Basic of Piping- Fittings

8/7/2019 Basic of Piping- Fittings

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Piping Fundamentals

Piping System - What is that?Concept Layout Development

Piping Components & their access requirement.

Straight length requirements.

Orientation of various tapings, components, etc.Piping Drains & Vents

Insulation.

Material & Sizing

Critical piping system consideration.Pipe Stress Analysis.

Pipe Supports


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In any plant various fluids flow through pipes

from one end to other.

Now let us start with a plant where we see three

tanks.

Tank-1, Tank-2 and Tank-3

We have to transfer the content of Tank no. 1 to

the other two tanks.

We will need to connect pipes to transfer the

fluids from Tank-1 to Tank-2 and Tank-3

LET US BRING THE PIPES.


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We have just brought the pipes, now we

need to solve some more problems.

Pipes are all straight pieces.

We need some

branch

connections

We need some bend

connections

Evensom

epipe

sare

ofdif

ferentsiz

es!

To solve these

problems we need the

pipe components,

which are called

PIPE FITTINGS


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These are the pipe fittings,

There are various types of fittings for various

purposes, some common types are -

Elbows/Bends, Tees/Branches,

Reducers/Expanders, Couplings, Olets, etc.

Anyway, the pipes and

fittings are in place, but the

ends are yet to be joined withthe Tank nozzles.

We now have to complete theend connections.

These, in piping term, we call

TERMINAL CONNECTIONS.


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These are flanged joints

This is a welded joint

So far this is a nice arrangement.

But there is no control over the flow from Tank-1

to other tanks.

We need some arrangement to stop the

flow if needed

To control the flow in a pipe line weneed to fit a special component.

That is called - VALVE


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There are many types of valves, categorized

based on their construction and functionality,

Those are - Gate, Globe, Check, Butterfly, etc.

Other than valves another important

line component of pipe line is a filter,

which cleans out debries from theflowing fluid. This is called a

STRAINER


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Here we see a more or less functional piping

system, with valves and strainer installed.

Let us now investigate some aspects of pipe

flexibility.

If this tank nozzle

expands, when

the tank is hot.

In such case we need to fit a flexible

pipe component at that location,

which is called an EXPANSION

JOINT


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When some fluid is flowing in a pipe we may

also like know the parameters like, pressure,

temperature, flow rate etc. of the fluid.

To know these information we need

to install INSTRUMENTS in thepipeline.


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There are various types instruments to measure various

parameters. Also there are specific criteria for installation

of various pipe line instruments.Next we shall look

into how to

SUPPORT thepipe/and its

components.


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Here are some of the pipe supporting arrangements.

There can be numerous variants. All depend on

piping designers preference and judgement.

Let us see some OTHER types of supports


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Pipe Wall Thickness Designations The Standard, Extra Strong (XS) and Double Extra

Strong(XXS) have been commercially used designation

for many years. All large size (NPS 8to 36) of XS have wall thickness.

The Schedule numbers were added as a convenient

designation. 5,10,20,30,40,80,100,120, 140 &160

Pipe Schedule No =1000 x Internal PressureMaximum Allowable Stress

PIPE SCHEDU ES METRIC


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DIMENSIONS OF SEAM LESS & WELDED STEEL PIPE ACCORDANCE WITH

ANSI B36.10 & B36.19

NOM.

PIPESIZE

OUTSIDEDIAM.

NOMINAL WALL THICKNESSSche. Sche. Sche. Sche. Sche. Standa

rdSche. Sche. Extra Sche. Sche. Sche. Sche. Sche. XX

5*S 10*S 10 20 30 40 60 Strong 80 100 120 140 160 Strong

20 mm 26.670 1.651 2.108 ----- ----- ----- 2.870 2.870 ----- 3.912 3.912 ----- ----- ----- 5.563 7.82325 mm 33.401 1.651 2.769 ----- ----- ----- 3.378 3.378 ----- 4.547 4.547 ----- ----- ----- 6.350 9.09332 mm 42.164 1.651 2.769 ----- ----- ----- 3.558 3.558 ----- 4.851 4.851 ----- ----- ----- 6.350 9.703

40 mm 48.260 1.651 2.769 ----- ----- ----- 3.683 3.683 ----- 5.080 5.080 ----- ----- ----- 7.137 10.160

50 mm 60.325 1.651 2.769 ----- ----- ----- 3.912 3.912 ----- 5.537 5.537 ----- ----- ----- 8.738 11.07465 mm 73.025 2.108 3.048 ----- ----- ----- 5.158 5.158 ----- 7.010 7.010 ----- ----- ----- 9.525 14.021

80 mm 88.900 2.108 3.048 ----- ----- ----- 5.486 5.486 ----- 7.620 7.620 ----- ----- ----- 11.125 15.24090 mm101.600 2.108 3.048 ----- ----- ----- 5.740 5.740 ----- 8.077 8.077 ----- ----- ----- ------ ------

100mm

114.300 2.108 3.048 ----- ----- ----- 6.020 6.020 ----- 8.560 8.560 ----- 11.125 ----- 13.487 17.12

125mm

141.300 2.769 3.404 ----- ----- ----- 6.553 6.553 ----- 9.525 9.525 ----- 12.700 ----- 15.875 19.050

150mm

168.275 2.769 3.404 ----- ----- ----- 7.112 7.112 ----- 10.973 10.973 ----- 14.275 ----- 18.263 21.946

200mm

219.075 2.769 3.759 6.350 7.036 8.179 8.179 10312 12.700 12.700 15.088 18.263 20.625 23.012 22.225

250mm

273.050 3.404 4.191 ----- 6.350 7.798 9.271 9.271 12.700 12.700 15.088 18.263 21.438 25.400 28.575 25.400

300mm

323.850 3.962 4.572 ----- 6.350 8.382 9.525 10.312 14.275 12.700 17.475 21.438 25.400 28.575 33.325 25.400

350mm

355.600 3.962 4.775 6.350 7.925 9.525 9.525 11.125 15.088 12.700 19.050 23.925 27.788 31.750 35.712 -----

400

mm

406.400 4.191 4.775 6.350 7.925 9.525 9.525 12.700 16.662 12.700 21.438 26.187 30.963 36.525 40.488 -----

450mm

457.200 4.191 4.775 6.350 7.925 11.125 9.525 14.275 19.050 12.700 23.825 29.362 34.925 39.675 45.237 -----

500mm

508.000 4.775 5.537 6.350 9.525 12.700 9.525 15.088 20.625 12.700 26.187 32.537 38.100 44.450 50.013 -----

550mm

558.000 5.537 5.537 6.350 9.525 12.700 9.525 ----- 22.225 12.700 28.575 34.925 41.275 47.625 53.975 -----

600mm

609.600 5.537 6.350 6.350 9.525 14.275 9.525 17.475 24.613 12.700 30.963 38.887 46.025 52.375 59.538 -----

650mm

660.400 ----- ----- 7.925 12.700 ----- 9.525 ----- ----- 12.700 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

PIPE SCHEDULES IMPERIALPIPE SCHEDULES METRICPIPE SCHEDULES IMPERIAL PIPE SCHEDULES METRIC


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DIMENSIONS OF SEAM LESS & WELDED STEEL PIPE ACCORDANCE WITH

ANSI B36.10 & B36.19

NOM.PIPESIZE

OUT SIDEDiameter

NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS

Sche. Sche. Sche. Sche. Standard

Sche. Sche. Extra Sche. Sche. Sche. Sche. Sche. XX

5 10 20 30 40 60 Strong 80 100 120 140 160 Strong3/4 1.050 0.065 0.083 ----- ----- .0113 .0113 ----- 0.154 0.154 ----- ----- ----- 0.219 0.308

1 1.315 0.065 0.109 ----- ----- .0133 .0133 ----- 0.179 0.179 ----- ----- ----- 0.250 0.358

11/4 1.660 0.065 0.109 ----- ----- 0.140 0.140 ----- 0.191 0.191 ----- ----- ----- 0.250 0.382

11/2 1.900 0.065 0.109 ----- ----- 0.145 0.145 ----- 0.200 0.200 ----- ----- ----- 0.281 0.400

2 2.375 0.065 0.109 ----- ----- 0.154 0.154 ----- 0.218 0.218 ----- ----- ----- 0.343 0.436

21/2 2.875 0.083 0.120 ----- ----- 0.203 0.203 ----- 0.276 0.276 ----- ----- ----- 0.375 0.552

3 3.500 0.083 0.120 ----- ----- 0.216 0.216 ----- 0.300 0.300 ----- ----- ----- 0.438 0.600

31/2 4.000 0.083 0.120 ----- ----- 0.226 0.226 ----- 0.318 0.318 ----- ----- ----- ------ ------

4 4.500 0.083 0.120 ----- ----- 0.237 0.237 ----- 0.337 0.337 ----- 0.438 ----- 0.531 0.674

5 5.563 0.109 0.134 ----- ----- 0.258 0.258 ----- 0.375 0.375 ----- 0.500 ----- 0.625 0.7506 6.625 0.109 0.134 ----- ----- 0.280 0.280 ----- 0.432 0.432 ----- 0.562 ----- 0.718 0.864

8 8.625 0.109 0.148 0.250 0.277 0.322 0.322 0.406 0.500 0.500 0.593 0.718 0.812 0.906 0.875

10 10.75 0.134 0.165 0.250 0.307 0.365 0.365 0.500 0.500 0.593 0.718 0.843 1.000 1.125 -----

12 12.75 0.156 0.180 0.250 0.330 0.375 0.406 0.562 0.500 0.750 0.843 1.000 1.125 1.312 -----

14 OD 14 ----- 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.375 0.438 0.593 0.500 0.750 0.937 1.093 1.250 1.406 -----

16 OD 16 ----- 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.375 0.500 0.656 0.500 0.843 1.031 1.218 1.438 1.593 -----

18 OD 18 ----- 0.250 0.312 0.438 0.375 0.562 0.750 0.500 0.937 1.156 1.375 1.562 1.781 -----

20 OD 20 ----- 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.375 0.593 0.812 0.500 1.031 1.281 1.500 1.750 1.968 -----

22 OD 22 ----- 0.250 ----- ---- 0.375 ----- ----- 0.500 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

24 OD 24 ----- 0.250 0.375 0.562 0.375 0.687 0.968 0.500 1.218 1.531 1.812 2.062 2.343 -----

26 OD 26 ----- ----- ----- ----- 0.375 ----- ----- 0.500 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

30 OD 30 ----- 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375 ----- ----- 0.500 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

34 OD 34 ----- ----- ----- ----- 0.375 ----- ----- 0.500 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

36 OD 36 ----- ----- ----- ----- 0.375 ----- 19.050 0.500 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

Note:- All dimensions are given in decimals of and inch of the nominal pipe sizes. Thickness may varydue to mil tolerance.

Prepred By:- Syed Aftab Ahmed

PIPE SCHEDULES IMPERIAL


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TYPES OF FLANGES

Blind

Threaded

Slip -On

Socket weldWeld Neck

Lap joint Stub End


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Blind or Blank Flange:The blind flange is a flange without an opening or bore. It is used to close off the ends of

piping system and/or a pressure vessel opening. It also permits easy access to the interior

of a sealed pipe line or vessel if it need be reopened.

Slip-On Flanges:The Slip-on flange has a low hub because the pipe slips into the flange prior to welding.

It is welded both inside and out to provide sufficient strength and prevent leakage.

Slip-on flanges are all bored slightly larger than the O.D. of the matching pipe. They are

preferred over welding neck flanges by many users due to their lower initial cost or

when space is a major consideration.

TYPES OF FLANGES


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Lap Joint Flanges with Stub end:The lap joint flange or is practically identical to a slip-on flange except it has a larger radius at the intersection of

the bore and flange face. The bore diameter at the flange face is identical to that of the stub end to which it will

ultimately be mated. During construction, the flange is slipped over the pipe and a stub end is welded onto the end

of the pipe. The flange is then slipped over the stub end and bolted up. This design can be used to reduce theamount of expensive material required to make a flange. An inexpensive steel ring is used in tandem with a stub

end that is made of a more exotic metal. The exotic metal will be at the fluid contact surfaces; while the outer steel

ring that is not in contact with the fluid contains the bolt holes.

Socket Welding Flanges

The socket welding flange is similar to a slip-on flange except it has a bore and a counter bore dimensionThe counter bore is slightly larger than the O.D. of the matching pipe, allowing the pipe to be inserted

into the flange similar to a slip-on flange. The diameter of the smaller bore is the same as the I.D. of the

matching pipe. During assembly, the pipe is inserted in the larger diameter bore and is welded in place.

This type of flange is often used with high pressure systems that use smaller diameter pipes (< 4 inches)

TYPES OF FLANGES

TYPES OF FLANGES


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Threaded (Screwed) Flanges:The threaded flange is similar to the slip-on flange, but the bore is threaded, that it can be

assembled without welding, explaining its use in low pressure services at ambient temper-atures, and in highly explosive areas where welding creates a hazard.

Welding Neck Flanges:The Welding neck flange is normally referred to as the "high hub" flange. It is designed

to transfer stresses to the pipe, thereby reducing high stress concentrations at the base of

the flange. These flanges are also used when a butt weld is required. This means the end

of the beveled flange butts up against a piece of pipe that also has a beveled edge. This

joint provides a sound weld with no overlapping of parts. The welding neck flange is the

best designed butt-welded flange currently available. Due to its design, It is also one of

the most expensive flanges.

TYPES OF FLANGES


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Flanges / Valves Classification ASME/ANSI B16.5

TYPE OF GASKETS


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Sheet materials are used in low to medium pressureservices. With careful selection these gaskets are not onlysuitable for general service but also for extreme chemical

services and temperatures.Types: Non-asbestos Fiber Sheets, PTFE, PTFE GraphiteCoated.These are composite gaskets consisting of both metallic

and non-metallic materials. The metal provides the strengthand the resilience of the gasket and the non-metalliccomponent provides the conformable sealing material. These

gaskets are (Spiral Wound) suitable for low, high pressureand temperature applications.

These gaskets can be fabricated in a variety of shapes andsizes recommended for use in high pressure/temperatureapplications. Except for weld ring gaskets, high loads arerequired to seat metallic gaskets, as they rely on the

deformation or coining of the material into the flangesurfaces. Types: Ring Type Joints, Weld Rings, Solid Metal

Gaskets.

TYPE OF GASKETS

Insulation Gasket kits are designed to the effects ofcorrosion often found in flanged pipe systems. Galvaniccorrosion between dissimilar metal flanges (flow of currents), flange insulation associated with cathodic protection ofunder round i in are also the laces where Insulatin


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Pipe & Pipe Fitting Material

Specification Minimum Nominal

Sr No. & P U NS Nos Material Specfied Tensile Composition Product Form Used Location

Garde No Nos Strenght(KSI) (%)

1 SA-106 Gr B 1 K03006 Carbon Steel 60 C-Si Seamless/ welded pipe Process gas line, vent line,utility area piping.

2 SA-105 1 K03504 Carbon Steel 70 C-Si Pipe fitting / valve &flanges

Process gas line, vent line,utility area piping.

3 SA-516 Gr70 1 K02700 Carbon Steel 70 C-Mn-Si Plate Vessels ,Tanks , Heatexchangers, Blinds & Spades.

4 SA-333 Gr 6 1 K03006 Carbon Steel 60 C-Mn-Si Seamless/ welded pipe Low Temperature Process gasline, vent line, utility areapiping.

5 SA-350 Gr LF2 1 K03011 Carbon Steel 60 C-Mn-Si Pipe fitting / valve &flanges

Low Temperature Process gasline, vent line, utility areapiping.

6 SA-790 GrS31803

10H S31803 Duplex S.S 90 22Cr-5Ni-3Mo-N Seamless/ welded pipe Corrosion/ Erosion Resistancepipelines.

7 SA 182 Gr F51 10H S31803 Duplex S.S 90 22Cr-5Ni-3Mo-N Valves, flanges& pipefitting.

Corrosion/Erosion Resistancepipe fittings

8 SA 182 Gr F316 8 S31600 StainlessSteel

75 16Cr-12Ni-2Mo Valves, flanges& pipefitting.

Methanol injection system/Corrosive system.

9 SA 312 GrTP316

8 S31600 StainlessSteel

75 16Cr-12Ni-2Mo Seamless / welded pipe&

Vessel.

Methanol injection system/Corrosive system.

10 B-466 34 C70600 Cupronickel 38 90Cu-10Ni Pipe lines Produced water/Freshwater

11 B-151 34 C70600 Cupronickel 38 90Cu-10Ni Valves, flanges & pipefitting.

Produced water /Freshwater

Prepared by:- Syed Aftab Ahmed


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Here we carryout pipe routing / layout in Virtual 3D environment.

Preferable

Not Preferable

While development of piping layout we have to consider the following Piping from source to destination should be as short as possible with minimum

change in direction.

Should not hinder any normal passage way. Also should not encroach any

equipment maintenance space.


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While carrying out pipe routing we also need to consider the following

Valves, strainers, instruments on the pipe should be easily accessible.

If needed separate ACCESS PLATFORMS to be provided to facilitate these.

Desired location and orientation of valves / instruments and other pipecomponents are to be checked and maintained, like some valves or strainers

can only be installed in horizontal position.

Specific requirements for instrument installation to be checked, like

temperature gauge can not be installed in pipe which is less than 4 inch in size.

Specific requirements ofSTRAIGHT LENGTH of pipe for some components to

be maintained, like for flow orifice we need to provide 15 times diameter

straight pipe length at upstream of orifice and 5 times diameter straight at down

stream of orifice.

Example of Straight length requirement for Flow Orifice

} F Pi li hi h h ll li id h k h ll i i


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} Also arrangement is kept in the

pipeline so that liquid can be

drained out if required.

} To achieve this a DRAIN

connection with Valve is provided

at the lowest point of the pipeline} Pipes are also slopped towards low

points.

} For Pipeline which shall carry liquid, we have to make sure that all air is

allowed to vent out of the line when the line is filled with liquid.

} To achieve this a VENT connection with Valve is provided at the top most point

of the pipeline.

Let us look

into typical

Vent and

Drain

arrangement

in a pipeline


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INSULATION- When hot fluid flows through pipe then generally pipe isinsulated.

There are two primary reasons for insulating the pipe carrying hot fluid.

Containing the heat inside the pipe. Insulation preserves the heat of the fluid. Itis called Hot Insulation

Personnel safety, so that people do not get burn injury by touching hot surface

of pipe. It is called Personnel Protection InsulationCold pipes are also insulated

Cold or chilled fluid carrying pipes are insulated to prevent heating of cold fluid

from outside. It is called Cold Insulation. Some times cold pipes are insulated to prevent condensation of atmospheric

water vapor on pipe surface. It is called Anti-Sweat Insulation.

Other types of Insulation

When gas flows through pipes at high velocity, it creates noise. In such cases

pipes are insulated to reduce noise. It is called Acoustic Insulation. Some times pipe and its content are heated from outside, by heat tracing

element. In that case pipe along with heat tracing element are insulated to

conserve the heat of the tracer. It is called Heat Tracing Insulation.

INSULATION MATERIAL Th i l ti t i l h ld b b d d t f h t


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INSULATION MATERIAL - The insulating material should be bad conductor of heat.

There are two basic categories

1) Fibrous Material, which has large voids full of air between fibers - Cork, Glass Wool

Mineral Wool, Organic Fibers. Note stagnant air is a bad conductor.

2) Cellular Material, which has closed void cells full or air - Calcium Silicate, Cellular

Glass (Foam Glass), Polyurethane Foam (PUF), Polystyrene (Thermocol), etc.

Some times Cast material like Cement Plaster or Plaster of Paris are also used.

INSULATION CLADDING - Insulation materials are generally soft or fragile. So the

outer surface of insulation are protected with Aluminum sheet or GI sheet

cladding.

Have a look at how

pipes are insulated,

and general

components ofinsulation

Pipe Material Selection - to select appropriate pipe material based on flowing fluid property.


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Pipe Sizing Calculation - to select required pipe diameter based on velocity and pressure drop.

Find outFlow volume

per second

Check VelocityAllowable per

second

Calc. flow arearequired and

Pipe size

Calc. Press.Drop for that

Pipe size

Check Press.Drop meets

Press. Budget

PipeSize

OK

YES

Increase

Pipe Size

NO

Find out type

of Fluidflowing

Check Pipe

lifeExpectancy

Select suitable

Material perpractice (Note-1)

Check Mat.

Listed inDesign Code

Pipe

MaterialOK

YES

See Note-1

NONote-1 : Material is selected per past experience with cost in

mind and per material listed in design code. If material isnot listed in code we may select next suitable material

listed.

Find out

Fluid Temp.& Pressure

Pipe Thickness Selection - to select appropriate pipe thickness based on flowing fluid property.

Select Mat.

& Diameteras above

Decide on

Corrosionallowance

Calc. Pipe

Thickness asperCode

Find out

Fluid Temp.& Pressure

Date post:	08-Apr-2018
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