bi ll i n the Private Sector, 1960.
Re ported Employment and Estimated Annual Wage Bill i n the Public Services, 1960 .
Reported Employment and Estimated Annual Wage Bill in Towns (all employment), 1960 .
Reported Employment and Estimated Annual Wage Bill in Towns (Private Industry and Commerce), 1960 .
Reported Employment and Estimated Annual Wage Bill in the Provinces, 1960.
Number of non-African Employees (full time) by Occupation Groups (Private Industry and Commerce - excluding Domestic Servants), 1959 and 1960.
Number of European Employees (males only) in Selected Occupations by Income Groups, 1959 and 1960.
Number of Asian Employees (males only) in Selected Occupations by Income Groups, 1959 and 1960.
Value of Housing and Rat ions Estimated Cost to employer.
B:EPORTED :mPLOmENT AND l:STDU.TED .ANNUAL WAGE :BILL :BY IRDUSTRY, ~960
· Tab~e I (as reported on 30th June, 1960)
Numbers emp~oyed on 30tb June :Estim.ated Annual Wa.ge :Bill (&.'000)
~uropean Aeian African Total European Aeian African Total.
Pll.IVAT:E S:ECTOR
Services Incidental to Agriculture . . .. 26 33 1,303 1,362 41 26 75 ~42 Forestry ~ Fishing .. .. . . 3 2 1,328 1,333 2 ~ 71 74 ~rican Agriculture . . . . .. 1 1 3 ,~71 3.~73 1 1 119 ~2.~21 Non African Agricultare . . .. .. 1,818 BOO 263,275 265,893 2,014 384 9,768 1.2,166 L!etal :Mini.Dg . . . . .. 24 56 870 950 43 44 65 152 Stone Quarrying Clay & Sand Pite . . .. 1 llO 3,620 3,731 1 52 321 374 Non !.1etallic Mining . . . . .. 13 15 327 355 19 ll 21 51 Food L!anufacturing Industries . . .. 361 658 7,686 8,705 435 356 575 1,366 ne7erage Industries . . .. . . 185 312 2,387 2,884 284 184 333 801 Toàacco Manufactures .. . . . . llO 133 1,255 1,498 246 106 . 222 574 !11anufactures of Textiles . . . . .. 31 llO 2, 761 2,902 53 47 . 2ll 3ll l~anufacture & Repair of Footwear .. . . 47 190 1,369 1,606 95 59 153 307 ùlanufacture of Wearing Appare1 and made of Te:ctile Goods 27 437 1,617 2,081 23 138 153 314 Manufacture of Wood & Cork (except Furniture) .. 85 275 8,029 8,389 98 158 471 727 :Manufacture of Furniture and Fixtures . . .. 12 401 1,293 1, 706 13 146 ll3 272 '!oianufacture of Paper Products . . .. 30 50 564 644 35 24 50 109 Printing Publishing and Allied Industries .. .. 377 750 1,366 2,493 437 344 198 979 Manufacture of Leatber and Leather Products . . .. 6 21 267 294 8 10 27 45 Manufacture of Cbemicals and Cbemical Products .. 194 312 2,829 3,335 320 207 268 795 Manufacture of Non-L!etal.lic Minerale . . .. 134 155 2,423 2,712 193 86 210 489 !Janufacture of !o!etallic Products except liiacbinery Il: Transport 82 369 2,081 2,532 129 147 189 465 Manufacture of !Jachinery except electrical Liacbinery •• 338 507 1,819 2, 664 413 226 197 836 Manufacture of Electrical ~achinery Apparatus & Appliances 46 103 318 467 55 39 36 130 Manufacture and Repair of Transport ::quipmenl: • • 660 2,008 4,246 6,914 722 829 462 2 , 013 Kiscellaneous ~anufacturing Industries •• .. 39 164 304 507 36 78 31 145 Building and Construction . . .. . . 527 2,359 18 ,234 21,120 744 987 1,521 3,252 Electric Light and Power . . .. .. 281 339 1,840 2,460 368 184 190 742 Water Supply .. . . . . 6 - 36 42 7 - 4 11 nholesale and Retail Trade . . .. . . 2,784 8,064 22 , 808 33,656 3,747 3,907 2,142 9 ,796 Banks and Otber Financial Institutions . . .. 702 1 , 775 946 3,423 861 871 134 1, 866 In surance . . . . .. 414 584 286 1, 284 470 289 36 795 !leal :Estate . . .. . . 51 109 502 662 42 30 39 111 Raad Transport .. . . . . 139 428 4,277 4,844 155 178 481 814 Ocean anà Water Transport .. . . . . 116 276 2,144 2,536 171 95 302 568 Air Transport .. . . .. 552 372 517 1,441 782 204 57 1,043 Services Incidental to Transport . . .. 182 972 4,109 5,263 231 392 577 1,200
REPORTED Ell'LOYMENT AND ESTDoU.TED .ANNUAL WAGE BI LL BY I NDUSTRY , 1960
Table I ( Contd.) (as reported on 30th June, 1960)
Number s emp1oyed on 30th June Estimated Annual Wage Bill (i.'OOO)
European .A sian African Total European A sian African Total
PRIVATE SECTOR (Contd . )
Storage and Warehousi ng . . . . .. 21 109 361 491 23 42 53 118 Communicati ons .. . . .. 46 32 92 170 76 19 21 116 Education Services . . . . .. 405 474 1,094 1 , 973 400 235 108 74-3 l.iedical and Healtb Services . . .. 526 152 1 ,094 1,772 395 59 103 557 Rel igious Organisations .. . . .. 758 696 8,486 9 , 940 549 304 911 1,764 Legal Services . . . . .. 154 188 222 564 141 98 26 265 Business Services . . . . .. 736 345 665 1 , 746 764 l.68 81 1 , 013 Community Services . . .. . . 395 396 3,262 4,053 400 117 296 813 Domestic Servi ces .. . . .. 61 139 24 , 952 25,152 30 40 1 , 836 1 ,906 Hote1, Lodgi ng Houses , Restaurants, Cafes, etc . .. 432 489 6,146 7 ,067 383 181 540 1,104 Laundries, C1eaning & Dyeing . . .. 41 59 535 635 27 22 54 103 Personal Services etc . .. .. .. 105 114 756 975 62 40 62 164 Inadequate1y described . . .. .. 1 12 307 320 - 5 18 23
Total .. .. 14, 085 26,455 420 ,179 460,719 16, 544 12,170 23 , 931 52,645
PU13LIC SERVICE
Kenya Government .. .. . . 5, 645 5,923 88,001 99,569 6 , 917 3,074 8,774 18,765 East Africa High Commission .. .. .. 664 579 1,859 3 ,102 869 354 212 1,435 Rai1ways & Harbours . . .. .. 1,178 2,925 21 , 870 25,973 1,739 1 , 853 2,749 6,341 Posts & Telecommunications . . .. .. 397 1 , 234 2,894 4,525 521 681 421 1 , 623 Otber Services .. .. .. 769 578 23 , 552 24,899 1,040 369 1, 959 3, 368 Defence . . . . .. 269 570 2,527 3, 366 236 231 256 723
Total . . .. 8,922 11, 809 140, 703 158 ,735 11 , 322 6, 562 14, 371 32 , 255
Pr 1vate Sector .. . . .. 14,085 26 , 455 420,179 460,719 16,544 12,170 23,931 52 , 645
Public Service . . . . .. 8,922 11, 809 140 , 703 161, 434 11, 322 6, 562 14, 371 32 , 255
GRAND TOTAL . . .. 23 , 007 38,264 560,882 622 ,153 27,866 18,732 38 , 302 84 , 900
REPORTED EMPLOYMENT AND ESTIMATED ANNUAL WAGE BILL IN THE PRI VATE S~~TOR, l96~o
TABLE Il (aa r11p~r-'i:eJ oa 30th Jun~,~O}
lgr1eulturo Hfilm~ & Manufactw~ 8u1 Wt r;l>:J & El~e·~1œ Comm:•wo~ Traet~j:!Cil"~ g Othar Saf"':rlOG~ T~rta l & F m·eBtry Qusrryfmg & Royatr~ Comrtru§ti oot Lfght & Cumiiltmioq·t~ ~·rll2 ( ino h1di.fil~ sll (Pril'iatl!i
Pol'lar 8 DŒD9st1~ arvanta) S3~'tor) Water l'!~~l JIII~..XT~
~~0
Eur€1()9alll! FuU-tirJI3
Ma l;a~ 1 ,56~· 33 2e038 44Z 217 2,289 19~ 1,200 8,5"16
Feœalaa 125 .t 618 69 68 1,460 236 2,026 4,600
Asfaru~ Fu ll·Hmo
Males 801 170 6,368 2,196 331 9,1 1}7 2,035 1 ~674 22,612 fau le a 9 2 258 30 8 821 104 1,1î 3 2,351
Noii-Afric~ns Pad .. tfiiiO
Appre11ticas & Chfldren 185 10 437 149
., 710 1ï 765 29335 ' Afrfcans Ragu lar
Ma lea 169,067 4,247 38,025 13,975 1 ~866 21 ,01 0 10,972 41 ,375 300,537 Females 49, 911 36 19527 89 3 309 56 ;},303 56,234 Chf ldren 21 ,005 2 285 2 1 65 1 BOT 22,169
Ca sua! 29,094 532 2, 777 4,168 6 3,157 47î 1,034 41 g239
Tota l (all eœploysd) 271 ,761 5,036 52,333 21 ,120 2,502 39,02§ 14,745 5-4,197 460,71 9
Aa,_ESTIHA TEl)_ ANNUAL NAGE Bl~l_(E 1000)
Europeall& 2,058 63 3,595 744 375 5,120 1.438 3,151 16,5«
Asiana 412 107 3,1M 987 184 !i,097 930 1,269 12,170
Africans 10,033 407 3,8{19 1,521 194 2,351 1,49'1 4,035 23,93'1
Tiital 12,503 5TI 10,673 3,252 753 12,568 3,859 8,455 52,645
REPORTED EMPLOYHENT AND EST IMATED ANNUAL WAGE B 1 Ll 1 N THE PUBLIC SERVICES, LS60,
TABLE Ill (as r3ported on 30th _J::n~~l960)
Kanya EoAo R11i lways EoAo Posh E,A, Hfgh llafenoo Local 'fo1:al Gov;;rn- & Harbours and Tele- Coœmi ssion (Civflfan Govem:nent (Public ment C·J!IlllllLli cat f one only) ( i ne luding Ser\'icos)
Foreign Govarnment;:)
~
~. NUMBERS EMPLOYED, Europeana futl-ti1s
Halea 3 87~5 1,002 290 392 134 476 6,039
Fema laa 1 a702 17~ 105 265 134 264 2,643
Asiana full-timo Hales 5,225 2,861 1,073 556 545 51 e 10,776
Felilales 1)78 64 161 23 25 57 1,008
Non-Africans Part-thlo Apprenti cee
& &h'ildrell 218 3 2 7 1 34 26§
Afrioaus Reg_ular
Hn le" 77,768 21 11558 2,753 1 8292 2,4-56 19,074 1240921
Femalea 3,287 21 4 l z 2,054 s,:no Chf ldren 12 3 22
Cas;Ja l 6,907 291 137 562 69 2,424 1 o.ago c:I.WC:W:$ _ ............... ~(.~--~---=----~ ~~..-; ...-.,.=:;,....-----.,~~..-.
Totat (all o!llployad) 99,00S 25,973 4lG?.5 3,10Z 3,366 24,899 161 9434 ~~~ ...
B, ESTIHAJ.~.[J.J.!ili,U~E BILl (~Q.Ql
Europoano 6,9'1 7 18739 Ct21 869 236 1,040 11,322
Asfana 3,074 1,853 681 354 231 369 6,562
Africana ~,TI4 2,7~9 42t 212 256 1,959 14,371
Total 18,765 6,341 1,623 1,435 723 3,368 32,25§
·-
REPORTED EHPLOYMENT AND ESTIMATED ANNUAL WAGE BILL IN TOWNS1 l960
ALL EMPLOYMENT
TABLE IV (as reported on 3oth J4a3, 1960)
Nafrobf Thfka Nyeri Nanyukf Ki SUIDU Nakuru Eldoret Ki ta le Molllbasa Total City (All towns)
Ao NUMBERS EMPLOYED.
European a Full-ti le
H3les 7 ,3l3 8l l62 59 234 57l 220 l03 l,48l L0,224
Fe1ales 4,704 23 77 30 89 40l l42 78 599 6,l43
Asians Full-tile
Hales l6,389 25l 209 l36 l,Ol2 538 538 272 8,235 28,l25
Fe~a les 2,069 lO 8 . 5 90 9l 27 l2 84l 3,l53
Non-Africans Part-tf•• Ap8hentfces
& hi ldren l,320 l7 ll ll 69 97 94 30 S.5 2,l94
Africans Regular
Hales 68, l95 3, l65 4,450 l,825 8,400 9,442 4,720 2,490 30,896 l38,583
Feaa les 2,792 ZOL 43l 53 29l 25l 8l 74 635 4,809
Chi ldren 50 LB l5 l6 34 ll 7 3 48 202
Casual 2,969 598 293 2L 772 l,050 2l2 32 4,445 l0,392
Total (cll alployed) l05,60l 4,364 5,656 2,L56 l0,99l l2,997 6,04L 3,094 47,725 l98,625
Bs ESTIHATEO ANNUAL WAGE BILL ~t 1 000).
Europeans l5,63l l33 284 97 407 l,l34 436 l9l 2,7l9 2l, 03Z
Asia11s 9,969 l4S l L4 67 590 ôl7 3L8 l40 4, Ll9 t6,077
Africanc 8,390 347 503 l89 92l L,078 504 229 3, 833 l5,994 ~~
Total 33,990 623 90! 353 l,9 l8 2,829 l,258 560 l0,67l 53, l03
REPORTEOJJ1Pi.. OYMENI_ AND ES! !MATEO ANNUAL W~GE B IJL IN l0\•INS1 l960
PR 1 VA TE 1 NDUSlRY AND COI1HERCE
TABLE V. (as reported on 30th June. l960)
Nairobi lhi ka Nyeri Nanyuki Kisumu Nakuru Eldor et Ki ta le ~1ombasa lota l City (A ll towns)
A. NUMBERS EMPLOYED Europeans
Full-ti me Na Le s 4, l55 46 32 36 62 29L l2l 6l 9l9 5,723
Females 3 ,Ol2 8 26 22 44 27 l 62 33 4l5 3,893
A si ans Full-ti me
Ha les lO, 703 202 l23 ll2 74L 668 340 226 6 ,l3l l9 ,246
F erna les l,457 3 5 4 62 59 l4 9 606 2,2 l9
Non-Africans Part-ti me, Apprentices & Ch i ldren l ,253 l6 9 lO 63 8l 28 26 534 2,020
Afri cans Regu lar
Ma les 43 ,3ll l,983 975 682 3,983 4,846 l,993 l,235 20,956 79,964
Females 2, ll7 l46 6l 3L l l6 84 53 24 409 3,04l
Ch i ldren 50 l4 lS l6 34 ll 7 3 48 l98
Ca sua l 2 658 598 l03 L9 443 96 2l2 30 4 248 8 407
Total (all employed) 68,7l6 3,0 l6 l,349 932 5,548 6,407 2,830 l,647 34,266 l24,7ll
B. ESli MA TED ANNUAL WAGE BILL {î'OOO)
Europeans 4,430 2 Ll 8l 55 3l0 4l9 l76 99 2,4 l4 8,l95
A si ans 9,222 76 65 62 l30 609 l70 95 l,707 l2 , l36
Africnas 6 985 l22 77 60 423 396 200 l24 2,963 Ll ,350
lota L 20,637 409 223 l77 863 l,424 546 3l8 7,084 3l,68L
REPORTED EHPLOYMENT AND ESTIMATED ANNUAL WAGE BILL IN THE PROVINCES, l960
TABLE VI. ~as reeorted on 30th Junee l960l
Nairobi Extra Central Southern Nyanza Rift VaL ley Coast • Northern Co Lony TotaL Provlnciai Province Province Province Province Province Province (Towns and Di str ict Provinces)
Europeans Full-ti me
A. NUMBERS EMPLOYEO
Males 5B6 L,272 342 637 L,26 L 226 65 L4,6 L5
Fema les 2l6 269 80 202 274 60 5 7,249
A si ans Full-ti me
Males 53l 892 462 l,043 707 579 l,l09 33,448
Fema les 47 32 22 42 39 l5 9 3,359
Non-Africans Part-ti me, Apprenti ces & Chi ldren 33 ll2 27 32 l69 32 2,600
Africans Regu lar
t·lales 7 p607 73p64 L LB, 720 64,00t L03,556 2l,472 2,878 425,458
Females 370 24,243 L, LO l 5,985 23,939 l, l43 l4 6L,604
Chi ldren 65 5,293 704 5,836 9, l42 947 2 22, l9l
Ca sua l 425 l6 1 ll7 l1070 4.685 l4 1390 21207 343 5l1629
Total (all employed) 9,880 L23 ,87l 22,528 62,463 l53,477 26,683 4,426 622, l53
B. ESTIMATEO ANNUAL WAGE BILL ~ E 1 000)
Europeans (total) l, l29 2,037 536 L,020 l,650 375 87 27,866
Asians (total) 324 480 277 625 353 308 288 l8, 732
Africans (total) 829 7.054 l168l 4.772 61 l23 L1529 320 38.302
Total 2,282 9,57l 2,494 6,4l7 8, l26 2,2l2 695 84,900
NUMBERS OF NON-AFRICAN EMPLOYEES {FULL TIME~ BY OCCUPATION GROUP 1 1959 AND 1960 .
PRIVATE INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE {EXCLUDING DOMESTIC SERVANTS)
Table VII.
European Asian
Male Female Mal e Female
1959 1960 1959 1960 1959 1960 1959 1960
Professional , Technical & Related Workers 1,684 1,454 972 981 680 688 619 742
Administrative, Executive & Manageria1 Wor kers 2, 414 2,420 188 190 1,565 1,634 13 9
Clérical Office & Related Workers 840 775 2,298 2 , 601 7,635 7,819 945 1,156
Salesmen & Related Workers 464 530 355 297 3 ,005 2,760 168 159 Cr aftsmen, Production Process
Workers & Related Occupations 1 ,067 1,308 59 49 6 , 999 7 , 308 53 55 Manual Workers, Labourers and
Others N.E.S. 18 37 1 6 239 413 2 16 Service & Re1ated Workers
including Transport Workers 448 508 348 304 1,213 1,258 54 91
6 ,935 7,032 4,221 4,428 21,336 21,880 1,854 2, 228
NUMBERS OF EUROPEAN EMPLOYEES {MALES ONLY) BY INC OME GROUPS IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONSz 1959 AND 1960.
PRIVATE INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE {EXCLUDING AGRICULTURE) Table VIII.
Income Groups Administrative, Executive Professional, Technical i., per month and Managerial Workers and Related Workers
1959 1960 1959 1960
Numbers Per cent Numbers Per cent Numbers Per cent Numbers Per cent
Und er i..lO. O. o. 1 0.1 2 0.1
i..lO - 19 .19 . o. 2 0.1 3 0.2 10 0.7
i.,20 29 .19 . o. 4 0.2 5 0.2 8 0.5 17 1.2
i..30 39 .19 . o. 3 0.1 7 0.3 4 0.2 18 1. 2
i..40 - 49 . 19. o. 12 0.5 10 0.4 82 4 . 9 95 6.5
i..50 - 74.19. o. 92 3.8 91 3.7 120 7 .1 108 7.4
i..1 5 - 99 .19 . o. 255 10.6 256 10.6 209 12.4 169 11.6
i..lOO - 124.19. o. 494 20.5 469 19.4 450 26 . 7 280 19.3
i.,l25 - 149 . 19 . o. 469 19.4 471 19.5 351 20.8 265 18.2
i..l50 - 199.19 . o. 547 22. 7 561 23.2 321 19 . 1 363 25 . 0
i.,200 - 249.19. o. 286 11.8 261 10 . 8 91 5.4 85 5.9
i..250 and Over 252 10.4 287 11.8 44 2.6 42 2 . 9
2,414 100 . 0 2,420 100.0 1,684 100.0 1,454 100,0
MEDIAN IN COME i..l43 i..l44 i..l23 i.,l27
NUMBERS OF ASIAN EMPLOYEES {MALES ONLY) BY INCOME GROUPS I N SELECTED OCCUPATIONS 1 1959 AND 1960 .
PRIVATE INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE {EXCLUDING AGRICULTURE~
Table IX .
Inc or.1 e Groups Administrative, Executive Professional, Technical i- per month and Managerial Workers and Related Workers
-1959 1960 1959 i960
Numbers Per cent Numbers Per cent Numbers Per cent Numbers Per cent
Und er f-10. o. o. 1 0 .1 15 2.2 6 0.9 ' f-10 19 . 19. o. 8 0.5 21 1. 3 34 5.0 17 2.5 .. ,
' '
f-20 29 . 19 . o. 52 3.3 88 5.4 64 9.4 57 8. ) .. ;
i-30 39. 19. o. 150 9 . 6 176 10. 8 91 13.4 87 12.6 '"" f-40 49. 19 . o. 166 10.7 232 14.2 92 13.5 ll5 16. 7· ..
f-50 74 . 19. o. 600 38.5 559 34.2 213 31.3 224 32.6
f-75 99 .19 . o. 292 18. 7 287 17.6 83 12.2 87 12.6
f-100 - 124. 19. o. 146 9.4 138 8.4 53 7.8 63 9.2
f-125 - 149.19. o. 69 4.4 58 3. 6 25 3.7 17 2.5
f-150 - 199.19 . o. 41 2.6 40 2.4 8 1.2 12 1.7
f-200 - 249. 19. o. 24 1.5 19 1.1 1 0.2 3 0.4
f-250 and Over 12 0.8 15 0. 9 1 0.1
1,560 100, 0 1 , 634 100.0 680 100.0 688 100.0
VALUE OF HOUSING AND RATIONS 1960o
Estimated Cost to Employer Table X Shillings per month
1 1
All employees except agricultural and domestic servants in rural areas.
African Men African Women African Juveniles
European Men /European Women European Juveniles
Asian Men /-Asian Women Asian Juveniles
Agricultural . empl~~ and domestic servants in rural areas.
African Men * African Women African Juveniles
European Men European Women European Juveni l es
Asian Men Asian Women Asian Juveniles
Housed Free
21
12
12
400
300
300
200
150
150
Free
5
300 200
200
150
100
100
Includes Full -time and Part-time
Housed with Deductions
10
200
150
150
100
75 75
With Deductions
150
100
lOO
75 50
50
* Includes Regulars 9 Casuals and Resident Labourers
Rations
25
25
25
300
250
250
180
150
150
Rations
25 .
25
25
160
150
150
120
100
100
'·.
' ..
. .. ,, .. : . "!\~;.1·
Aulboril)'
NOTES ON nŒ. COMl'lEflON Ofo' THE FOR/lot
P/aR reD/J 1~ NJIU bt/or~ 41Umptlffl ID DOm/)/'t' IÀt /Dml
1. lbese statittics an c::oUc:c:ted undct the autbority or the: Stati:stic:s Act (Olapte:r 5 of lhc La \4."! of st .;.J~: A ··na Hiah Commission) and the Sl4tostics (Employmcnt) Rcaulatioos, 1960.
Bmiaa:.ws with .ore- lban CliiDt" braDdJ 2. Wbere br.ulcha of the aame businas arc loatcd in diffc:rau Admi.nist.rativc Districts of Kcop. a KJUr<Jtc rcu.ml
sbould be wbmhtcd in respect or cadl braDdl.
S.U.... witb mb:ecl actlfititt 3. JJ your business cown a zwmbc:r o( act.iviûcs (for c:nmpk retail trade and manufacturin.&) statc yc ~~.
aCUYJI)'.
Employcn..........S 4. A retum on this form must be made by cvay c:mployu (inc.Judio&: agri.culcural employen} in rupcct of aU
cmplo)'OCS ex«pt domcstic l<n'ants iD pnv:ate bousdlolds. (.1« Note 10.)
E.orplo)'«S"""""""' S. nùs muru ahouJd show l.he staff emptoyed on 30th June, 1960. TilC~ t enn "'employee" covc:r1 aU pcrsoru ;aiofulJy
nnplortd in a busioess cxœpt tbt proprietor(S). Jt includes J)CISODS boldin.& manJ&eriaJ posts, relatives ÎD n:a:IJH of a rq:.~br basic S3.lary or fee, r:mployt.cS oa piJd Jd,t and apprentices.
Cat....,. or employt<$ 6. For the purposes of this rctum-
... rqular cmplo)u:" means a ataric:d, moathly, .,u.kJy or ticket contract ~'Ofker cmployed on 1 verba1 or writtc:n contraet. othcr than a resident b.bourer (squatter);
uch ·::~~~~r:·~;::'~:X ~o~~r':;rod~.=~ ~!~~vide for his paymau ar end of
"resident labourer' ' me:ans an a,&ric:ultu~ employee atu:stcd undcr the Resident Laboui'CI'I Ordm.:ancc, or 1 ""'kin' dependant or web employee;
"adult'' mcans a pcrson of or abovc: the apparent qe of 16 )UrS. ~d ''c:hild- mcans any persoo •'ho has nol auaîncd the app;ucnt agc of 16 )QrJ,
Toul Wl&tS pa~
31lo~~J:~;~=~Pa;~~ !:tt!i~ :o;':he':!:td~uoe.'?~~~r~;~V::-a;:~ou~ dunn~ the monch of June and make no deductions for income ll.l: pa)'1llCDU. repaymc:ots or salary a d\'a.nces or repa)1DCDts made by emplO)US for any otber purpos.e during the. monlh.
8. Total ""'"" pa;d in Pan IV of thu form mcans tbe total of basic S31ary, tost of livioa allowana:, housing ..~uo"'uce and any otberc:n.b payma~t rNdc.to the: cmplo)"CCS lincd in rc:apcc:t of the mon tho! June, 1960.
P~ioo W otb« ~t btadit sdlaDes 9 . Only persons who an: mcmben of a formai pcmion. provideat fund, supcnoouation or otbeT retin.mmt IChcme
\hould be inc.luded in Column 1 of Pan IJ and Column 10 of Pan IV. Ptnons c:ntitled 10 a gratuit)' or likely to reo:ive any fonn of ex gratla paymc.nt on completion of thetr paiod of scrvic:c ahould be: excluded. Annual gratuides paid to trmroDry 5:C\"C'n\tnef1t .sc:no;mts should be a.n,,,_u1:d unMr bonus. (S« Column 4 of Pan U and Column 6 of Part N .)
Domft1ie MI'TtldS la prin.tt- hou:st.holds 10 Domesûc servants cmployed in priva te households. should NOT be iocluded in this mum but the employer ibould
mah 1 sc:p;a.rate retum of such employees on Form B.
!'iln"fUI"n"i
11 . If on the 30th June. 1960. you wcn: stitl in business but for sorne reason you 'Nere not cmploying anyone on that d:uc . ., n ie "NJL .. aeross the fonn and rctum iL If, hn\lot\'er, your business was çloscd pcrma.nerHI)' write "CLOSED .. ;.cr~ the form and ~tum it.
Rftam or form 1:2. This fonn must lx completed 11nd tk ,;-., l .. hed 50 as 10 reach the D irc:ctor, East Afric:an Statistic:al Dc~nmc:nt,
Priv:uc Bag, Nairohi. not latcr than 15th Jul) . 1960. Failurc to m~~kc the retum will render an employer Hable to prostCUtion undrr the rcntl provh&ons of lbt Su.11wcs Act. No postage is payab'c if the fonn is rctumcd in the cncloscd tD\'C'Iopt. •
Suppl) or r"""' 13. Funhcr copies of this fonn. ~nd ad,•icx on its completion, may be: cbtained from the East African Statist ica1
lkpanrnc.nt . Prwate 83g, N:mobi, Tc~phooc: 26411. or from any l...:lbour Office.
FORMA ~ Eotploy<a)
~a Nuw:ao. (to be quoted io corrc:spoodc:ncc)
1 1 ' 1 1 1 ENUl\ŒRAnON OF EMPLOYEES AS AT 30th J UNE, 1960 Plelz# nod au,fully lM ltDUs on pa:Je 4 b(fou fillùtg ln thiJ form
1.-PARnCUI.ARS OF EMPLOYER
N.uœ Of' EwJ.toyn (.oLOCI: l..lmnS) -----'-----~ -~~ AD~'-----------------------------I..oc::Anow OF Dt.ISINl'.SS:
If within a towasbip, please state twnc of toWDShop __
If ouosldc a township, plcase &iY< AdministratiY< Distnct.
NA1\IU or BUS~Nt:S:~ (Su Nolo 3)
Co.TilOOilY (Su Note6)
(1)
Ru:tllAJl. Eu; t.OYUS:Adult Males :.
Adult Fern:! le< ••
Clildren .•
0.SUAL 1-AIIOUUU:-Adult M•l<s
Adult Fcmales ..
D.-S\JMMAR\' OF EMPLOYEES
Number Employed
· as at 30th
1
Jun<. 1960 (Se<Note 5)
l (2)
1 1 NO*C.ua llo.UTTJ Numbu wbo are
membcrs of Total Wacn 1 Give value
l'a id m of lo.st 1 (Penons Bcoefitinl. not V niue) Cash for annual
'"::;.!:" "::;'.:::.. i -1 ·-....:::;::" . 1--------.---------------l ~:~.·
deduct•ons yeady Rationed (in shillings) paymcot or gjven Wilh ($"' Notes (in shilltnp) 1 Frc:c: F Reductions
7 aod 9) (S« Note 9) lloa:d ree from
(4) 1 (5) (6) ~ (J)
or other formai
Retirement !lendit Schemc:
(Sn Note 9) (8)
1 Sh. ! Sh. A. AFRICAN (ntluding s-oU) 1
::E -E=-~ L-=--=,==1=-=1=-~~~-1--------~---
--~---~-------·-.. 1--f--- .l. ___ r-t=-· ·-1-·
1 E l __ _ ~';î;:;,~ .(SQuA'.':""'):~ - - --'------- :__ _ _ -
Oùldren ••
Adult Fc:malcs .. .. -~- ·j------~ -Childra1 • • • • - - : . •
TOT~ . . · • ! 1 1---l--------f'---1---B. EUROI'EAN
Fuu,...T'I.Mt:Aduh Males
Adult Fern:! les ..
Oùldren •.
PAAT•'T'tMZ:Adult Males
AdultFemaks
Clildra> • •
.. , 1-- ,_
.. --1---,i-- ----·-----·---1------f-·
.. 1 1 ---r--:---1---1--1---
.. 1 1----- ~-- ·1 --·-·-- --1---
1 1 r- r- -1·- r--T OTAl
- . . . . 1 1 1 1---1---- 1----c ASIAN AND onrER (iDcJAdloa s-li)
Fuu...-n:Ml:Adult Males
Adult Femalcs .•
Olildrcl ..
PAAT·n:wE::Adult Males
Adult Fcmalcs ..
Oùlclren ••
TOT~ ..
.. . 1---1-- l------1--J--·--t--
.. 1 1- 1---·1--1 11---- --
··~r-~~--_--r--~--FOR OFFICIAL \JSI! ONLY
:: E t r-. ,,-[P.T.O.
Sipuuwe of Empk>yn'----------- Da,.
~ "CC ~ = Q.. .... ~
"'
Luo
111.-TRIBAL DlSTRWlJfiON
Enlcr the nurnbers of ALL Africans ln the wrious tribalaroups employed at lOth June, 1960
Non - Pk:ase cbcct thal the total of e-mployees ln thb sccdon qrecs wn.h th.at &ivt:n in Sc:c:tion UA
Kisil, Maracoli. Abaluhya and Allicd N)>llU
Tribcs
KiJ>Siau. Nandi
Kikuyu, Embu, Mrru
Kamba Coast Province Arricans
Ot hc:r Kenya Africans
Non-Kenya Afriauu
TOTAL
Adull Males
Adulc Femalcs
Childr<n
-----1----------1---- --f.---
----·1·--·----- -------------------r--------f-------
1.
Tar.u.
11'.-PAR'flCULAllS OF NON·AFRICAN EMPLOYEf.S ONLY · .. Non.- Pkue check that the information i.Ï\'C:n in this SC'C1Ïon •arecs with thl t a,iw:n in Sections 11 B and C
OccuPATION OP 1!..\01 (NDIY\DVAL Ew:PLOYU c.a. Accountanl, Typist, etc.
"Pundi" or .. Scmi·Skilled" is not sufflcicnt
Do Nar Ernu N.uw
(1)
Race or Employoe
(2)
St.atc v..hechu-
Adull Malc (M);
Adull Female (F); or O.ild (C)
(l)
lffu1l-1ime writc ''F'
lr pan-timc writc "1)"
If Appn:ntlœ wrhe "A''
(4)
CASH DENEFITS
T OTAL WAGD PAID
for June, 1960 bd ore
deductions (in slilllinp) (Su Note 8)
(5)
Slo.
Oi\c v.t11JO of lu t annual bonus or or any othcr
)'c.uly po.ymc.nt
(in sh~linp) (Su Note 9)
(6)
Slo.
OTHER DENEFITS-ANSWER "YES" OR "NO"
Houaed by Employer Pension, (p) (b) Providcnl or
Frce otbc:r fonnal Pa ..... Board With Rttiremcnc Ass.lslanè:c
Ft co dcdualons Beocfic Schc:mc from Alary (Ste Noce 9)
(7) (8) (9) (10) (11 )
---ll------~----l----l-·--f-----1-----11---l----l---·--l----..:..._ 2. __________________ , __ __
3. ________________ _
4.
5.
- ---------- -- ---1-----l..:....---1----~----1---1----1---
6. ---------------------r-·--- -----1-------~----l------~-----1-----1 --------------7. -----1-,--1-----1----+---1----1--- 1------t--8. -------------------- ---- ----~---1------1·-------------~-----
9· -------------------lr-----~------l-------f------r-----·l-------l------~----~---10. ------------------------- ------f-- -1-------+-----1---i----1-----1-----1-----11.
~~ ---------------------}------l------r-----t----+-------l-----~----·~----+-------l-----,3. ---·---------------+------------f---------·---1---+ ---1-----f------14. ------------------+---15. ----------------
16. - -------------,:---------17.
18.
19.
20.
--1------ ----- --- ----------1----1 --·-----1------ l-----1-----l---·1-------l------
----·1---- f--- ----
------f----- ------- - l----- l-----1------1-----1-----1----l---------!----1----·1----1---- 1----1---~------------
21.-
22. ---- ------ --- -- -----1------ ~-----1------- --- -·------r--
21.
24.
25.
76. 27.-
28.
29.
JO.
)1.
Jl.
ll.
34.
35.
36.
37.
)8 ,
)9.
40.
-- f-- - 1----1·----1--
------·-
- -1-· ·-1- -1-
- 1--
---- ---· - 1··
1-
--
!-----1-·----
-----1-----1------f-----1------ ---1~-----1------~----~------
·----------- --1-·-- -- ---
---t-- -1-- ---
- ---- ------1------1 ---- ----1--·-1-·------
- ----- - --- ----1--- -~-1----- --·--1-----_,_
1- -- --- ---- ----+-----f------- ---·-1----------.--------- ---- ----~
-·~ -- ___ ,_ --------------1- - ---1--- --1---
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