“The cultivation of an individual mind

is not the same thing as the production

of a useful citizen. Goethe, for example,

was a less useful citizen than James

Watt, but as an individual must be

reckoned superior.”

(Bertrand Russel)

Education and the Social Order

P.10

2

izLrkouk

1-1 ijEijkxrk/qfudfo|ky;kuk×p ,sfrgkfldi`"BHkwfe%

f'k{kk dsoya lkekftdoS;fDrdjkf"Vª;izxrhuka dj.keso ukfLr vfirq

lH;rk;k% laLÑrsjfi fodklkFkZeifjgk;kZ fo|rsA f'k{kk ekuofodklL;

ewylk/ue~A f'k{kka yCèok ekuo% Lodh;ka Js"Brka leokIuksfrA f'k{kk

ns'kdkyifjfLFkfrfHk% izHkkfork HkofrA vr ,o ;fn o;a oSfnddkyknkjH;

lkEizfrdf'k{kka ;kor~ n`f"Vikra dqeZ% rfgZ r=k i;kZIra oSfHkUU;a ifjyf{kra

HkofrA

Hkkjrh;laLÑfr% ewyr% oSfndha O;oLFkkeuqljfrA ijorhZ voSfndh

/kjk ekuor;k laofyrkfLrA ^olq/SodqVqEcde~* bfr Hkkou;k vksr&izksrk

oSfndhn`f"V% dkykUrjs deZdk.Miz/kuk l×tkrk fdUrq deZdk.ML; oSKkfudku~

jgL;ku~ vKkRok dspu~ LokfFkZu% deZdk.M'kkL=kL; izPNns /`rnqX/lefUorku~

;Kku~ i'kqcfy;qDrku~ fgalkiz/kuku~ izorZ;keklq%A iQyr% thounkf;uh lR;fi

oSfndhO;oLFkk fdf×pr~ f'kfFkyk is"kyk p cHkwoA rnkfuUruk% tuk%

fodYikukeUos"k.k×pØq%A le;L;ko';drkeuqHkw; voSfndhijEijk;k% izknqHkkZoks

l×tkr% ;% ^Je.klaLÑfr* ukEuk izfl¼ks¿Hkwr~A

vLekda izkphuHkkjrh;jEijk;k% n`f"Vdks.ka eq[;:is.k vè;kRe&

fo|keuqljfrA oSfndhf'k{kkiz.kkyh ^xq#dqyiz.kkyh* bfr ukEuk izpfyrklhr~A

Kkufiiklo% Nk=kk% Lo;eso xqjks% lehia xPNfUr LeA ;=k rs xq:.kka lsoka

3

iqjLlju~ lk/kj.ka laU;kl:is.k thoua ;ki;fUr f'k{kke~ vè;xPNfUr LeA

;FkksDre~&

lfeRikf.k% Jksf=k;a czãfu"Ba

xq#a izi|sr~ ftKklq% Js; mÙkee~AA

iqjkrus f'k{kk o.kZO;oLFkk/kfjrk¿lhr~A r=k o.kkZuqlkjeso f'k{kk;k%

izko/kua fØ;rs LeA ukjh f'k{kk;k% lEcU/s izkphudkyL; f'k{kk;k% mikns;rk

lef/dr;k U;wurka Hktrs LeA

;nk fgUnw/esZ vusd nks"kk% vkxrk%A /eZL; ewyfl¼kUrkuka yksi%

l×tkr%] o.kZO;oLFkk iw.kZr;k tkfrO;oLFkk;ka ifjofrZrk cHkwoA L=kh.kka

lkekftdhfLFkfr% voufra izkI; Hkkjrh;lekts uwruk% izfrjks/k% uok'p iz'uk%

p izfrfnua mfn;Urs LeA ifj.kkeLo:is.k tSuckS¼/eZ;ks% mn;% l×tkr%A

vu;ks% /eZ;ks% dsoya v;eso fo'ks"k% ;r~ v=k ekuon`"VÔk les"kka ekuokuka

lekuRoa LohÑre~A vFk p f'k{kky;kuka }kjkf.k losZ"kka Ñrs mn~?kkfVrkfuA

vL; ifj.kkeks¿;eHkwr~ ;r~ lkoZtuhu;k f'k{k;k /ekZr~ vkMEcjk.kka yksi%

l×tkr%A vFk p rkRdkfydk% tuk% mHk;ksjfi /eZ;ks% vuqorZua LohpØq%A

dkykUrjs ;nk o;a eqfLyedkfydha f'k{kkeoyksd;ke% rnk fu"d"kZ%

izkI;rs ;r~ HkkjrL; lUnHksZ b;a iz.kkyh dsoya /eZizpkja fufeÙkhÑR; ,o

fodflrk vkfoHkwZrk pA eqfLye/eZizpkjdk% dsoya /eZizpkjkFkZeso

f'k{kkiz.kkyhe~ vtho;u~A vL; 'kkldk% f'k{kk;k% fo"k;s i;kZIra è;kua u

4

nÙkoUr%A vr ,o Hkkjrh;f'k{kkiz.kkY;k% fodkls eqfLye'kkldkuka eqfLye&

f'k{kkO;oLFkk;k'p fdefi egÙoiw.k± ;ksxnkua u vokIuksr~A

fczfV'kdkyhu f'k{kk

eqfLye'kkluL; lekIrs vuUrje~ vLekda ekr`Hkwfe% iqu%

vkÄ~Xy'kkldkuka gLr;ks% ijk/hurka izkIrorhA vkÄ~Xykuka eq[;ksís';a Hkkjrs

O;kikjekè;esu /uksiktZueklhr~A rs HkkjrL; lkekftd&/kfeZd&jktuSfrd&

'kSf{kdO;oLFk;k lg fdefi fof'k"Va lg;ksxa drq± u vkdkaf{kroUr%A vrLrs

vfi lkezkT;fo"k;s ,o ÑrHkwfjifjJek% cHkwoq%A f'k{kk{ks=ks rs"kka dkfi fof'k"Vk

#fp% uklhr~A ykMZeSdkys Lodh;i=ks dfFkroku~ ;r~ o;a f'k{kk{ks=ks ,rkn`'kku~

Hkkjrh;ku~ nz"VqfePNke% ;s [kyq o.kZ&tkfr&vlu&iku&os'kHkw"kk;ka p Hkkjrh;k%

vklu~ fdUrq fopkjs"kq n`f"Vdks.ks"kq p iw.kZr% vkÄ~XylH;rk;k vuq;kf;u%

Hkos;q%A

vusu okD;su Li"Va tkrqa ik;Zrs ;r~ vkÄ~Xykuka Hkkjrh;f'k{kk;k%

fodkls dk¿fi vfHk#fp% uklhr~A loZizFkea ykMZgkfM±xegkHkkx% 1844 bZLoh;s

,da izLrkoa LohÑR; f'kf{krkuka Hkkjrh;kuka Ñrs loZdk;hZ;dk;kZy;s"kq

inkf/dkja fuf'prh Ñroku~A Hkkjrh;f'k{kk;k% bfrgkls izFkeckjeso 'kkluL;

le{ka f'k{kk leqnk;fo'ks"kL; leL;k:is.k u HkwRok lexzns'kL; Ñrs

iz'uokpdfpÉLo:is.k izLrqrk l×tkrkA

1975 bZLoh;L; iwo± fczfV'kiz'kklusu vusds fo|ky;k% LFkkfirk%]

ijUrq ,rs eq[;r;k vkÄ~XylSfudkuka f'k'kwuka Ñrs vklu~A 1717 bZLoh;s

5

enzkluxjs ,l- Vh- eSfjt pSfjVh fo|ky;%] LVsosUlu pSiyku ,l- Vh-

tktZegksn;su vkÄ~XylSfudkuka f'k'kwuka f'k{k.kkFkZen~?kkfVre~A ,dksufoa'k'krkC|k%

iwoZn'kda ;kor~ Hkkjrs f'k{kk dsoya ØhLrerkuq;k;huka f'k'kwuka Ñrs ,o

lhferklhr~A 1717 bZLoh;s enzkluxjs }kS /kfeZdkS fo|ky;kS LFkkfirkS] ;;ks%

,d% iqrZxkyh;ckydkuka Ñrs vij'p rfeyckydkuka Ñrs vklhr~A vfLeÂso

le;s bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh xqbMkyksjuxjs Hkkjrh;ckydkuka Ñrs¿fi fo|ky;a

LFkkfirorhA 1813 bZLoh;L; pkVZjfuf/fu;e% bZLV&bf.M;k&dEiuhekfn'kr~

;r~ dEiuh Hkkjrh;turk;k% 'kSf{kda nkf;Roeko';d:is.k LohdjksrqA ijUrq

1854 bZLoh;L; vkbxi=ks foLrkjiwoZda HkkjrL; f'k{kkuhrs% fu/kZj.ka Ñre~A

bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ;|fi fe'kujhfo|ky;kuka ,da lqn`<a ik'ka

loZfLeu~ vfi Hkkjrs izklkj;r~ ^ijUrq Hkkjrh;kuka 'kSf{kdLrjksÂ;ukFk± rs"kka

fdf×pnfi è;kua uklhr~A ,dksufoa'k'krkC|k% vkjfEHkds n'kds vkÄ~Xykf/&

dkfj.k% vkÄ~Xyf'k{kka izfr Lodh;a è;kua dsfUnzroUr%A vkÄ~Xyf'k{kka iw.kZ:is.k

LFkkif;rqa oknfookn% izpfyr% vklhr~A ^loZdkjh;fo|ky;s"kq izR;{k:is.k

/kfeZdf'k{kkiznkuk; ^fczfV'k&bZLV&bf.M;k&dEiuh* vf/dkfj.k% vkÄ~Xy/eZ&

izpkjdku~ izR;{ka vkns'ka u nÙkoUr%A fdUrq dEiuh vf/dkfjH;% izR;{kkns'k u

iznkuL;sna dkj.ka uklhr~ ;r~ rs bZlkbZ/eZL; izpkja u ok×NfUr Le vfirq rsH;

bna Hk;eklhr~ ;r~ ;fn Hkkjrh;k% f'k{kka xzgh";fUr rfgZ rs vkÄ~Xykuka

led{krka vokIL;fUrA

6

vaxzsthekè;esu f'k{kknkuL; lEcU/s eSdkysegksn;% Loh;s izfrosnus

mfYy[kfr ;r~ ^,rkn`'kL; ,dL; lewgL; fuekZ.ke~ vLekda Ñrs vko';de~

vfLr ;r~ l% lewg% vLekda eè;s iztktukuk×p eè;s vuqoknd% L;kr~A

v;a lewg% ,rkn`'k% HkforO;% ;% jDro.kkZ/kj;ks% fgUnqLrkuh Hkosr~ ije~

vfHk#fp&fopkj'kCncks/Kkuk/kjs"kq vkÄ~Xyh;k% L;q%A eSdkysegksn;L; ân;s

;r~ fdefi vklhr~ rr~ izfrosnus uklhr~ vfirq i=ks vHkor~A ,rr~ i=ka eSdkys

egksn;% firja izfr fyf[kroku~ ^vL;k% f'k{kk;k% izHkko% fgUnwtukuke~ mifj

vf/dks¿fLrA dks¿fi fgUnwtu% ;% vkÄ~XyHkk"kkfiz;ks¿fLr] l% dnkfi

Lo/eZL; lR;rkiwoZda ikyua uSo djksfrA dspu ifjfLFkfro'kkr~ fgUnw HkofUr]

ija izk;'k% tuk% ukfLrdk% HkofUr vFkok bZlkbZ/eZeÄõhdqoZfUrA enh;%

iw.kZfo'oklks¿fLr ;r~ f'k{kklEcfU/r% izLrko% iw.kZ:is.k fØ;kfUorks Hkosr~ rnk

f=ka'kr~o"kkZnuUrja caxkyizkUrs ,dks¿fi ewfrZiwtd% ukof'k"Vks Hkfo";frA

vL; izfriQyfeneHkor~ ;r~ fgUnw&eqfLyeoxkSZ fofHkÂ:is"kq

vkÄ~Xytuku~ izfr jks"ka izdfVroUrkSA ;rksfg 'kuS% 'kuS% fuf'preHkor~ ;r~

loZdkjlsoklq vaxzsth'kklulEiÂk% tuk% ,o ojh;rka izkIL;fUrA izkphuk

Lons'kL; f'k{kk fujk/kjk] fujFkZdk p Hkofr LeA beka f'k{kka izfr fnuizfrfnua

tukukekSnklhU;a o`f¼a yHkrs LeA vij% i{ks¿fLeu~ uwrui¼fr vaxzsthf'k{kk p

/ekZ; uSfrddk;kZ; p dfBurjk tkrkA rkRi;± ;r~ uohuf'k{kkiz.kkyh

HkkSfrdkè;kfRedthou;ks% lUnsga leqRikfnrorhA

7

LokrU=;ksÙkj f'k{kk

vuUrja Hkkjrh;lekt% turkfU=kd'kkluiz.kkyha LohÑroku~A vL;k%

turkfU=kd'kkluiz.kkY;k% eq[;a y{;a yksdrkfU=kdrk] lkekftdU;k;%]

/eZfujis{krk] LorU=krk] lekurk] cU/qHkkouk p vklhr~A ,rs"kka y{;kuka

izkIR;Fk± lafo/kus 'kSf{kdizko/kuL;kfi O;oLFkk Ñrk orZrsA ,rs"kka y{;k.kke~

vuq:is.kSo f'k{kk;ka fuf'pr:is.k fodklks¿fi vHkor~A ije~ v|kfi f'k{kk&

fodkls U;wurk% lfUrA ns'ks f'kf{krukxfjdkuka lg;ksxsuSo yksdrU=kiz.kkY;k%

LFkkius lgkÕ;a Hkforqa 'kD;rsA ,rs"kka y{;k.kka izkIR;Fk± HkkjrloZdkj%

le;s&le;s fofo/k;ksxkuka ekè;esu f'k{kkfodkls dk;± Ñroku~A ija iqujfi

b;a foMEcuk ,o Hkofr ;r~ LorU=krkizkIrs% b;r~ dkyi;ZUre~ vfi

vk'kkuq:ik miyfC/% loZdkjs.k uSo izkIrkA loZdkjL; udkjkRedfopkj&

izokgs.k f'k{kkiz.kkY;ka la'kks/uLFkkus fujk'kk;k% fLFkfr% n`f"Vxrk HkofrA

orZekule;L; Nk=ks"kq uSfrdewY;kfu U;wukfu izHkofUrA ewY;s"kq vkn'ksZ"kq p

ifjorZua lefHkyf{kra fo|rsA foKkuksÂfrdkj.ksu vLekda le{ks ,d%

uwrufo'o% leqifLFkrks¿fLrA vk/qfudhdj.kifj.kkeLo:is.k lkekftdlEcU/s"kq

ifjorZukfu vfi lekxrkfu lfUrA

8

1-2 ijEijkxrk/qfudNk=kk.kk×pkè;;ui`"BHkwfe%

ijEijkxrPNk=kk%

,rkn`'kk% Nk=kk% ;s ijEijkxrekè;esu laLÑrfo|ky;s iBfUr

voyksD;rs ;r~ fo|ky;k% f}/k HkofUrA ,d% ,rkn`'k% fo|ky;% ;=k lEiw.kZ%

ikB~;Øe% izkphu&f'k{k.kfof/euql`R; ikB~;rsA ijEijkxrfo|ky;s izkphu&

i¼R;uqlkja xq#f'k";ijEijk;k izHkko% Hkofr] ,o×p lqlaLÑrokrkoj.ks vkn'kZ&

uSfrd&xq.kksRFkkuk; Nk=kk% xqjks% ldklkr~ KkuktZua fon/frA ,rs"kq fo|ky;s"kq

izFkek] iwoZeè;ek] mÙkjeè;ek bR;kn;% d{kk% izpyfUrA ,rk% v"Veh&

n'keh&}kn'khd{kkuq:ik% xf.krk% 'kklukr~ LohÑrk% p HkofUrA ,rs"kq

fo|ky;s"kq ikB~;ekuk% Nk=kk% ijEijkxrPNk=kk% bfr Kk;UrsA ,rkn`'ks"kq

fo|ky;s"kq ikBuL; ekè;e% laLÑra Hkofr] ,o×p laLÑriBuefuok;Z:is.k

Nk=ksH; vko';defLrA

vk/qfudNk=kk%

izpfyrijEijk;ka izkIrs"kq fo|ky;s"kq ;% fo|ky;% f'k{kke~

vk/qfudi¼freuql`R; iznnkfr] ,o×p uwruksidj.kkuka iz;ksxs.k lg foKku&

okf.kT;&dykfnfo"k;kukeè;kiua djksfr rkn`'k% fo|ky;% x.;rsA ,rs"kq ;=k

ekè;fed&mPpekè;fedd{kki;ZUre~ vè;kiua Hkofr rnk l% fo|ky;%

vk/qfud ekè;fedfo|ky;% bfr ukEuk Kk;rsA vfLeu~ fo|ky;s f'k{kk;k%

ekè;e% fgUnhHkk"kk vFkok vU;Hkk"kk HkofrA v=kR;k% laLÑrfo"k;a x`ghrk'Nk=kk

9

vfi laLÑrfo"k;L;kè;;ua ekr`Hkk"kk;ka dqoZfUrA rs"kka iBu&ikBua

ekr`Hkk"kk;keso HkofrA ,rs"kq fo|ky;s"kq laLÑre~ ,SfPNdfo"k;% vFkok

vU;Hkk"kk:is.k ikB~;Øes HkofrA vfLeu~ iBekuk% laLÑrfo"k;xzghrk% Nk=kk%

vk/qfudNk=kk% bfr LohfØ;UrsA

1-3 ;ksX;rkuka lajpuk (Structure of Abilities)

;ksX;rkuka lajpuk;k% fo"k;s egÙoiw.k± lhekÄõua Lih;jeSuegksn;su

1904 res f[kª"VkCns fu:firlkekU;cqf¼lEizR;;su rFkk p fxyiQksMZegksn;su

1956 res f[kª"VkCns ^cq¼s% lajpuk* ukek[;su izrhdsu fufeZrefLrA

oLrqr% ;ksX;rkuka rkRi;Z% rsH;% midfYirrÙosH;% orZUrs ;ku~

O;fDrxrfHkÂrk;k% vk/kjks LohfØ;rs rFkk ;sH;% rÙosH;% bna Kk;rs ;r~

dks¿fi tu% defi iznÙkdk;± fd;r~ dq'kyr;k drq± {kersA vijs"kq 'kCns"kq bna

oDrqa 'kD;rs ;r~ ;ksX;rk;k% lajpuk;k% vUrxZra Li"Vks¿;a fØ;rs ;r~ O;DrkS

(tus ok) ,dkdh laKkuijd{kerk Hkofr vkgksfLor~ l% tu%

cgqLorU=k:is"wiyC/{kerkuka lewgfo'ks"k% HkofrA

;ksX;rklEc¼f=kizdkjL; fl¼kUrk% (Three Kinds of Theories of

Abilities)

Lih;jeSuegksn;su ;ksX;rklEcfU/rizdkj=k;L; fl¼kUrk% mfYyf[krk%

lfUrA izFkeks ,djkth;n`f"Vdks.k% ;nuqlkjesdeso dkjda egÙoiw.k± eU;rs]

rLeS p lkekU;cq¼s% laKk nh;rsA laKkuijddk;Zs"kq vL; leku:is.k

10

egÙoefLrA f}rh;% vYirU=kh;n`f"Vdks.k% ;=k bna eU;rs ;r~ O;DrkS cgo%

;ksX;rk% HkofUr] rk% p leku:is.k izHkkohHkofUrA r`rh;ks vjktdh;n`f"Vdks.k%

rnuqlkja dsuk¿fi O;fDruk fØ;ek.kkfu dekZf.k lokZf.k Lofof'k"V;ksX;rklq

fuHkZjkf.k HkofUrA

Lih;jeSuegksn;L; f}dkjdfl¼kUre~ ,djkth;n`f"Vdks.kL;

ifjekftZr:ia oDrqa 'kD;rsA ija rL; Ñrs vko';drk b;a ;r~ lkekU;;ksX;rka

fofHkÂdk;sZ"kq fHkÂk¿a'ks"kq p miyC/% eU;rsA r=k fof'k"VokrkZ b;a orZrs ;r~

Lih;jeSuoVZln`'kfczfV'keuksfof‰% ,djkth;fl¼kUr% LohfØ;rs ij×p

dsyhFkLVZufxyiQksMZizHk`frfHk% vesfjdueuksfo'ks"kKS% vYirU=kh;fl¼kUrk;

vFkok vjktdh;fl¼kUrk; egÙoa nÙkefLrA

;ksX;rklajpuk;k% izdkjk% (Types of Structure of Ability)

ekuo;ksX;rk;k% vUrfufgZrlajpuk;k vè;;uk; lglEcU/L; dkjd&

fo'ys"k.kL; p fof/};L; vuqiz;ksxa ÑrefLrA ,rkn`'kkuka fof'k"V'kks/kuke~

vk/kjs.k ^;ksX;rklEcfU/lajpukuka* "kM~lkekU;jk¼kUrkukeqifj fopkjfoe'kZ%

fØ;rs v=kA rs p lfUr&

i. Lih;jeSuf}dkjdfl¼kUr% (Two Factor Theory)

ii. cVZegksn;lewgdkjdfl¼kUr% (Group Factor Theory)

iii. ouZuegksn;L; vf/Øferlajpuk;k% fl¼kUr% (Hierechical

Structure Theory)

11

iv. FkLVZuegksn;Ñr% cgqdkjdfl¼kUr% (Multipal Factor Theory)

v. fxyiQksMZegksn;Ñr% cqf¼lajpuk;k% izfreku% (Structure of

Intelleot Mode)

vi. dSVyegksn;L; vfLFkj% (Fluid) ,oa Li"Vcqf¼fl¼kUr%A

Lih;jeSuÑrf}dkjdfl¼kUr%

rUerkuqlkja O;Drs% ;ksX;rklajpuk;ka f}dkjd;ks% vko';drk orZrs

(i) lkekU;;ksX;rklEcfU/rdkjd% ;a la{ksis.k ‘G’ dkjd% dFk;rsA f}rh;%

fof'k"V;ksX;rklEcfU/rdkjdk% ;a ^S* (Specific Factor) dkjd% mP;rsA

l% egkHkkx% ^G* dkjda (Genera Factor) lkekU;ekufldkstZl%

(mQtZl%) lerqY;% eU;rs] ;% 'kkjhfjd'kDrslZed{kRokr~ vR;UrizHkkoh

HkofrA ‘S’ dkjd% fof'k"VrÙo% ok lkekU;dkjdkr~ 'kfDra izkIuksfrA ,ua

fof'k"Vdkjda (‘S’ Factor) fofo/i;kZoj.ktU;ifjfLFkfrfHk% ;Fkk

vkSipkfjdf'k{kkfnfHk% vla'kks/uh;a euqrsA

cVZegksn;Ñrlewgdkjdfl¼kUr%

ljflfjycVZegksn;erkuqlkja ;ksX;rkef/Øfer:is vfHkO;Dra drq±

'kD;rsA ,rkn`'kfopkj.k'khyrk;k% lzksr:is¿fi Lih;jeSuegksn;L; ‘G’ dkjda

izek.khfØ;rsA cq¼s% vL; izHkkoL; KkukuUrja dkfpr~ 'kkfCnd;ksX;rk%]

dkfufpr~ dkjdkf.k ok vof'k";Urs] ;kfu fu"iknulewgL; O;k[;k;ka leFkkZ%

HkofUr] rsH;% lewgdkjdlaKk nh;rsA1

1 uohu f'k{kkeuksfoKkue~] ds- ih- ik.Ms;%] fo'ofo|ky;izdk'kue~] okjk.klh] 2009

12

iwoksZDrkukesrkn`'kkuka lewgdkjdizHkkoka'kku~ U;wuhÑrs lfr ;fRdefi

vof'k";rs] ra ^fof'k"Vdkjd* }kjk Li"VÔrsA rFkk ra okLrfodesoa

=kqfVrÙo:is"kq vxzs fo'ys"k.ka fo/krqa 'kD;rsA

ouZuegksn;L; vf/Øferlajpuk;k% fl¼kUr%

ouZuegksn;erkuqlkja ^y?kqlewgdkjdk%* lnSo 'kkfCnd'kS{kf.kd

(Verbal Educational) ,oa ^LFkkuxr;kaf=kd*ln`'kS% c`gn~lewgdkjdS% u

fuxZUrqa 'kD;UrsA rL; n`"VÔk rRdkjdjpukesdsukf/Øes.k iznf'kZrqa 'kD;rsA

ekuoh;;ksX;rklajpuk;k% vf/ØeL; 'kh"ksZ lkekU;;ksX;rk ‘G’ orZrs] rRi'pkr~

c`gn~lewgdkjdk% ;Fkk&^'kkfCnd'kS{kf.kd* ,oa ^LFkkuxr;kaf=kd* bR;kn;ks

iznf'kZrqa 'kD;UrsA

FkLVZuegksn;L; cgqdkjdfl¼kUr%

,y- ,y- FkLVZu (L. L. Thurstone) egksn;su izLrkfor% fl¼kUr%

^vYirU=kh;ukEuk* (Oligerchic) ,oa ^cgqdkjdfl¼kUr*ukEuk (Multiple

Factor Theory) vkà;rsA l ,da uwrufl¼kUra vUosf"Vroku~] (vUos"k.ka

Ñroku~) ;LeS l% ^lk/kj.kjpuklaKk* (Simple Sturcture) nÙkoku~A l%

^dkjdfo'ys"k.kfof/uk* lIrizeq[kdkjdku~ Kkroku~A rs p bRFka lfUr&

S - LFkkuxr;ksX;rk (Spatial Ability)

P - izR;{kkRedxfr% (Preceptual Speed)

N - la[;kRed;ksX;rk (Numerical Ability)

V - 'kkfCndkFkZ% (Verbal Ability)

13

M - Le`fr% (Memory)

W - 'kkfCndizokg% (Verbal Fluency)

I R - vkxeukRedrdZ% (Inductive Reasoning)

ekufld;ksX;rka ekif;rqa FkLVZuegkHkkxsu fufeZrk ijh{kk

uSnkfuddk;sZH;% O;kogkfjdfunsZ'kuk; p vR;Urksi;ksxh fl¼k tkrk] ;rksfg

ijh{ks;a cqf¼yZfC/ln'̀klokZfÄõddk;sZ"kq u O;Dr% HkwRok ,dys[kkfp=kor~

(Profile) vuqiz;qT;rsA

fxyiQksMZegksn;Ñr;ksX;rklajpuk;k% izfreku%

fxyiQksMZegkHkkx% ;ksX;rkizdkjku~ f=koxsZ"kq oxZ;frA izFkea ;%

vk/kjHkwreuksoSKkfudfØ;k.kkeuqlkje~ & laKkua (Cognition)] Le`fr%

(Memory)] ewY;kÄïue~ (Evalution)] vilkjhfpUrua (Serent

Thinking)] vfHklkjhfpUrue~ (Convergent Thinking)A f}rh;a

fo"k;oLrq vFkok lkexzh.kkeuqlkje~ & vkÑfr% (Figure)] izrhdkRed%

(Symbolic)] 'kCnkFkZd% (Semantic)A r`rh;e~ ,sfdd% (Unit)] oxZ%

(Class)] O;oLFkk (System)] lEcU/% (Relation)] :ikUrje~

(Transformation)] fufgrkFkZ% (Implications)A

bRFka fxyiQksMZegksn;erkuqlkja lEiw.kZeuksoSKkfudizfØ;k% i×p]

fo"k;oLrqpRokfjizØe.kL; ifj.kkeLo:iizkIrksRikn"kM~ lfUrA ,rs"kka leLr&

oxkZ.kkeUrfØZ;k;k% vk/kjs.k 120 lEiw.kZ LorU=k;ksX;rkuka ladYiuk fØ;rsA

14

i×pizdkjL; ekufldizfØ;k egÙoiw.kZJsf.k"kq x.;Urs] fxyiQksMZ&

egksn;erkuqlkje~&

1- laKkue~ (Cognition) izkIrlwpukuka Kkue~A

2- Le`fr% (Memory) izkIrlwpuk;k% izR;kLej.ke~A

3- vilkjh&mRikn% (Divergent Production) lek/kukUos"k.ke~A

4- vfHklkjh&mRikn% (Convergent) ,dkdhlehphueqÙkjeUos"k.ke~A

5- ewY;kÄïue~ (Evalution) lwpukuka i;kZIrrk;k% fo"k;s fu.kZ;dj.ke~A

v=kksYys[kuh;% orZrs ;r~ euksfoKkus f'k{kk;k×p ekufld;ksX;rk;k%

fo"k;s ,dL; foLrkfjr ,oa ldkjkRedifjizs{;fodklL; Js;% ^gkoMZ

xkMZuj* egksn;k; nh;rsA l% egkHkkx% ^izSQEl vkiQ ekbUM % n F;ksjh

vkWiQ efYViy bUVsfytsUl* ukfEu iqLrds fcus (Binet) egkHkkxL;

xf.krh;rkfdZd;ksX;rk;k% rFkk okfpdHkk"kk;h;ksX;rk;k% vfrfjDra i×pkU;s

;ksX;rk% LohdjksfrA izkIr×p cqf¼jsda iw.kZr% vkuqoaf'kdesoa tUeuk izkIrÙoa

ukfLr] vfirq cqf¼fodkls iksf"krfodflrrÙokuka egnonkua orZrsA

xkMZujegkHkkxsu cq¼s% ;s"kka lIr;ksX;rkukeqYys[ka Ñre~] rk% bRFka lfUr&

i. rkfdZdrk & lk xf.krh;;ksX;rk (Logical Mathematical) ;ka

fo'ys"k.kk¿x.kuifj.kkekRedkfHkO;fDrfHk% Kkrqa 'kD;rsA

ii. okfpd;ksX;rk & Hkk"kk;h;ksX;rk (Verbal Linguistic) ;ka 'kCnS%

O;DrfopkjS% ,oa Hkk"kk¿oxeuL; {ker;k vocksè;rsA

15

iii. vUroSZ;fDrd;ksX;rk (Inter Personal) ;keijku~ tuku~ voxeus

(vocks/us) vU;O;fDrfHkjUrfØZ;;k ,oa rnuqHkwfrtU;kuqHkwr;k

foKkI;rsA

iv. vUr%oS;fDrd;ksX;rk & (Intrapersonal) ;;k dL;k¿fi O;Drs%

,dkUrfiz;rk;k% izo`fÙkekRefuHkZjrka] vè;olk;rka] y{;ksUeq[krk×p

vUos";rsA

v. n`f"Vewyd;ksX;rk@LFkkfud;ksX;rk ok (Visual/Spatial) ,rkn`'kh

{kerk ;ksX;rk ok ekufldizfrekuS% f=k&vk;kehfpUrusu] LFkku&

ifjorZu{ker;k] leL;klek/kuL; {ker;k ok bR;kfnfHk% dkjdS%

izdfVrk HkofrA

vi. laxhrkRedrk & (Musical) laxhrkRed;ksX;rk O;Drs% dL;kfi

xhrL; e/qjxkusu] Jo.kL; rRijr;k] rL; xhra izfr y;a] LojL;

vkjksgkojksgkS izfr laosnu'khyr;k fpfÉrk HkofrA

xkMZujegksn;L; erkuqlkja r=k =k;ks ekun.Mk% lfUr] ;su dks¿fi

lEiznk;fo'ks"k% ^;ksX;rk:is* ekU;rkeokIuksfr&ekiuh;rk] O;Drs% laLÑrkS rL;

egÙoe~] dL;k% vfi leL;k;k% l`tu'khyrk;k% ok fojks/s lfr rn~}kjk

iznf'kZrk 'kfDr%A

cq¼s% vFkok ekufld;ksX;rk;k% vL;k% foLrkfjrko/kj.kk;k%

euksfoKkuL;ksifj ,rkonf/dks izHkkoks vkirr~] ;su ra f'k{kkfof‰%

uohuizfreku:is ekU;rk nÙkkA

16

dSVyegksn;su fu:fir% vfLFkj ,oa Li"Vcqf¼fl¼kUr%

vkj- ch dSVyegkHkkxL; erkuqlkja cqf¼fj;a LoLo:in"̀VÔk u rq

iw.kZr;k ,djkth;k u p vYirU=kh;k vkjkth;k ok fo|rsA rsu egksn;su

cqf¼lajpuk;k% uSddkjdk.kka lEcU/s izLrqr"kM~fl¼kUrs"kq eè;ekxZL; vUos"k.ka

Ñre~A rL; n`"VÔk lkekU;cq¼s vo/kj.kk ,o egÙoiw.kkZ fo|rsA rsu

f}fo/lkekU;cq¼s% mYys[k% Ñr%A izFkek vfLFkjcqf¼% (xR;kRed cqf¼ ok)

;k uwruifjfLFkfr"kq O;Drs% lek;kstu{kerkewY;kÄïudrZ̀fHk% ijh{kkfHk% Kkfirk

Hkofr vFkkZr~ Kkua Kk;rsA f}rh;k Li"Vcqf¼% (Crystallised Intelligence)

;;k ekè;esu dfLeÂfi O;DrkS laKkuijdfu"iknu{kerk;kjfHkO;fDrHkZofr]

rFkk ,rs"kq {ks=ks"kq vk/kjHkwrlkekU;;ksX;rk;k% vuqiz;ksx}kjk dq'kyiwoZd&

fu.kZ;iznkuL; izo`Ùks% fodkl% HkofrA FkLVZuegksn;su izfrikfnrkS 'kkfCnd&

la[;kRed;ksX;rkdkjdkS Li"Vcq¼s% mnkgj.kkS Lr%A

ekufld;ksX;rk;ka o`f¼% (The Growth of Abilities)

vLekda o;fl ifjorZusu lg vLekda 'kkjhfjd{kerkLofi

izR;{k:is.k ifjorZun`Xxkspjk% tk;UrsA rnfrfjDreLekda ekufld{kerklq izk;%

vYiifjorZukfu n`f"VHkwrkfu tk;UrsA ijfena lR;a orZrs ;r~ o;kuqlkja O;Drs%

ekufld{kerklq ifjorZukfu vo';eso vkxPNfUrA i×po"khZ;ckydL;

ekufld{kerklq ,oe"Vkn'ko"khZ;;qodL; ekufld;ksX;rklq egRifjorZukfu

HkofUrA O;Drs% ekufld;ksX;rklq miyC/cq¼s% Lo:ik.kka vfrlqfu;ksftrjhR;k

vè;;ua Ñra euksfof‰%A

17

lUnHksZ¿fLeu~ f}izdkjL; vè;;us fu"iÂs tkrsA izFkea izfrfuè;kRede~

vè;;ue~ (Cross Sectional Study)] f}rh;a dkykuqØfedeè;;ue~

(Longitudinal Study)A

Ñrkè;;us"kq n`"Va ;r~ ;ksX;rk;k% fodkl% dsoya

ckY;fd'kksjkoLFk;ks% ;kor~ lhferks u HkwRok izkS<koLFkki;ZUra izpyfrA

futeukso`f¼n`"V;k O;Drs% o`f¼oØs"kq i;kZIreUrja izkIrefLrA loZlk/kj.kks¿;a

fu"d"kZ% ;r~ ;ksX;rk;ka o`f¼% O;Drs% HkkjL; yEcL; ok o`¼kS ?kfVrks u HkwRok

rL; fodkl'khyizdk;sZ"kq rL; xR;kRedk¿uqØferk;k% vk/kjs.k HkofrA

1-4 ekufld;ksX;rk;k% Lo:ie~

b;a ewy:is.k ekuoL; cqf¼lEcfU/rk HkofrA ,rk% rk% ;ksX;rk%

HkofUr ;kfHk% lokZf.k ekuflddk;kZf.k ifjiw.kkZfu HkofUrA

Lih;jeSuegksn;L; erkuqlkje~&^^ekuflddk;kZ.kka lEiknuk;

ekufld;ksX;rk;k% izdkj};L; vko';drk HkofrA**

1- lkekU;ekufld;ksX;rk

2- fof'k"Vekufld;ksX;rk

izFkek lkekU;ekufld;ksX;rk losZ"kq ekuflddk;sZ"kq izkI;rs ija

fof'k"Vekufld;ksX;rk dsoya fof'k"Vdk;sZ.k ,o lEcfU/rk Hkofr vFkkZr~

lkekU;dk;sZ euq";L; ;% O;ogkj% Hkofr ;k p fØ;k&izfrfØ;k Hkofr lk

rL; lkekU;ekufld;ksX;rk fo|rsA

18

,o×p fof'k"Vkoljs euq";% ;a dk;± djksfr ;su rL; xq.kkoxq.kL;

ifjKkua Hkofr lk fof'k"Vk ekufld;ksX;rkA izfrtus lkekU;;ksX;rkfrfjDra

dk¿fi fof'k"Vk ;ksX;rk¿fi Hkofr (,dfLeu~ tus ,dkr~ vf/dk¿fi

fof'k"Vekufld&;ksX;rk yH;rs] ,d% tu% fofHkÂs"kq {ks=ks"kq fo"k;s"kq ok dq'ky%

HkofrA ;fLeu~ {ks=ks l% dq'kyks¿fLr lk dq'kyk ,o rL; fof'k"Vk ;ksX;rkA

,dfLeu~ tus ,o ;fn ,rk% fof'k"V;ksX;rk% fo|Urs rfgZ ,rklq dks¿fi

fo'ks"k% lEcU/% uSo yH;rsA

Lih;jeSuegksn;L; erkuqlkje~&^euq";s lkekU;;ksX;rk;k% ek=kk

;koR;f/dk Hkfo";fr rFkSo l% cqf¼ekÂfi Hkfo";frA

FkLVZuegksn;% dkjdfo'ys"k.kk/kjs lIrekSfydekufld;ksX;rkuke~

mYys[ka djksfr&

1- okfpd;ksX;rk & vL;k vUrxZra ekuo% 'kkfCndfopkjku~ tkukfr

,o×p rs"kka iz;ksxa djksfrA

2- la[;kRed;ksX;rk & vL;ka O;fDr% lkekU;xf.krh;dk;kZu~ djksfrA

3- {ks=kizs{k.k;ksX;rk & vL;ka tu% T;kfefrfo"k;lac¼k% leL;k%

voxPNfrA

4- izR;{kijd;ksX;rk & vL;ka tu% oLrwuke~ vfHkKkusu lg 'kq¼a

izR;{khdj.kefi djksfrA

19

5- Le`fr% & vL;kUrxZra tu% vf/xea djksfr ,o×p izkIrka lwpuka eufl

/kj;frA

6- rkfdZd;ksX;rk & vL;ke~ vewrZlEcU/kuka izR;{khdj.ksu lg

uwruleL;kuka lek/kuk; vuqHkokukeqi;ksxa djksfr euq";%A

7- 'kkfCnd;ksX;rk & vL;ka 'kCnlEcU/s"kq rhozr;k fpUrua fØ;rsA

fxyiQksMZegksn;% frlz ekufld;ksX;rk% lalwp;fr&

1- fpUrudk;Ze~

2- Content vFkkZr~ rkfu inkfu ;s"kka lEcU/s fpUrua fØ;rs ;Fkk

'kCnlÄïsr%A

3- mRikfnrkfufr (Product Unity) vFkkZr~ rs fopkjk% ;s

fpUruknuUrje~ mRiknu:is.k vkxPNfUrA

gkoMZxkMZuegksn;L; fpUrukuqlkje~&^cqf¼% vFkkZr~ ekufld;ksX;rk

tUeu% le;s fu/kZfjrkis{k;k ,rkn`'ka rÙoefLr ;L; iks"k.ka fodlua p drq±

'kD;rsA

1940 res o"ksZ Lih;jeSuegksn;% LofLeu~ 'kks/s bna izkIroku~ ;r~

foLr`r{ks=ks lkiQY;k; lkekU;cqf¼eÙkSo ewyHkwrk HkofrA ,dfLeu~ {ks=ks vU;{ks=ks

ok fdefi Js"Bizn'kZuk; ;k ewyHkwrk Hkofr lk fof'k"V;ksX;rkA v;a egksn;%

Dykfld&VSLV&F;ksjh ,o×p iQSDVj&,ukfyfll bfr izfØ;k};a js[kkafdra ÑRok

Lofu"d"kkZ.kka lS¼kfUrd:ijs[kka izLrkSfrA iQSDVj,ukfyfll vFkkZr~ dkjd&

20

fo'ys"k.ka lkaf[;D;k/kfjrk fof/jfLrA ;% dkjda Kki;fr ,rkfu dkjdkf.k

fofo/'kS{kf.kd{ks=ks"kq Js"BeJs"Ba ok izn'kZuk; ewyHkwrkfu HkofUrA

f}rh;fo'o;q¼L; i'pkr~ euksoSKkfudk% lkaf[;dh;fo/s% iz;ksxa

ÑRok ekuoL; ekufld;ksX;rk;k% lEcfU/rkfu rF;kfu vUosf"kroUr%A

xgu'kks/ekè;esu dSVyegksn;% ,o×p lg;ksfxu% bna fu"d"k± izkIroUr% ;r~

G (lkekU;cqf¼eÙkk) bfr ijLija lEcU/LFkkiua xq.k};feJ.kefLrA bekS }kS

xq.kkS {kers Hkor%A

1- rjyekufldcqf¼eÙkk

vFkkZr~ b;a cqf¼eÙkk;k% lokZf/deewrZ:ia (Abstract) ,o×p

'kq¼:ia fo|rsA bna :ia uoleL;kuka fo'ys"k.ka ,o×p rklka leL;kuka Kkua

ÑRok ,rklq ijLije~ lEcU/ku~ vfHkKk; rdZ'kfDriz;ksxs.k lR;fu"d"kZL;

izkIrs% ;ksX;rk vfLrA b;a ;ksX;rk foKku&xf.kr&rduhdhR;kfn fo"k;&

lEcfU/rkuka rkfdZdleL;kuka lek/kuk; lgkf;dk HkofrA fofgrkfu

'kks/dk;kZf.k lwp;fUr ;r~ rjyekufld;ksX;rk O;Drs% vuqHkoL; mifj fuHkZjk

ukfLr vfirq vuqokaf'kddkjdS% fu/kZfjrk% HkofrA b;a tUexrk izfrHkk fo|rsA

2- fØLVycqf¼eÙkk (Cristal Intelligence)

b;a euq";L; lkaLÑfrd&'kSf{kdkuqHko;ks% rL; rjycqf¼eÙk;k lg

vUrfØZ;k;k% ifj.kkeLo:is.k mRiÂk HkofrA b;a euq";s mÙke&lkekU;KkuL;

le`¼'kCndks"kL; 'kCnkuka la[;k.kk×p dq'kyiz;ksx:is.k ifjyf{krk HkofrA

21

'kkfCnds vkfÄïds ok vk/kfjrk% ijEijkxrk% ijh{kkizfo/;% cqf¼eÙkkifjekius

lq;ksX;k bfr eU;UrsA

la{ksir% ekufld;ksX;rk;k% rkRi;± izHkkoiw.kZL; le`¼Hkk"kkxzg.kL;

p ;ksX;rk] dkS'kya] Kkua] la[;kRed;ksX;rk iznÙk ;qXer% lkn`';kuka ifjKkua

vFkkZr~ lkn`';rkKkue~] lR;ksÙkjnkue~ ,o×p mnkgj.kL; rdZfu.kZ;;ks% vk/kjs.k

lkekU;hdj.ka orZrsA

,oa Kk;rs ekufld;ksX;rk{ks=ka foLr`ra foiqy×pkfLrA vL;ka fo}kal%

cgqdkjdkf.k iznf'kZroUr%] losZ"kq dk;sZ"kq 'kks/dk;± dfBua le;lkè;×p fo|rsA

vr% 'kks/s¿fLeu~ =k;% ,o dkjdk% e;k fprk%A

,rs"kq Le`fr% 'kkfCnd;ksX;rk ,o×p v'kkfCnd;ksX;rk bfr lfUrA

1-4-1 Le`fr;ksX;rk

Le`fr ,dk ekufld;ksX;rk fo|rsA Le`rs vk/kj% vftZrkuqHkoks

HkofrA Le`rs% iqu#Riknua ifjfLFkR;uqlkja ;Fkkle;a Hkorka ekufldlaLdkjk%

Le`frekè;esuSo tkx`rk% HkofUrA oqMoFkZegksn;L; erkuqlkje~&^^;k okrkZ izkd~

x`ghrk orZrs vFkok izkd~ voxrk orZrs rL;k% Lej.keso Le`frjfLr**A rFkSo

vÂEHkV~Vegksn;suksDre~&^^vuqHkotU;a KkuLe`fr%** bfrA

LVVZ ,oa vksdMuegksn;kS dFk;r% ;r~ ^^iwokZuqHkoku~ vpsrueufl

lf×prdj.ke~ ,o×p vko';drkuqlkja psrueufl rs"kkeqiLFkkiuL; 'kfDr%

,o Le`fr%**A

22

Le`rs% eq[;dk;± fo|rs ;r~ vLekfHk% iwokZuqHkokuka Lej.ka iznkue~A

fo}kal% Le`rs% }kn'kizdkjku~ Hk.kfUrA ;Fkk&

(1) O;fDrxr% (2) vO;fDrxr% (3) LFkk;h (4) rkRdkfydh

(5) lfØ;% (6) fuf"Ø;% (7) rkfdZd% (8) d.BLFkhdj.ka (9)

vH;kl% (10) 'kkjhfjd% (11) bfUnz;kuqHko% (12) 'kq¼'psfrA

Js"BLe`rs% y{k.kefi fo}f‰% fyf[kre~] "kM~y{k.kkfu izkI;UrsA

,rkfu fuEufyf[krkfu lfUr&

(1) 'kh?kzkf/xe% (2) mÙke/kj.k'kfDr% (3) 'kh?kz iqu% Lej.ka

(4) 'kh?kzifjKkue~ (5) vuko';ddFkukuka foLe`fr% (6) mi;ksfxrkA

vL;k% iznf'kZrfu;ek% ,oaHkwrk% lfUr&

1- vH;klL; fu;e%

2- fujUrjrk;k% fu;e%

3- ijLijlEc¼rk;k% fu;e%

oSfndeuksfoKkus Le`frfu:i.ke~

fu%lUnsg% Le`fr ,dk tfVy&euks'kkjhfjd;ksX;rk (Psycho-

Physicological Ability) vfLrA ;L;ka fuEufyf[krk% prlz% izfØ;k%

lfÂfgrk% HkofUr&vf/xe%] /kj.ke~ (Retention)] iqu%Lej.ke~ (Recall)]

ifjp;'p (Recognition)A

23

;a O;ogkja oLrq ok izR;{k:is.k voyksfdra L;kr~ rL;So laLdkj%

Kkus fufgrks Hkofr ,o×p rL; O;ogkjL; foLej.ka u Hkosr~] ,rkn`'kh o`fÙk%

Le`fr bfr dF;rsA bneqfprefLr ;r~ bfUnz;lEcfU/rS% cfg% fo"k;k.kka lokZ%

lwpuk% KkurUrqekè;eS% efLr"dkfnKkulk/ukÄõkuka lehis¿fi xUrqa 'kD;rs]

,o×p lEHkoks¿I;fLr ;r~ rkU;sokÄõkfu vkReu% fu;U=k.ks rs"kka lwpukukek/kjs.k

dk;ZØea foLrkj;s;q%] ija laLdkjk.kkek/kj% ,o×p rS% laLdkjS% m‰wrLe`R;k

lk/ua LruLi'kZizo`fÙk%] 'k;ukoLFkk;ka dnkfi glua dnkfi #nudj.ka iqu%

{k.kknuUrja lko/kua] ckydsH;% iwoZtUeo`ÙkkUrL; Lej.ke~] dL;kfi ckydL;

U;wuk;kS izxYHkfo}rk] ;RuknuUrjefi dL;kfi Ñrs Kkua ukfLr] ckydkuka

fofo/dk;Zizo`Ù;kuqlkja #fpHksn%] bR;kfnokrkZ% Le`R;k/kjS% ,o×p Le`r;%

iwoZtUeu% laLdkjk/kjS% x`ghrk% Hkfo";fUrA

HkkSfrdoknh Le`R;Fk± psrulÙkk;k% Lohdj.keko';da u eU;rsA rL;

erkuqlkjs.k Le`fr% rfU=kdkrU=kL;ksifj ifrr% ,d% fpÉks¿fLr vFkok

laLdkjkaduefLr ;a orZekus o;a i';ke%] ijfena fpUrue~ vlehphuefLrA bna

Lohdj.ksu Le`rkS izR;{ks p fdeI;Urjeof'k"Va u Hkfo";fr] ;rksfg HkkSfrd&

oknherkuqlkjs.k Le`fr% izR;{ke~ bekS }kS ,o orZekukS Lr%] ijeusu leL;k;k%

lek/kua u HkofrA foxr?kVuk Hk;kudk vklhr~ ija rL;k% Le`fr% lq[kiznkfi

Hkforqa 'kD;rs] vr% Le`fr% rfU=kdkrU=kL;ksifj ifrr% izHkko% ukfLr] vfirq

b;esdk psruk;k% 'kfDr% orZrs] ;ka eu% psruk vFkok vkRek dfFkrqa 'kD;rsA

24

vUr%dj.ka ;nk Lej.ka djksfr rnk rfPpÙka HkofrA eulk lEikfnrk%

leLrk% fØ;k% laLdkj:iks HkwRok iqu% izkIuksfrA okVluegksn;% Le`fr%

^fo'kq¼* (Sensory Motor) bfr dFk;fr] ija l% bna uSo lwp;fr ;r~

fofo/k vuqHkwr;% dsu izdkjs.k dq=k p ,df=krk% HkofUr ,o×p vklÂle;s

dFka iqu% le{ks mifLFkrk% HkofUrA ,rnfrfjDra o;a i';ke% ;r~

'kkUrfpÙkkoLFkk;kefi dkefi ckáksÙkstuka fouk vFkok vUr%izsj.kka fouk

,rkn`'kh Le`fr vlekua Hkofr ;L;k% orZekusu lg dks¿fi lEcU/% u Hkofr]

bea rF;a okVluegksn;L;k/kjs.k foospf;rqa Li"Vf;rqa ok u 'kD;rsA

n;kuUnegksn;L; vU;oSfndfonq"kk×pers Le`r;% vUr%dj.ks fLFkrk%

fpÙko`Ùk;% HkofUrA2

Le`frlaLdkjk% Le`frfpÉkfu ok ;L;ka HkwekS orZUrs r=kkfi fpÙka fl¼a

HkofrA vu;k n`"VÔSo izQk;Megksn;% LoL;k% fpÙkHkwE;k% foHkkxkuka

Li"Vhdj.ks oSKkfudL; iQsoujegksn;L; opua izek.k:is.k izLrkSfr&

^tkx`rfopkj'kDR;k (HkwE;k) is{k;k LoIuHkwfe% vU;=kSokfLrA*3

izfl¼s pjdukeds xzUFks ^n"̀VJqrkuqHkwrkuka Lej.kkr~ Le`fr#P;rs*4 bfr

O;k[;k Ñrk orZrsA bfUnz;S% Kkr ,o×p 'kkL=kS% izrhrkuqHkwrokÙkZ;ks% Lej.ke~]

vFkkZr~ dkj.kkr~ dk;ZLej.ka ^:ixzg.ke~* vFkkZr~ ,dkdkjkr~ vU; ln`'kkdkjL;

Lej.ke~ ^lkn`';xzg.ke~*] lfoi;Z;% vFkkZr~ fo#¼okrkZekè;esu Lej.ke~

2 txnh'k fo|kyÄïkj%] Hkkjrh; euksfoKkue~] i`- 90

3 The seat of the dreams is eisw where than waking ideating-psycho-physic, Part II

V. 520, S. Freud. The Intespretation of Dreams p. 424 C.J.Jung : Contributions

to analytical psychology, 1928, pp 93-94 4 pjd] lw=kLFkku] v- 2-146

25

^lR;kuqca/*] ,dkxzrkiwoZdè;kusu Lej.ke~ ^vH;kl%* vFkkZr~ Hkw;ksHkw;% ,dL;So

dk;Zdj.ksu leqn~Hkwra Lej.ka ^Kku;ksx%* vUrKkZusu Lej.ka ^iqu%Jqr%* foLe`r&

okÙkkZukekdfLedJo.ksu Lej.ke~&,rs Lej.kL; v"Vizdkjk% lfUrA5

Le`frfu:i.ke~

^vkReeulks% la;ksxfo'ks"kkr~ laLdkjkPp Le`frfjfr6 oS'ksf"kdlw=ke~A

Kkuek=ka izR;sokReu%la;ksxfo'ks"kL; gsrqRokr~ rLekr~ laLdkj:iklk/kj.kdkj.kkPp

Le`frHkZofrA rFkSoksDre~&^Hkkouk¿lk/kj.kdkj.kKkua Le`fr%*7A Hkkouk fg laLdkj

,oa l pkuqHkotU;% Le`frgsrqjUr%dj.k/eZLrkadkfners"kq vkRefo'ks"kxq.kks okA

xkSreh;U;k;lw=ks lekurU=kU;k;su oS'ksf"kdLe`fry{k.kL;SokH;qixekr~

;|fi i`Fkd~ rYy{k.ka u Ñra rFkkfi ckS¼S;Zr~ {kf.kdfoKkuizokgL;So

fujkRedL; Lej.keqP;rs rR[k.Mu:is.kksDre~&^Lej.kURokReuks KLokHkkO;kr~*8A

vkReu ,o Lej.ka u cqf¼lUrfrek=kL;sfrA v;a [kyq KkL;fr] tkukfr]

vKklhfnfr f=kdkyfo"k;s.kkusdsu Kkusu lEcè;rs] ---------- ;r~ ;L;k;a Loks

/eZLrL; Lej.ka u cqf¼izcU/ek=kL; fujkRedL;sfrA9 rRLo:ieI;qDra

okRL;k;usu&^Lej.ka p [kyq iwoZKkrL; lekusu Kk=kk xzg.ke~] vKkfl"keeqeFk±

Ks;fefr] lks¿;esdks Kkrk iwoZKkreFk± x`Êkfr] rL;kL; xzg.ka Lej.kfefrA10

5 txnh'k fo|kyÄïkj%] Hkkjrh; euksfoKkue~] i`- 90

6 Vai sw 9.2.6

7 Sap.pad. 121 (css)

8 Nya.su.3.2.43

9 Nya.su.bha 3.2.43

10 Ibid 3.2.42

26

vU;=k p Lej.kL; laLdkjtU;Roekg&^;Fkk [kYokReeulks% lfÂd"kZ%

laLdkjk'p Le`frgsrqRoa izf.k/kua fyÄõkfnKkukfu*11 bR;kfnA

xkSrelw=ks Le`rhuka cgqfo/ku gsrwuqn~cks/dka'pksfYy[; fofp=kkf.k

fun'kZukfu izif×prkfuA rkfu p loZokfnlEerRoknqfYy[;UrsA ;FkksDre~ &

^izf.k/ku & fucU/kH;kl & fyÄõ & y{k.k & lkn`'; & ifjxzgkJ;kfJr &

lEcU/kuUr;Z & fo;ksxSddk;Z & fojks/kfr'k; & izkfIr & O;o/ku & lq[k &

nq%[ksPNk&}s"k&Hk;kfFkZRo& fØ;k&jkx&/ekZ/eZfufeÙksH;*12 bfrA v=k (1)

izf.k/kua eulks fo"k;kUrja l×pkjokj.ka rnFkZLe`frdkj.ke~A (2) fucU/

,dxzUFkksifucU/ua ;Fkk izek.ksu izes;kfnLej.ke~A (3) vH;kl% laLdkj&

ckgqY;e~] ,rL; ;|fi uksn~cks/dRoa rFkkfi rkn`'ks 'kh?kzeqn~cks/dleo/kua

Hkofr vFkok vH;klks n`<rjlaLdkjLrL; pksn~cks/dRoesosfr dsfpr~A (4)

fyÄõa O;kI;a O;kidL; Lekjda HkofrA (5) y{k.ka dfièotkfn vtqZukns%

Lekjde~A (6) ifjxzg% LoLokfeHkko%] Losu ok Lokeh] Lokfeuk o Loa

Le;ZrsA (7) vkJ;kfJrks jktkfnrRifjtukS ijLijLekjdkSA (8) lEcU/ks

xq#f'k";Hkkokfn%A (9) vkuUr;Z&;Fkk izks{k.keo/krL; Lekjde~A (10)

fo;ksxks nkjkns% Lekjd%A (11) ,ddk;kZr~ d=kZUrjn'kZukr~ d=kZUrjs Le`frHkZofrA

(12) fojks/knfgudqyknsjU;rjs.kkij& Lej.ke~A (13) vfr'k;% laLdkj

miu;ukfnjkpk;kZns% Lekjd%A (14) izkfIr% /uknsnkZrkja Lekj;frA (15)

O;o/kuekoj.ke~] dks"kkfn [kM~xkns%A (16]17) lq[knq%[kkH;ka r¼srq% Le;ZrsA

11

Ibid 3.2.34 12

Nya.su. 3.2.44

27

(18]19) bPNk}s"kkH;ka ;fePNfr ;a p }sf"V% ra LejfrA (20) Hk;a r¼srks%

Lekjde~A (21) vfFkZRoa nkrq%A (22) fØ;k&;Fkk jFksu jFkdkj% Le;ZrsA

(23) jkx% iq=kkns% Lekjd%A (24]25) /ekZ/ekZH;ka tUekUrjkuqHkwrlq[knq%[k&

lk/u;ks% izkxuqHkwrlq[kkns'p Lej.ke~A gsrqfoHkkxk'pk;erho LFkwy%A mDr×p

Hkk";dkjs.k&^fun'kZua Le`frgsrwuka u ifjla[;ku*13 fefrA oLrqrLrq ,dlEcfU/&

Kkua lEcUè;UrjL; LekjdfeR;usuSo rs"kka cgwuka fun'kZukuka laxzg% lEHkofrA

jkx}s"kHk;knhuka LekjdRoUrq izfl¼esoA

,oa iz'kLriknHkk";s¿fi & ^fyÄõn'kZusPNkuqLej.kk|is{kknkReulks%

la;ksxfo'ks"kkr~ iVkH;klknknjizR;;tfurkPp laLdkjkn~ n`"VJqrkuqHkwrs"oFksZ"kq

'ks"kkuqO;olk;sPNkuqLej.k}s"kgsrqjrhrfo"k;kLe`frfjfrA*14 y{k.ka Ñre~A vkRe&

eulks% la;ksxfo'ks"kkr~ laLdkjkr~ vfrfo"k;k Le`frfjR;soa:iL; y{k.kL;So

dkj.kdk;ksZYys[ksu foLrkj% Ñrks fyÄõn'kZusR;kfnukA mDr×p Jh/js.k&

Le`fry{k.kefo|kekp"Vs fyÄõn'kZusPNSR;kfnuk vkfn'kCnsu U;k;lw=kksDrkfu

iz.k/kuknhfu lax`áUrsA rkU;is{kekukr~ vkRe{kekukr~ vkReeulks% la;ksx&

fo'ks"kkfnfr Le`frdkj.kdFkue~A vkReeu%la;ksxL; p fyÄõn'kZukfnlgdkfjrSo

fo'ks"k%] dsoyeLekr~ Lej.kkuqiiÙks%A fyÄõn'kZuor~ laLdkjks¿fi Le`rsfuZfeÙk&

dkj.kfeR;kg&iV~okH;klknjizR;;tfurkr~ laLdkjkTtk;rsA iVqizR;;%

LiqQVrjizR;% rLekr~ laLdkjks tk;rsA ----------------- rsu x`ghrL;ko`Ù;k iqu%

iquxZzg.ky{k.kks¿H;kl% laLdkjdkj.ke~A ------------ DofpPpkR;Urk'p;Zrjs oLrqfu

13

Nya.su.bha 3.2.44 14

Pra.bha.p627 (v.s.v)

28

lÑnqiyC/s% dkykUrjs Le`frn'kZuknknjxzg.kefi laLdkjfufeÙke~A n`"VJqrkuq&

Hkwrsf"ofr fo"k;ladhrZua Ñre~A ----------- 'ks"kkuqO;olk;sPNkLej.k}s"kgsrqfjfr

dk;Zfu:i.ke~A15 'ks"kkuqO;olk;gsrqfjR;L;kuqfefrgsrqO;kZfIrLej.kfeR;FkZ% bPNk&

gsrq% lq[klk/uRoLe`fr%] izFkeinLe`frf}Zrh;inkuqLej.kgsrq%] }s"kgsrqnqZ%[k&

lk/uRoLej.kfeR;soeFkksZ cksè;%A

iqu'pksDra Jh/js.k&^rfnR;so Le`rsjkdkj%A r=k pkFkZL;krhrRoa

iwokZuqHkwrRoa izrh;rs bR;rhrfo"k;k% Le`fr%A vr ,o u izek.ke~] rL;k%

iwokZuqHkofo"k;Roksin'kZusukFk± fu'p;UoR;k vFkZifjPNsns iwokZuqHkoikjrU=kikr~A*16

uO;k fg uS;kf;dk% bfUnz;ktU;Ros lfr laLdkjtU;a Kkua Le`frfjR;soa

Le`fry{k.ka izkgq%A izR;{kfo'ks"k:ik;ka izR;fHkKk;kefrO;kfIrokj.kkFkZfefUnz;&

tU;Ros lrhfr fo'ks"k.ke~A izR;fHkKk fg laLdkjtU;k¿fi bfUnz;tU;k p HkofrA

Le`frLrq usfUnz;tU;kA r=k laLdkj}kjk vU;fo"k;diwokZuqHko% dkj.ke~A mDr×p

fo'oukFksu eqDrkoY;ke~&^r=k iwokZuqHko% dkj.ke~A v=k dsfpr~&vuqHkoRosu u

dkj.kRoa fdUrq KkuRosuSo] vU;Fkk Lej.kksÙkja Lej.ka u L;kr~ lekuizdkj&

Lej.ksu iwoZlaLdkjL; fou"VRokr~A ee ers rq rsuSo Lej.ksu laLdkjkUrj}kjk

Lej.kkUrja tU;r bR;kgq% rÂA ;=k lewgkyEcukuUrja ?kViVknhuka Øes.k

Lej.ketfu"Vldyfo"k;dLej.ka rq ukHkwr~ r=k iQyL; laLdkjuk'kdRokHkkokr~

dkyL; ok pjeiQyL; ok laLdkjuk'kdRoa okP;e~A rFkk p Øfed&

Lej.kkuqiifÙk%A u p iqu% iqu% Lej.kkn~n`<rjlaLdkjkuqiifÙkfjfr okP;e~A 15

Nya.kan.p.625-26 (vs.v.) 16

Ibid p. 627 (v.s.v.)

29

>fMR;qn~cks/dleo/kuL; nk<ÔinkFkZRokr~A u p fofuxeukfojgknso KkuRosu

vfi tudRoa L;kfnfr okP;e~A fo'ks"k/esZ.k O;fHkpkjkKkus lkekU;/esZ.kkU;Fkk&

fl¼Rokr~A17

Le`frjfi ;FkkFkkZ;FkkFkZHksnkH;ka f}fo/kA izektU;k ;FkkFkkZ] vizek&

tU;k¿;FkkFkkZA ;FkkFkZRos¿fi Le`rsuZ izekRoe~] iwokZuqHkoL; laLdkjL; ok

izek.kkUrjRokiÙks%A vuqokn:iRokr~ iwokZuqHkoijrU=kRokPp Le`rsuZ izekRofefr

dsfpr~A vuf/xrfo"k;Rok:ikfHkuoRokHkkoknizekRofeR;U;sA rFkkpksDra

ehekaldS% &

r=k ;r~ iwoZfoKkua rL; izdkek.;fe";rsA

rnqiLFkkuek=ks.k Le`rs'p pfjrkFkZrkAA18

,oa iwoZKkuL;Soko`fÙkek=k:iRosu Le`rsuZ izekRofefr HkkV~Vere~A

izHkkdjersuk¿I;qDra 'kkfydukFksu&

vuqHkwfr% izek.ka lk Le`rsjU;;k Lef̀r% iqu%A

iwoZfoKkulaLdkjek=kta KkueqP;rsAA

u izek.ka Le`fr% iwoZizfriÙksjis{k.kkr~A

vU;ksU;fujis{kkLrq /kjkokfgdcq¼;%AA19

17

Sid.muk.P.431 (N.S) 18

Slokavartika quated in Nya. Kan. P. 627 (v.s.v.) 19

Pra.Pan. P. 104 (B.H.U.)

30

lekufo"k;diwoZKkulkis{kRokr~ Le`fruZ izek.ke~] /kjkokfgdizR;{kkfn&

LFkys f}rh;kfnizR;;kukef/drkfo"k;dRos¿fi u iwoZizR;;lkis{kRofefr rs"kka

izkek.;eO;kgresosR;FkZ%A

vFkZL;krhrns'kdykoLFkkukeso orZekuLe`frfo"k;Rokr~ vFkZL;

Le`frdkyhukoLFkknhukefo"k;Rokr~ u dk¿fi Le`fr;ZFkkFkkZ bfr ds"kkf×pr~ ere~A

vrhrkoLFkknkuherhr:is.kSo Le`frfo"k;Rokr~ Le`rs;ZFkkFkZRoe{kq..kesoA u fg

Le`frdkys vrhrns'kdkykoLFkkfnjFkZL; orZekuns'kdkykoLFkk:is.k Le;Zrs ;su

rL; v;FkkFkZRoa L;kr~] fdUrq ;FkkFkZ:is.kkrhr;So Le;Zrs bfr rkfdZdere~A

mDr×p iz'kLriknsu & ^;s RouFkZtRokr~ Le`rsjizkek.;ekgqLrs"kkerhrkukxr&

fo"k;L;kuqekuL;kizkek.;a L;kfnfr nw"k.ke~A20 oS'ksf"kdn'kZus fo|kHksn:is.k

Le`rsfuZ:i.kkr~ ;FkkFkZRoe~] izR;{kkuqeku;ksjso rUers izek.kRokr~A

ikr×tylw=ks & ^vuqHkwrfo"k;klEizeks"k% Le`frfjfr*21 Le`rsyZ{k.ka

Ñre~A izdkek.kkfnfHkjuqHkwrs fo"k;s ;ks¿lEizeks"k% vLrs;% lk Le`frfjR;FkZ%A

iwokZuqHkwrfo"k;kuf/dfo"k;k bfr ;kor~A mDr×p&losZ izek.kn;ks¿uf/xreFk±

lkekU;r% izdkjrks ok¿f/xe;fUr] Le`fr% iquuZ iwokZuqHkwre;kZnkefrØkefr]

rf}"k;k ok] rr~ U;wufo"k;k ok u rq rnf/dfo"k;k bfrA22

rkfdZdkfners ;L; fo"k;L; iwoZeuqHkoLrL; fo"k;L;So Le`fr%] u

RouqHkoL;kfi] rL; iwokZuqHkokfo"k;Rokr~A ikr×tyers rq iwoZizR;;L;kfi Lej.ka

20

Pra.bha. P. 628 (V.S.V.) 21

Pat.yo.su. 1.11 22

Tattva vai. 1.11

31

Hkofr] rFkSoksHk;laLdkjtuukr~A mDr×p O;klHkk";s&^xzkáksijDr% izR;;ks xzká&

xzg.kksHk;kdkjfuHkkZlLrFkktkrh;da laLdkjekjHkrs] l% laLdkj% LoO;×tdk&

×tuLrnkdkjkeso xzkáxzg.kksHk;kfRedka Le`fra tu;frA23

iqu'pksDre~&^r=k xzg.kkdkjiwokZ cqf¼% xzkákdkjiwokZ Le`fr%*24 rL;

p O;k[;kueqDra okpLifruk&^uuq ;fn dkj.kfopkj.ks cqf¼Lej.k;ks% lk:I;a

dLrfgZ fo'ks"k%\ bR;r vkg&r=k xzg.kfefrA xzg.keqiknkue~] u p

x`ghrL;ksiknkua lEHkofr] rnusukuf/xrcks/ua cqf¼fjR;qDre~A xzg.kkdkjks

xzg.k:ie~] iwo± iz/kua ;L;k% lk rFkksDrkA ------------- xzkákdkj% iwoZ% izFkeks

;L;k% lk rFkksDrk] bneso p xzkákdkjL; xzkákL; iwoZRoa ;n~

o`Ù;Urjfo"k;hÑrRoeFkZL;] rnusu o`Ù;Urjfo"k;hÑrxkspuk Le`frfjfrR;qDra

HkofrA25

,rkn`';k% Le`rsf}Zfo/RoeqDra Hkk";dkjs.k fo"k;k.kka dfYirRokdfYi&

rRoHksnkH;ke~A ;FkksDre~&^lk p };h HkkforLerZO;k pkHkkforLerZO;k p] LoIus

HkkforLerZO;k] tkxzrle;s RoHkkforLerZO;sfrA26 HkkforLerZO;sR;L; dfYir%

LerZO;ks ;;k lsR;FkZ%A LoIus fi=kknsjrhrL; vuqHkwr&ns'k&dkylEcU/ks¿fi

izrh;rs dfYir%A rn~fHkÂk ákdfYirLerZO;k tkxzRdkys Le`fr%A lokZlka

o`ÙkhukeuqHkoknuqO;olk;kr~ laLdkj%] laLdkjkPp iqu% rn~cks/:ik Le`frfjR;FkZ%A

23

Yo.su.bha. 1.11 24

Ibid 1.11 25

Tattva vai. 1.11 26

Yo.bha.1.11

32

mDr×p ;ksxokfrZds&loZo`Ù;Urs Le`fro`ÙksEiU;klL; chtekg&lokZ bfr]

vuqHkoknuqO;olk;kr~] vuqHkkokfnfr ikBs izHkkokfnR;FkZ%A27

;|fi LoIus HkkforLerZO;k Le`frfoi;Z; ,o rFkkfi Le`r;kHkklr;k

Le`frRosuksDrsfr okpLifrere~A okfrZddkjers rq LoIuL;kI;a'kr% laLdkj&

tU;ROkkr~ rkn`'kL; LoIuka'kL;Sok=kksiU;kl%A

v}SrosnkfUrfHk;Z|fi ^laLdkjek=ktU;a Kkua Le`frfjfr*28 Le`fry{k.ka

LohÑre~] rL; ;FkkFkZRoefi LohÑra rFkkfi Le`rsjFkZek=kfo"k;Roa rs"kkefHkizsra u

rq ikr×tyeror~ izR;;fo"k;RoefiA mDra p fooj.ks&^vFkZLe`frlaLdkjL;

tuda ;r~ iwoZfoKkua rr~ Lo;a xzkáfo'ks"k.kr;k LosuSo u fo"k;hfØ;rs]

vFkek=kfo"k;Rokr~ iwoZfoKkuL;A u fg iwoZKkusukfo"k;hÑrs fo"k;s rRlaLdkj&

tU;k Le`fr% leqRi|rsA rLeknFkZek=kfo"k;KkutU;k Le`frjFkZek=keso

fo"k;hdjksfr] u iwokZKkusukfo"k;hÑra KkuefiA vU;Fkk uhyKkukr~ ihrs¿fi

Le`fr% L;kr~A uuq Le;Zekus iwokZuqHkolEHksn% LokuqHkofl¼%\ rnuqekuKku&

laLdkjtfurk Le`frjuqHkolfEHkÂeFk± xe;frA ewyKkusukI;FkkZKkufo"k;su

fof'k"VkFkZfo"k;hdj.kkr~A ;LeknFkZLe`frleuUrjeuqHkofof'k"VkFkZLe`R;Urjtuuk&

nFkZLe`frjsokuqHkolfEHkÂsfr foHkze%] rLekr~ ------ iwoZKkusu ;koUek=ka oLrqek=ka ok

KkulfEHkÂa ok oLrq fo"k;hÑra rkoUek=kesokoHkkl;fr u LoewyKkulfEHkÂe~A29

27

Yo.bha.1.11 28

Advai.kau.P258-59 29

Pan.viv.P.135-136 (Maras Govt.)

33

Le`frjfi 'kkÄïjers vuqHkoo iq#"kiz;Ruk/huefi rq

laLdkjks¼ksik/hue~A mDr×p fo|kj.;su ,oa Le`frKkuefi laLdkjks¼ksik/hua u

iq#"kiz;Ruk/hue~ ln`'kn'kZuknn`"Vo'kk}k laLdkjksn~cks/s iz;RueUrjs.kkI;fu"B&

fo"k;Le`frn'kZukr~A ;fn Dofpr~ Le`frfo'ks"ks iz;Rukis{kk n`';rs] rnkfi iz;Rusu

fpUrkiji;kZ;fpÙkSdkxzeso tk;rs u Le`fr%A rsu pSdkxzs;.k laLdkj mn~cksè;rsA

rnqDra&ln`'kkn`"VfpUrk|k% Le`frchtL; cks/dk bfrA vr ,o iq#"kiz;Ruk/hua

è;kua u Le`frizokg:ie~A vr mDre~ & rr'p JqfrlefiZrkdkjfof'k"Vk;k%

ekufldfØ;k;k% izokgks è;kua u rq Le`frizokg%A ----- fpja fpÙkSdkxza ÑRok

rÙkn~ okD;a ;Fkk ifBresokoxPNfr lS"kk Le`fr%A u pk=k iq#"k% LorU=k%]

iz;Rusu fpÙkSdkxzs; lEikfnrs¿fi dfLeaf'pn~ okD;fo'ks"ks Le`R;uqn;kr~A u p

le;Zekuefi okD;eU;Fkk Lerq± 'kD;e~A ukfi LosPNko'kkr~ Lerq± 'kD;e~A

vfuPNr% 'kkSpkoljs¿fi dnkfpn~osnokD;je`rsjfuokZ;Rokr~A vr% drqZedrqZe~

vU;FkkdrqZe'kD;k ;FkkuqHkwra oLRofoyÄ~?k;Urh rRlaLdkjksn~cks/ek=kk/huk

Le`frfjR;qP;rsA30

jkekuqters Le`rsjfi ;Fkk ok fLFkrO;ogkjkuqxq.kRosu ;FkkFkZRokr~

izkphuS% izek.kRosu ifjxf.krRokPp izek.;efi rL;k% LohÑre~A uuq Le`rs%

izkek.;s dFka rUers =khf.k izek.kkuhR;qP;rs bfr psÂA Le`rs% izR;{ks¿UrHkkZokÂ

i`Fkd~ izek.kRoe~A mDra p&^Le`rs% izkek.;kÄõhdkjs¿fi laLdkjkis{kRokr~ rL;k%

izR;{kewyRokUewyHkwrs izR;{ks¿UrHkkZo bfr u i`Fkd~izek.kdYiue~A vrL=kh.;so

30

viv. Pra. sum. P.821-26 (A cyutagranthmala)

34

izek.kkfu laHkofUrA Le`rukZe iwokZuqHkotU;laLdkjek=ktU;a Kkue~A r=k pksn~c¼%

laLdkjks gsrq%A r}n~cks/'p&ln`'kkn`"VfpUrk|k% Le`frchtL; cks/dk%&

bR;qDrizdkjs.k Dofpr~ ln`'kn'kZukn~ Hkofr Dofpn~n`"Vkr~ DofpfPpUr;kA vkfn

'kCnsu lkgp;ZL;kfi xzg.kkr~ rsukfi HkofrA lE;d~ iwoZeuqHkwrL; loZL;

Le`frfo"k;Rofu;e%A Dofpr~dkynS?kkZn~O;kO;kfnuk ok laLdkjizeksizkr~

Le`R;Hkko%A31 lk p Le`fr% Lodkj.kHkwrizrhfrHkzkfUrla'k;kuqjks/su Lo;efi

;FkkFkkZ Hkze:ik la'k;:ik psfr f=kizdkjk lEHkofrA

fuo`ÙkiwokZLFks oLrwfu rÙkksYysf[kuh lokZfi Le`frj;FkkFkZ bfr ;r~

ds"kkf×pUera rnfi u laxre~A u fg Le`frfuZo`Ùkka oLrqu% iwokZoLFkka orZekuRosu

fo"k;hdjksfr] vfi RorhrRosuSosfr u ;kFkkF;± {kq..kfefr fnd~A

tSuers¿fi vckf/rfo"k;Rokr~ Le`rs;kZFkkF;Z rFkk O;kfIrLej.kL;kuq&

fefrgsrksjizkek.;s vuqfersjI;izkek.;izlÄõkr~ Le`rs% izkek.;a p LohÑre~A rFkkp

mDreuUroh;Zs.k & ^Le`fr% izek.keuqekuizkek.;kU;FkkuqiiÙksfjfr ------------

Lofo"k;koHkklua Lej.ks¿I;fof'k"VfeR;kfnA32 laLdkjksn~cks/fucU/uk rfnR;kdjk

Le`frfj33fr pksDra ekf.kD;ufUnukA rRO;k[;kua pksDra izHkkpUnzs.k&^laLdkj%

lkaO;ogkfjdizR;{kHksnks /kj.kkA rL;ksn~cks/% izcks/%A l fucU/ua ;L;k%

rfnR;kdjks ;L;k% lk rFkksDrk Le`fr%A34 mDra p&^u pkuqHkwrkFkZfo"k;Ros

Le`rsxZ̀ghrxzkfgRosukizkek.;e~] ifjfPNfÙkfo'ks"klEHkokr~A u [kyq ;Fkk izR;{ks 31

Yat.mat.dip.P.51 (Chow) 32

Pra.rat.ma. P. 51 (Chow) 33

Pari.mu.su.3.3 34

Pra.ka.mar.3.3

35

fo'knkdkjr;k oLrqizfrHkkl% ----------- ;=k rq folaokn% lk Le`R;kHkklk

izR;{kkHkklor~A folaokndRos pkL;k% dFkeuqekuizo`fÙk% lEcU/L;krks¿izfl¼s%A

u p lEcU/Le`freUrjs.kkuqekueqnsR;frizlÄõkr~A

1-4-2 'kkfCnd;ksX;rk

'kkfCnd;ksX;rk ekuoh;O;ogkjL; ,d% egÙoiw.kksZ vk;ke% fo|rs]

,oa ekuoh;O;ogkjL; vR;f/dHkkx% 'kkfCnd% ,o HkofrA vusuSo o;a

ekuoh;O;ogkja i'kqO;ogkjkr~ i`FkDdqeZ%A lkekU;r;k 'kkfCnd;ksX;rk lk

;ksX;rkek=ka fo|rs] ;L;ka Hkk"kk;k% 'kCnkuka ok iz;ksx% HkofrA ija

izk;ksfxdeuksfoKkus 'kkfCndi{ka ifjferkFksZ"oso iz;qT;rsA 'kkfCnd;ksX;rkizki.kL;

prlz% izeq[kfo/;% mfYyf[krk% lfUr] ;s"kka iz;ksx% izk;ksfxdk¿è;;us"kq fØ;rsA

� 'kkfCnd;ksX;rk;k% izk;ksfxdk¿¿è;;us"kq eq[;r;k]

� };s"kq 'kkfCndSfdds"kq ('kkfCnd $ ,fdds"kq) ekuo% dFka lkgp;±

LFkki;fr\

� ekuo% 'kkfCndSfdd ÜkÄ̀~[kyka dFka f'k{krs\

� rs"kq fo|ekufHkÂrka dFkeoxPNfr vFkok rs"kka izxVuØea fouk dFka

iqu% Lej.ka djksfr\

'kkfCndk¿f/xeuL; fl¼kUrL; lqfu;ksftreè;;ua ^gjeu ,sfcxgkWl*

(Hermann Ebbinghaus-1985) egksn;su izkjC/e~A ,fcxgkWlegksn;L;

#fp% fo'ks"kr;k iwoZLe`rlkexzh.kka fofHkÂle;kUrjkys"kq xeus lfr i'pkr~ iqu%

Lej.ks vklhr~A ,fcxgklegkHkkxsu vuFkZdinkukeUos"k.ka Ñre~] ;su

36

,rkn`'kkukeSfddkuka Kkua Hkforqa 'kD;sr~] ;k% ijLijlEcfU/rk% u Hkosr~

ijekdkjs egÙos p ,dlekuk% Hkosr~A vfLeÂso dkys xkYVuegkHkkxsu

(Galtan-1979-80) lkgp;ZlEcfU/rfofHkÂiz;ksxk.kkeqYys[ka Ñre~A l%

fu/kZfjroku~ ;r~ ,dfLeu~ dkys ,d'kCnL; n'kZusu rL; efLr"ds ds fopkj%

mRi|UrsA fof/fj;a 'kCnlkgp;Zijh{k.k:is v/quk¿fi iz;qT;rsA 'kkfCndk¿&

f/xeL; izk;ksfxdkè;;us iz;qDrlkexzh Hkofr v{kjkf.k] fofo/izdkjL;

lkFkZd'kCnk%] fujFkZdink% dnkfpnÄïkukefi xzg.ka fØ;rsA

(i) lkFkZdinkfu (Meaningful Words)

fofo/euksoSKkfudS% fpfÉra ;r~ fujFkZdinkfu iw.kZr;k fujFkZdkfu u

HkofUrA Xystegksn;% (Glaze-1928) loZizFkea fujFkZdinkuka lkgp;ZewY;L;

(Association Values) ekiua Ñroku~A 2010 CVCS inku~ iz;qT; 15

iz;ksT;S% rs"kka lkgp;ZL; ewY;a Kkroku~A rsu ekfira ;r~ ,rs"kka f=kinkuka

lkgp;ZewY;% 'kwU;'kr;ks% eè;s ('kwU;r% 'kra ;kor~) HkofrA

gyØwxjegksn;kH;ka (Hull 1993, Kruger 1934) Xystfo/sjuqdj.ka fo/k;

CVCS lkgp;ZewY;a Kkre~A ;rksfg Øwxjegksn;% XystgyegkHkkxkH;ke~

vf/dinkfu x`ghRok (vknk;) vf/diz;ksT;S% lkgp;ZewY;a Kkroku~] vr%

dnkfpr~ rn~x`ghrkfu ewY;kfu ,o loksZÙkekfu lfUrA foVejegksn;% (Witmer

1935) 4524, CCCS inkfu leknk; f=kinkuka lkgp;ZewY;a Kkroku~A

uksfcyegksn;su (Noble 1952) fofo/lkFkZdinkuka lwfpjsdk izdkf'krkA

37

'kCnkuka lkFkZdrk] rs"kka iz;ksxL; ckjEckjr;k fu/kZ;ZrsA ;konf/dHkk"kklq

'kCnkuka iz;ksxks Hkofr] rs"kka lkFkZdrkfi rkonf/dk Hkfo";frA

(ii) fujFkZdinkfu (Nonsense Syllable)

,sfcxgklÑr fujFkZdinkuka vUos"k.kkr~ iwo±] vfxeL; iz;ksxs"kq

x|[k.Mkuka i|[k.Mkuka ok iz;ksxks tk;rs LeA ijesrkn`'khlkexz;k% ,dk egrh

lhek¿lhr~ ;r~ rL; dkfBU;LrjL; lkFkZdrk;k% lekurk;k% fu.kZ;% p

ifj.kkekRed:is uSo fo/krqa 'kD;rsA rFkk p inkuka lkFkZdrk;k% vf/xeuL;

mifj vfrizHkko% vkirfrA vr% 'kkfCndk¿f/xeus lkFkZdrk;k% O;frfjDra

?kVukukeU;kukeè;;uk; lkFkZdrka fu;fU=kra fØ;rsA ,rkn`'kfu;U=k.kL; Ñrs

loZizFkea ^,fcxgkl* egkHkkxsu fujFkZdinfuekZ.ka Ñre~A rsu 2300

fujFkZdinkfu jfprkfuA euksoSKkfudn`"VÔk lkFkZdrk;k% vFkZ% lkgp;sZ.k

HkforO;%A dL;k¿fi 'kCnL; lkFkZdrk;k% dkj.ka Hkofr] ;rksfg rL; lkgp;±

rnocks/drqZ% O;Drs% thous dsuk¿fi oLrquk ?kVu;k ok lg rL; lk{kkr~

lEcU/% HkofrA

nsoukxjhfyI;ka fujFkZdinkuka jpuk ih- ,l- ia<jhik.Ms;egksn;su

(1967) ÑrkA

iksLVeSu (Postman 1968) egksn;su bafxra ;r~ ;L;ksís';L; Ñrs

,fcxgkWlegkHkkxsu fujFkZdinkuka fuekZ.ka Ñreklhr~] rs"kka Ñrs rs"kka

fujFkZdinkuka iz;ksx% U;wu% ,o HkofrA lkgp;kZRedk¿f/xeL; Ñrs v/quk

lgtr;ksiyC/'kCnk¿{kjkÄïkuka iz;ksxa fØ;rsA

38

(iii) lajfprØeL; lkFkZdfujFkZdinkfu (Meninngful and Non-

sense item in Structured Sequence)

O;kdj.ksu 'kCnk% ,dØes LFkkI;UrsA ,oeso x|ka'ki|ka'k;ks% iz;ksx%

'kfCndk¿f/xes fØ;rsA vusu okD;a ,dfof'k"VØes fuc¼% Hkofr] ,o×p

dspu 'kCnk%] dspu vU;'kCnS% lgSo iz;qT;UrsA ,oa izdkjL; lkexz;ka

vuqØekJ;rk (Sequentialodependency) O;frfjDrrk (Redundancy)

p HkofrA rL; f}rh;oSf'k"VÔa O;kdjf.kdlajpuk HkofrA

vuqØekJ;r;k¿Lekda rkRi;ksZ dfLeÂfi okD;s 'kCnkuka ,dckja

?kfVrlEHkkO;r;k fo|rs] b;a lEHkkO;rk ;konf/dk Hkofr] vf/xeus¿fi

rkonf/dljyrk HkofrA okD;lajpuk;ka O;kdjf.kdfu;ek% ifjikY;UrsA

O;kdjf.kdfu;ekuqdwy'kCnla;kstusuSo okD;lajpuk tk;rsA fujFkZdinku~

O;kdjf.kdfu;ekuqlkja la;ksT; 'kkfCndk¿f/xeus iz;ksxa fØ;rsA

vf/xeukRedizfØ;k% lkexz;'p izfrfuf/Rofo'ys"k.kkRedksís';;ks%

eè;s lke×tL;a LFkki;fUrA (Underwood 1966) ,sfcxgkWlegksn;%

izk;ksØfedk¿f/xeL; fof/a iz;qDroku~A

'kkfCndk¿f/xeuL; izfØ;k

i. Øfedk¿f/xeue~ (Serial Learning)

ØfediwokZH;klfof/% (Serial Anticipation Method)

Øfedkf/xeL; izeq[kfof/jfLrA ;Fkk 10CVC’S inkfu vusu fof/uk

39

Le;ZUrsA iz;ksxdrkZ ^eSeksjh Mªe* (Memory Drum) ekè;esu ,dSda ina

izLrks";frA loZizFkea l% fpÉe{kja ok izLrks";fr] rRi'pkr~ izFkea CVC ina]

rnuUrja f}rh;a CVC infeRFka Øekuqlkja leLrinkuka iz;ksxa dfj";frA

bekU;so inkfu f}rh;iz;kls iwoksZDrØekuqlkjeso izLrw;UrsA f}rh;iz;kls

iz;ksT;su izFkek{kjL; voyksdukUrja] izFkeL; CVC inL; vuqekua fØ;rsA

iz;kstsu ½reu`ra p vuqfera] rL;ksifj uko/s; (è;kua u nÙok) izFkea ina

iz;ks{;rs v/quk p iz;ksT;% vfxzeinL; vuqekua dfj";frA ,oa jhR;k

leLriniz;ksxkuUrja iz;ksT;% vfxzeinkukeuqekua dfj";frA ;kor~ iz;ksT;%

leLrinkuka lq"BqØes ukuqes";fr] rkor~ dkyi;ZUra iz;klkuka iqujko`fÙk%

Hkfo";R;soA

ii. 'kkfCndfoospukf/xeue~ (Verbal Discrimination)

vfLeu~ fo/kS inkfu ,dfLeu~ ifjofrZr:is lrr~:is.k izLrw;Urs] vr%

bna lrRinizLrqrhdj.keqP;rsA vfLeu~ fo/kS iqjkruuwruinkfu lEesY; izLrw;UrsA

leLrlwP;ka 'krkf/dinkfu HkofUr] iz;ksT;su p iqjkruuwruins"kq foHkktua

fØ;rsA izLrqrkè;;usu fu"d"kksZ¿;a laizkI;rs ;r~ vf/dko`fÙk;qZDrinkfu]

vU;'kCnkukeis{k;k mPpdksVÔk lkgp;± izLrqofUrA (Deese 1960)

iii. iqueqZDrLej.ke~ (Free Recall)

vfLeu~ fo/kS iz;ksT;k; ,dka lwpha nÙok iqu% iz;ksT; rku~ inku~

dfLeÂfi Øes LejfrA fof/fj;a Øfedkf/xeua (Serial Learning)

40

ukek[;fo/s% loZFkk fHkÂkA Øfedkf/xeufo/kS iz;ksT;% inkuka iquLeZj.ka

rfLeu~ iwoZiznÙkØes izLrkSfr] ;fLeu~ Øes iz;ksDrk rkfu izLrkSfrA

ijUrq eqDriquLeZj.kfo/kS iz;ksT;% mÙkinkfu dfLeÂfi Øes iquLeZj.kkFk±

LorU=kks HkofrA ,ueso cgqiz;klfof/a ryfoaxegksn;% (Telving 1962)

eqDriquLeZj.kukEuk vkà;frA

iv. ;qfXerlgpjekè;esu vf/xeue~ (Paried-Associate-Learning)

fof/feea ;qfXerlgpj}kjk¿f/xeuL; iwokZuqekufof/% dF;rsA

(Anticipation Method in period-associate learning) fof/fj;efi

iwokZH;klfo/s% loZFkk fHkÂk] ;rksfg vfLeu~ fo/kS iz;ksT;% míhidL;

(Stimulus Term) iwokZuqekua dnkfi u djksfrA vfLeu~ fo/kS inkuka

Øeefi izR;sdiz;kls ifjofrZra tk;rs] iz;ksT;su p bna iwoZeso lwP;rsA inkuka

ØeLej.kL; dk¿fi vko';drk u orZrsA v=k fo/kofi vfHk"Vekin.M&

izkfIri;ZUra iz;klkuka iqujko`fÙk% fØ;rsA

v=k fo/kS lkgp;ksZíhidkuqfØ;kiqucZyku~ Li"Vr;k bfÄõra fØ;rsA

vusu fof/uk 'kkfCndkf/xeL; O;k[;k S-O-R ins"kq lgtr;k drq± 'kD;rsA

;qfXerlgpjfof/lEcU/s lkFkZdrk;k% lkgp;ZewY;L; p xgueè;;ua

tkre~A ,"kka ifjorZukuka izHkkoku~ míhidkuqfØ;k;k% izfrfØ;kuqfØ;k;k% p

mHk;kslZUnHksZ n'̀;rsA35

35

Underwood and Schulz 1960, PP. 31-42, Goss 1963, Noble 1963, Goss nad Nodine

1965, PP. 65-110

41

v. 'kkfCnd;ksX;rkfu/kZjdrÙokfu

'kkfCnd;ksX;rkizHkkfordrkZj% uSdfu/kZjdk% lfUrA eq[;r;k rs

fu/kZjdk% oxZ};s"kq foHkT;UrsA izFkeoxsZ rs fu/kZjdk% vk;kfUr] ;s"kka lEcU/%

vf/drqZfoZ'ks"krkfHklZg orZrsA vr% rs iz;ksT;lEcU/hfu/kZjdk% bR;qP;UrsA

f}rh;oxsZ iz;ksxlkexzhlEcU/hfu/kZjdk.kka x.kuk fØ;rsA ,rs"kka lEcU/%

izR;{k:is.k vf/xeuk; p;furlkexzhfHk% lg orZrsA

'kkfCndkf/xeue~ (Verbal Learning) vf/xedrqZ% Le`frjfHkizsj.kk&

lkaosfxdkoLFkklfØ;dj.kkfnfHk% oSf'k"VÔS% izHkkforks HkofrA rs"kka laf{kIrfooj.ka

bRFka izdkjs.kkfLrA

Le`frO;oLFkk (Memory System)

Le`rs% lqfu;kstdeq[;?kVd% dnkfpr~ vko`fÙkiquZjko`fÙkokZ vfLrA

lUnHksZ¿fLeu~ v.MjoqM'kqYtegkHkkx;ks% (Underwood and Schulz

1960) fopkjk% fo'ks"kr% vo/s;k%A ^'kkfCndSfddØeksiyC/;% izR;{k:is]

,sfddkuka (Units) vuqHkoL; vko`fÙkfHk% lEcfu/r% fo|rs*A ;FkksDra rsu

Lo'kCns"kq&

“The order of availability of verbal units is directly

related to the frequency with which the units have been

experienced.”

Le`frO;oLFkk;k% f}rh;k fo'ks"krk dL;kfi O;Drs% 'kkfCndlkexz;k%

vfHkuork (Recency) vfLrA v.MjoqM'kqYtegksn;kS izekf.kroUrkS ;r~

42

dL;kfi inL; iquLeZ̀frjuqHkos rL; vfHkuork;k% uohurk;k% ok mifj

vkfJrk HkofrA

Le`frO;oLFkk;k% r`rh;a oSf'k"VÔa rL;k% Le`rs% lhferfoLrkj% orZrsA

feyjegksn;% mDroku~ ;r~ infena lwpuk;k% dwVladsr% Hkofr rrks¿f/xe&

lkexzhLej.ks dkfBU;ekxPNfrA

Le`frO;oLFkk;k% vijesda lR;fenefLr ;r~ iz;ksT;% y?kqlkexzha

LerqZfePNfr] u rq lEiw.kZfo"k;oLrqa lkexzha okA iksLVeSujk;yhegksn;kS bna

lkf/roUrkS ;r~ iz;ksT;% dkfufpr~ insH;ks ,o ojh;rka (izkFkfedka) ;PNfr u

rq lEiw.kZfo"k;oLrqe~A

vfHkizsj.kk 'kkfCnd{kerk (;ksX;rk) p (Motivation and

Verbal Learning) gkyhZosujegkHkkx;ksjè;;uS% nf'kZrfena ;r~ 'kkfCndkf/&

xeL;ksifj iqucZyuL; (Feed Back) izHkkoks ux.;% ,o HkofrA

Hkkoizcks/ua lfØ;dj.k×p (Arousal and Activation)

lkekU;izHkkoks¿;a fo|rs ;r~ O;fDr% lkaosfxd'kCnkuka Jo.ks lfr

l|So mÙksftr% HkofrA ,H;% 'kCnsH;ks O;Drs% xsyofudfØ;klq (G.S.R.)

ifjorZuinL;ksPplkFkZdrk;k% oØL;ksifj iquLeZj.ka lehphueklhr~A ,oa

Li"VÔrs ;r~ iquLeZj.kL; ek=kk míhidinL; lkFkZdr;k lg mÂrk¿ourk&

¿oLFkka izkI;rsA

43

vUr%lwphlekurk (Intralist Similarity)

vUr%lwphlekurk;k% izHkko%] lkFkZdrk;k% mifj vf/dks tfVy%

Hkofr] ;rksfg l vL;ksifj fuHkZj% Hkofr ;r~ l% dFka ifjHkk";rsA

vkÑfrdlekurk (Formal Similarity) 'kkfCndins"kq lkekU;{kjk.kka fo"k;s

ifjHkk";rsA 'kCnkFkZfo"k;dlekurk f}oxsZ"kq foHkT;rsA ;Fkk&lkFkZdrk lEizR;;&

ijdlekurk pA lkFkZdlekurk izk;ksizR;;okpdrk;k% lwfpdk fo|rsA

;qfXerlgpjL; vf/xeL; LorU=kiquLeZj.ks mPplkFkZdlekurk;k% lgkÕ;a

izkIuksfrA (Underwood, Runquist and Schulz 1959)

vko`fÙk% (Frequency)

vko`fÙk'kCnL; rkRi;Z% 'kCnkuka iz;ksxs.kkfLrA ;s"kka 'kCnkukeko`fÙk

vf/dckja Hkofr] rs lgtr;k iquLeZrqZe~ 'kD;UrsA Mslh (Deese 1960)

egksn;L;kè;;ukuqlkja mPpko`fÙk;qDr'kCnkuka lwphLej.ks dkfBU;ek;kfr]

fuEuko`fÙk;qDr'kCnkukeis{k;kA iksLVeSuegkHkkxsu lwfpra ;r~ mPpko`fÙklwpha

vYiko`fÙkorhlwpsjis{kkÑr Lej.ka ljya HkofrA

vuqØfedijk/hurk (Squencntial Dependncy)

feyjlsyfizQtegkHkkxkS (Miller and Sellridge) fofo/lfÂdVu

yEcoPNCnkuka iquLeZj.kL; vè;;ua ÑroUrkSA rkS lkekU;:is.k mHk;ks%

lfÂdVuizHkko;ksiquLeZj.ka dkfjroUrkSA mpdksVÔk% lfÂdVuL; Ñrs

iquLeZj.kL; izHkkoks lehphueklhr~A

44

ØfedfLFkrsizZHkko% (Serial Position Effect)

;fn Øfedkf/xeus izR;sdinL; lehphua iwokZuqekuL; la[;ku~

x.k;sr~] vkfHk% la[;kfHk'p oØa jp;sr~] ;s"kq inkuka Øea ‘x’ /q;kZ% mifj]

lehphukuqfØ;k;k% izfr'kra ‘x’ /q;kZ% mifj n'kZ;sr~A rnk izkIrØek.kka oØrka

^ØfedoØrk* bfr mP;rsA

xqPNue~ (lewgks ok) (Clustring)

ckWliQhYMegkHkkxsu (Bausfield 1953) iqueqZDrLej.ks xqEiQuL;

vè;;ua Ñre~A vè;;us¿fLeu~ izkIra ;r~ inkuka iquLeZj.ka] ,doxZL; inkuka

xqEiQu:is HkofrA inkuka xqEiQua lEcfU/rinkuka lwps% vocks/uk; lgk;dks

HkofrA vr% ;nk iqueZqDrLej.kL; fo/s% iz;ksxa dq;kZr~ rnk lEcfU/rinlwP;k%

Kkua ljya Hkofr] vlEcfU/rinkuka lwP;is{kkA

inkuka :ikUrj.ke~ (Transfarmation of Items)

iQksjsLVjLih;jegksn;kH;ka (Forester and Spear 1967) Lokè;;us

izkIra ;n{kjk.kka dfLeÂfi Øes iquLeZj.kL; LorU=krk;k% voLFkk;kefi

dwVladsrua rnSo tk;rs] ;nk 'kCnkukeqPpkj.k'khyrk fuEuLrjh;k Hkosr~ vFkkZr~

fuEuksPpkj.k'khyorka 'kCnkuka dwVlÄïsrueqPpksPpkj.k'khyorka 'kCnkuke~

vis{kkÑrkf/dks HkofrA

45

ekuoL; O;ogkj% izk;'k% ;n~ Hkofr rL; Hkk"kk 'kkfCndh bfr

voyksD;rsA b;a 'kkfCnd;ksX;rk lkekU;ekufld;ksX;rk;k% Hkkxks¿fLrA vL;k%

rkRi;± 'kCnkuka iz;ksxs.k HkofrA 'kkfCnd;ksX;rk;ka tu% };ks% 'kkfCndoxZ;kseZè;s

dFka lkgp;± LFkki;fr] 'kkfCnd vfUorhuke~ ,dka Ük¡̀[kyka rL;So Øes dFka

f'k{;rs ,o×p fHkÂrka dFkeoxPNfrA

'kkfCnd;ksX;rkxzg.kL; pRokj% eq[;k% vfHk/s;k% lfUr&

1- ;qfXerlgpjf'k{k.kizfØ;kA

2- Øfedf'k{k.ke~A

3- 'kkfCndfoHksnhdj.ke~A

4- eqDriqu%Lej.ke~A

'kkfCnd;ksX;rk;k% f'k{k.klUnHksZ bna egÙoiw.k± Hkofr ;r~

'kkfCndlkexz;k% p;ua lko/kusu L;kr~A 'kkfCnd;ksX;rk;k% iz;ksxL; vè;;us

iz;qDrlkexz;ke~ v{kjkf.k] fofo/izdkjdk%] lkFkZd'kCnk%] fujFkZdinkfu ,o×p

;nk&dnk vÄïk%A vL;k% ekiuk; fuEufo/huka iz;ksx% drq± 'kD;rsA

1- ØfediwokZH;kl%

2- 'kkfCndfoHksnue~

vfLeu~ 'kkfCndinkuka ;qXe;ks% ,dk lwph izLrw;rsA vfLeu~

lR;inkuka ifjKkue~ fo/h;rsA

46

3- eqDriqu% Lej.ke~

vfLeu~ fo/kS inkuka ,dk lwph miLFkkI;rsA lwP;ka inkfu vfLeu~

vfi Øes iqu% Lej.ka fØ;UrsA

4- ;qfXerlgpjfof/%

fo/kofLeu~ ;qfXerinkuka ,dk lwph fuehZ;rsA ,r;ks% ;qXe;ks%

izFkeine~ míhidina ,o×p f}rh;ine~ vuqfØ;kinfefr dF;rsA vfLeu~

iz;ksT;L; le{ks loZizFkea lEiw.kkZ lwph izLrw;rsA rnuUrja lwphr% izFkea

'kkfCnda ina izdVhfØ;rsA iz;ksT;% rRlEcfU/rk;k% vuqfØ;k;k% vuqekua

djksfrA lkekU;r% la{ksis.k 'kkfCnd;ksX;rk lk fØ;k Hkofr ;L;ka tu%

'kkfCnda O;ogkja djksfr b;a f'k{k.kxzg.kdrqZ% Le`fra] vfHkizsj.kka lkeosfxdha

voLFkkeso×p lfØ;dj.kkfnfo'ks"krka izHkko;frA

1-4-3 v'kkfCnd;ksX;rk

'kjhjL; fofHkÂka KkusfUnz;k.kka iz;ksxS% fofo/izdkjdku~ lans'kku~

liQyrkiwoZda vU;tua izfr izs"k.kL; ,o×p vU;tuS% lEizsf"kroku~ ,rkn`'kku~

lans'kku~ liQyrkiwoZdeoxeuL; ;ksX;rk ,o v'kkfCnd;ksX;rk HkofrA

egÙoe~

O;Drs% Nk=kk.kk×p ekufldh] ckSf¼dh p {kerk o.ksZ tkR;ka os'ks

lekts ok fuHkZjk u HkofrA o;fena izkIuqe% ;r~ fofo/LFkkus"kq fuolekukuka

tukuka Nk=kk.kka ok ckSf¼dh {kerk ewyr% lekuk HkofrA ije~ vè;;uL;

47

KkuHk.Mkj.kL; p lqfo/k losZH;% leku:is.k leqiyC/k u orZrsA vr%

lekuckSf¼dLrj;ks% };ks% Nk=k;ks% ;;ks% ,dL; Hkk"kkKkue~ mPpdksVÔk% fo|rs

rFkk p l% l×pkjL; vk/qfudlk/uS% Lodh;a lkekU;KkueqPprja Ñroku~A

,o×p f}rh;i{ks l% Nk=k% Hkofr ;L; Hkk"kkKkua lkekU;Kku×p voljL;

U;wurk dkj.ksu rFkk fodflra u tkra ij×p oSfndLrjeqHk;ks% lekuefLrA

mijksDrifjfLFkR;ka };ks% Nk=k;ks% ;nk 'kkfCndhijh{kk uh;rs rnk

Li"Va Hkofr ;r~ f}rh;% Nk=k% izFker% cgqU;wu% HkofrA vL; dkj.ka rL;

ckSf¼dLrjs U;wurk ukfLr vfirq v=k dkj.ka Hkofr rL; Hkk"kkKkus U;wurkA

vL;ka ifjfLFkR;ka Nk=kk.kka 'kkfCnd;ksX;rkuka ewY;kadua fo/k; rs"kka

lkekU;ekufld;ksX;rk;k% ifjKkua drq± 'kD;rsA

v'kkfCnd;ksX;rk;k bfrgkl%

v'kkfCndh vfHkO;fDr% ekuofodklL; izkjEHkknso izpfyrk orZrsA

;nk Hkk"kk.kka fodkl% u Hkofr Le rnkizHk`fr b;a izfØ;k n`';rsA i'ko% beak

izfØ;ka ;=k r=k O;ogjfUr bfr nz"Vqa 'kD;UrsA v/quk ekuo% v'kkfCnd&

lEidZL; vè;;ua fof/oR:is.k djksfrA vè;;usu bna lqLi"Va tkra ;r~

O;Drs% v'kkfCnd;ksX;rk rL; lkekU;ekufld;ksX;rk;k ,d% egÙoiw.kZ%

?kVd% orZrsA vL;k% fuEufyf[krfo/;% lk/ukfu ok lfUr&

1- LojksPpkj.kL; fof/%A

2- laokndrZ¤.kka eè;s fudVrkA

3- vÄõkuka l×pkyue~

48

4- HkkSfrda okrkoj.ke~A

5- 'kkjhfjdxq.k% rL; fuekZ.k×pA

6- oL=kL; ifj/kuL; ok p;ue~A

v'kkfCnd;ksX;rk;k% ekiui¼fr%

lkekU;r% v'kkfCnd;ksX;rk;k% Kkuk; Nk=kk.kka le{ks ds"kk×pu

vkÑrhuka lewgL; izLrqfra dqeZ% ;s"kq ,d% fof'k"V% Øe% HkofrA Nk=kk% bek%

Øes.k iwj;fUrA Nk=kk% LoL;k% ekufld;ksX;rk;k% iz;ksxa ÑRok izLrqrkÑfr"kq

ØeL; Kkua dqoZfUr ,o×p rdZL; iz;ksxa ÑRok vfxzek;k% laHkkforÑR;k%

fu/kZj.ka dqoZfUrA ,rnFk± lEHkkforÑR;k% ifjKkuk; Nk=kk.kka le{ks cgqfodYik%

nh;UrsA izfØ;k;k% ifjKkusu Nk=kk.kka 'kCnL; xf.krL; ok leL;kuka lek/kus

lgk;rk HkofrA ;rksfg v'kkfCnd;ksX;rkuka ekiuesda ekSfydeko';d×p

fpUruØea fo|rsA vusu bna vfi Kk;rs ;r~ Nk=k% fd;r~ LiwQfrZoku~ vfLr

rFkk p rL; cqf¼% fd;r~ rh{.kk orZrsA ;rksfg ,rkn`'ks"kq ekiufof/"kq

'kCnKkuL; vko';drk u HkofrA fofHkÂHkk"kklewgkr~ laLÑrlewgkr~ p

lekxrkuka Nk=kk.kka ;FkksfprL; ewY;kaduL; b;a ,dk izHkkoiw.kkZ i¼fr orZrsA

orZekudkys ekufld;ksX;rk;k% ewY;kadus v'kkfCnd;ksX;rkuka

vR;f/da egÙoa izpyfrA O;fDr% LoL; Hkk"kkKkuL; 'kS{kf.kd;ksX;rk;k'p

iz;ksxa ÑRok 'kCnkuka p foy{k.ka iz;ksxa lEik| okLrfoda ekSfyd×p O;fDrRoa

xksif;rqe~ iz;rrsA ;su dkj.ksu rL; O;fDrRoL; ;Fkksfpra ewY;kÄïua dfBua

HkofrA vfLeu~ le;s rsu fofgrk v'kkfCndh vfHkO;fDr% ewY;kÄïuk;

49

lgkf;dk HkofrA v'kkfCndlEidZL; fo"k;s oSKkfudkè;;uL; fu"d"kkZ%

izfl¼tSooSKkfudL; pkYlZMkfcZuegksn;L; iqLrds (The expression of

the imetion in man and animals) izLrqrk% lfUrA

1-5 vè;;uizo`Ùks% vo/kj.kk

vè;;uizo`Ùks% rkRi;± rLekr~ O;ogkjkr~ Hkofr] ;a O;ogkja f'k{k.kk;

(vf/xek;) Nk=k% Hkw;ksHkw;% djksfrA ,o×p l% O;ogkj% rL; thouL;

vÄõHkwrks¿fi HkofrA

vè;;uL;kFkZ%

tu% ;nk vijs"kka vuqHkoku~ 'kCnS% fuj{k.ksu] fpUrusu euusu p

xzg.ka djksfr ,o×p rL; ykHka Lohdjksfr] rnk b;a izfØ;k vè;;ue~ bfr

ukEuk Kk;rs vFkkZr~ Kkua xzg.kdj.kL; izfØ;k;k% uke vè;;uefLrA

fjLdegksn;L; erkuqlkje~ ^vè;;ue~] Kkue~ vFkok xzg.k'kfDra

lqjf{krLFkkiuk; rFkk p ;ksX;rk% izkIr;s vFkok leL;kuka lek/kuk;

lEi|eku% fu;ksftr% iz;klks¿fLrA

vè;;uizo`Ùk;% (Habits)

ckyd% ;nk mRi|rs] tk;rs ok rnk l% tUetkrizo`fÙkfHk% izsfjrks

HkwRok O;ogjfrA rnk bek% izo`Ùk;% 'kuS% 'kuS% O;Drs% LoHkkoL;kÄõkfu tk;UrsA

oS;fDrfHkÂrkor~ Nk=kk.kkeè;;uL; izo`fÙk"ofi fHkÂrk% izkI;UrsA mnkgj.k&

Lo:is.k ,d% Nk=kLrq izfrfnua fo|ky;a ;kfr] ijeij% ckyd% ;nk&dnSoA

50

ikB~;iqLrdkukeè;;ua] d{kkxrO;k[;kuL; Jo.ka] mÙkjiqfLrdk;ka ys[kua]

vè;;us ,dfpÙkrk] fdf×pr~ dkya ;kor~ lrr~ iBua] ikB~;lgxkehfØ;kn;%

vè;;uizo`fÙk"okxPNfUrA dsoya ijh{kklq liQyrkizkfIrjso ,dek=klarks"k&

tudL; lÄïsra ukoxPNsr~A vU;losZ"kka ifj.kkekuka len`"VÔk oSKkfudjhR;k

vè;;usu Nk=kk.kka ijh{k.kifj.kkes"kq la'kks/ueku;sr~A ijh{kkdkys vgksjk=keè;;ua

fo/k; liQyrkizkfIrjfi vè;;uL; izo`Ùkhukesda :iefLrA

,p- ts- vkbtusdegksn;erkuqlkja rFkk p rs"kka lg;ksxherkuqlkje~&

^^izo`fÙkjsda (Habit) izFkkxrO;ogkjizfrekua] KkukReda laosxkReda ok

izR;qÙkjefLrA izR;qÙkjL; le;s fo|ekua rFkk p dk;ZjrifjfLFkrhukek/kjs.k

vL;k% izo`Ùks% (Habits) Hkfo";ok.kh drq± 'kD;rsA vf/xeL; izfØ;kfHk%

vFkok izR;qÙkjizfrekua izo`fÙk}kjk (Tendency) vL;k% izo`Ùks% (Habits) o.kZua

fo/krqa 'kD;rsA*

fofy;etsElegksn;L; erkuqlkje~ & ^^izo`fÙk% (Habit) dL;kfi

izkf.ku% iwoZÑrO;ogkjk.kka iqujko`fÙkjfLr [kyq**A

ekxZuxhyhyS.Megksn;ks 'kCns"kq &^^O;ogkjs rkfu lokZf.k ifjorZukfu

;kfu vuqHkoekè;esu miktZ;Urs] izo`fÙk% (Habit) ukEuk mPpk;ZUrsA**

,p- bZ- xSjsVegksn;L; 'kCns"kq & ^^izo`fÙk% (Habit) rLeS O;ogkj&

fo'ks"kk; ,da uke] ;r~ uSdokja iqujko`Ù;k ,o Lopkfyr% (Automatic)

tk;rsA**

51

,e- vkj- ySMsyegkHkkxuqlkje~ & ^^izo`fÙk% (Habit) dL;kfi

Ñrdk;ZL; rRLo:iefLr] ;r~ izkjEHks rq LosPN;k] yhy;k (vuk;klsu)

fØ;rs] ijUrq iquiqZu% dj.ksu Lor% fl¼% tk;rsA**

ejlsyegksn;erkuqlkje~ & ^^izo`Ùk;% (Habit) rk% fuf'prfo/;%

lfUr ;kfHk% O;ogkjdj.kL; ifjfLFkrhuka leL;kuk×p izR;{khdj.kL; Kkua

fØ;rsA**

fjDlegksn;L; erkuqlkje~ & ^^vè;;ua KkuL; ok xzg.k'kfDr&

laj{kk;] {kerkizkIr;s vFkok leL;kuka lek/kuk; fØ;ek.k% lqfu;ksftr&

iz;klfo'ks"kk% lfUrA**

Øks ,oa Øks egksn;L; erkuqlkje~ & ^^vè;usu rkRi;Z% rs"kq rF;s"kq]

fopkjs"kq vFkok fof/"kq n{krkizkIr;s] fØ;ek.kkfu vUos"k.kkfu ('kks/kfu)

(Research) lfUr] ;kfu O;fDr% v|izHk`fr% u tkukfr vFkok vkaf'kd:is.k

rs"kka fo"k;s tkukfrA**

yhegksn;erkuqlkje~ & ^^defi fo"k;eocks/uk; O;fDruk ltxr;k

Ñreq|ksxeso (ifjJeeso) vè;;uefLrA dfLeu~ laxzgky;s (Museum)

dykÑrhuka fujh{k.keè;;uL; rnso :iefLr ;r~ :ia xguiBuL; HkofrA**

mi;qZDrifjHkk"kk.kkek/kjs.k bna oDrqeqP;rs ;r~ vè;;uizo`fÙk% rr~

O;ogkjizfrekua KkukReda ok laosxkReda izR;qÙkjfLr] ;L; vH;kl% izkjEHks rq

LosPN;k Hkofr] ijUrq fdf×pnH;klkuUrja rRizfrekuizR;qÙkja Lopkfyr%

(Automatic) tk;rsA vè;;uizo`ÙkhuketZua vf/xefof/uk fØ;rs rFkk

izR;qÙkjdkys fo|ekuifjfLFkrhukek/kjs.k rL;k% fo"k;s Hkfo";ok.kh drq± 'kD;rsA

52

Nk=ks"kq O;fDrxrfHkurk bo vè;;uizo`fÙk"ofi fofHkÂrk% izkI;UrsA vr% o;a

dL;kfi O;fDrfo'ks"kL; vè;;uizfof/% vè;;uizo`Ùk;% (Habits) dFk;ke%A

Nk=ks"kq iBuL; izo`Ùkhuka (Habits) fodklL; vko';drk] rs"kka O;fDrRo&

fuekZ.ksu lg HkkohthoufuekZ.kk; vI;fLrA

Øks ,oa Øks egksn;kuqlkje~ & ^Nk=kk% psr~ rs r`rh;d{;k;k%

fo|kfFkZu% L;q%] mPprjekè;fedfo|ky;L; Nk=kk% Hkos;q%] vFkok rs dL;kfi

egkfo|ky;L; Nk=kk% Hkos;q%] cgq/k (ckgqY;su) rS% iBuL; izHkkoghuizo`Ùkhuka

izek.keso nh;rs*A izHkko'kkyhiBuL; izo`Ùkhuka fodklkHkkoknso rs Loksís';kuka

izkIrkS u liQyk% HkofUrA ;s fo|kfFkZu% vè;;us lkiQY;a izkIuqofUr] rs

lk/kj.kr% ,dkD;so vè;;ua dqoZfUr] vkgksfLor~ vè;;uL; dL;k%

fuf'prizfo/sjuqlj.ka dqoZfUrA bes fo|kfFkZu% liQyrkdkj.kkr~ Loksís';kfu

foUnfUrA ;fn vL;ksís';L; lEcU/% rs"kka d;k fof'k"VsPN;k lg Hkofr] rnk

rs LolEiw.kZlkeF;sZu iBus jrk% tk;UrsA fdUrq ds"kqfpf}"k;k.kka {ks=ks"osoSoa

HkofrA vf/dka'kr% Nk=kk% vè;;us #fpjso u n'kZ;fUr] vr% rs iBukr~

fojeUrsA vk/qfudf'k{kk'kkL=kh.kkefLeu~ fo"k;s ys'kek=kefi lUnsga u fo|rs]

;r~ Nk=ks"kq mÙke ,oa izHkko'kkyhiBuizo`Ùkhuka fodkl ,o f'k{kdk.kkefuok;±

egÙoiw.kZ×p dÙkZO;efLrA 'kekZ ,oa uUnkegkHkkxkH;ka erkuqlkje~ &

^Nk=ks"oqÙkeiBuizo`Ùkhuka fodkl% f'k{kdk.kka lokZf/degÙoHkkts"kq

dÙkZO;s"osdefLr*A

53

Nk=ksH;% LoiBulEcU/hizo`Ùkhuka ewY;kÄïus ijh{k.ks p lgkÕ;a ;PNsr~]

;su rs vè;;uL; nks"kku~ foKk;] LoiBuL; dkS'kys"kq o`f¼a dq;Zq%A oLrqr%

ijh{k.kfena izR;sdNk=k}kjk Lo;eso fo/s;kr~A fdUrq rku~ Nk=kku~ vLeS dk;kZ;

dFka izksRlkgua n|kr~\ vL;ksÙkja nnu~ Øks ,oa Øks egksn;kS fyf[kroUrkS &

^leLrNk=ksH;% fuEukfÄïrkuka fl¼kUrkukek/kjs.k iBulEcU/hizo`Ùkhuka ijh{k.kk;

izksRlkg;sr~] rs p lfUr&

i. iBuL; dq'kyrk;ka rnso o`f¼tkZ;rs] ;nk rL;k% dk¿fi

fuf'pr;kstuk] mís';a ok Hkw;kr~A

ii. ijh{kk;keÙkeliQyrkizkIr;s ijh{kklkexzh.kka lE;xocks/a fouk dsoya

jVueso loZFkk vuqfprfof/jfLrA

iii. vè;;uL;ksÙkeifj.kkeL; izkIr;s mÙkeLokLF;a] i;kZIrfunzk] ØhMk]

euksj×tufeR;knhuka egnko';drk orZrsA

iv. vè;;uL; dspu fo"k;k% ,rkn`'kk% HkofUr] ;ku~ dsoya iw.kZfo/s%

iz;ksxa fo/k;So Lerq± 'kD;UrsA

v. vè;;uL; rkRi;± dsoya iqLrds eqfnzrfo"k;oLrqu% iBueso ukfLr]

vfirq rL; fo"k;oLrqu% iw.kZ:iL; KkuefLrA

vi. 'kCnku~] 'kCnlewgku~ okD;ku~ ok vo/kusu iBsr~] rs"kka iz;ksx×p

dfLeu~~ lUnHksZ Hkosr~ bfr lE;x~ jhR;k voxPNsr~A

54

vè;;uizo`Ùkhuka fodklk; euksoSKkfuddkjdk%

fo|kfFkZ"kq vè;;uizo`Ùkhuka fodklk; euksoSKkfuddkjdk% vfrfgriznk%

fl¼;fUrA Øks ,oa Øks egksn;kuqlkja rs euksoSKkfuddkjdk% fo|Urs&

i. vè;;uL;ksfpreqís';a Hkosr~A

ii. vè;;uk; lqfuf'pra LFkkua Hkosr~A

iii. vè;;uL; Ñrs leqfprk% HkkSfrdk% n'kk% Hkos;q%A

iv. vè;;uk; le;% lqfuf'pr% Hkosr~A

v. vè;;usu lEcfU/rnÙkdk;kZf.k iw.k± Hkos;q%A

vi. vè;;ua fujUrja u Hkw;kr~] };ksdkZyka'k;kseZè;s foJkea Hkosr~A

vii. LoiBufo"k;dizo`Ùkhuka lE;d~jhR;k ijh{k.ka] vuqfprizo`fÙkH;'p

mfpr:iiznkue~A

viii. ifBrikBiBuk; ekSuokpufo/s% iz;ksxa dq;kZr~A

ix. ifBrikBL; vuqPNsns"kq rRlEcfU/rizeq[kokD;kukeUos"k.ka Hkosr~A

x. ikBL; vè;;ukUrja rL; iqu% Lej.ke~A

xi. Le`rikBL;ksijkUra rL; ikBL; laf{kIrhdj.kL; izo`Ùks% fodklue~A

xii. ikBufo"k;ksifj laf{kIrfVIi.khuka ys[kue~A

xiii. ikBufo"k;s mifLFkrdkfBU;L; Kkua fo/k; rs"kka nwjhdj.kL; iz;kla

dq;kZr~A

55

xiv. ikBÔfo"k;s.k lEcfU/riz'ukuka jpuk] rs"kkeqÙkjizkIr;s iz;kla dj.kh;e~A

xv. 'kh?kzr;k¿o/kusu p iBuL; iz;kl%A

xvi. pkVZi=kknhuka lE;XjhR;k iBueocks/u×pA

xvii. lEHkos lfr iBuL; iw.kZfo/s% iz;ksx%A

xviii. ys[kddFkuku~ lqfopk;Z] vlR;dFkukukeLohdj.ke~A

xix. 'kCndks"kL; (Dictionary) lE;d~ iz;ksxL; Kkue~A

xx. ,dfLeÂso fo"k;s uSdys[kdkuka fopkjk.kkeUos"k.ke~A

,rs"kkeqi;qZDrkuka dkjdk.kka lEcU/s Øks ,oa Øks egksn;kH;e~

mDrdFkukfu v{kj'k% lehphukfu lfUr&^vè;;ufo"k;dizo`Ùkhuka fodklL;

lk/u:is euksoSKkfuddkjdk.kka O;ogkfjda egÙoa fo|rsA*

vè;;uL;ksís';kfu

vè;;uL; lkekU;:is.k bekfu mís';kfu HkofUr &

1- Nk=kk.kka fopkj Ük`Ä~[kyk;k% fodkldj.ke~A

2- Nk=kk.kka dq'kyrklq mÂfr%A

3- thoulkiQY;k; lEiÂdj.kk; p {kerksRiknue~A

vè;;uL; fo"k;s izfl¼fo}ku~ Øks o Øk s egksn;% lwp;fr ;r~&

^^Nk=kL; vè;;ufof/% vè;;ukH;kla p ifjofrZrL; vf/xeL;

fo"k;k.kka iz;ksxk.kka okf×Nrifj.kkek.kkuk×pkuqdwyLFkkiueko';defLrA**

56

vè;;ukH;klL; fodklksik;k%

1- ;kstuk;k vko';drkA

2- Li"Va fuf'pr×p nÙkdk;Ze~A

3- Nk=kk.kka 'kkjhfjdLokLF;e~A

4- Nk=kk.kka iBu;ksX;rkA

5- Nk=kk.kka iz'uksÙkjiznku;ksX;rkA

6- Nk=kk.kka la{ksiys[ku;ksX;rk

7- Nk=kk.kkeko';drkuka ;ksX;rkuk×p Kkue~A

8- vè;;ufunsZ'kue~A

9- vè;;uL; i`Fkd~dk;ZØe%A

10- vè;;uL; le;foHkktue~A

11- vè;;uL; funqZ"VdeZ.k vH;kl%A

Nk=kk.kkeè;;ulUnfHkZrk% /kj.kk%

euksoSKkfudk% eU;Urs ;PNk=kk% vè;;uL; izHkkoiw.kZijEijk;k%

fuekZ.ka rnk ,o drq± 'kD;Urs ;nk rs vè;;uL; mÙkefu;eku~ KkL;fUrA

,u- ch- diQegksn;L; erkuqlkje~ &

^^;r~ izkFkfed&ekè;fedfo|ky;ks% Nk=kk.kka vè;;ukH;klL;

vUos"k.ksu v;a fu"d"kZ% lekxr% ;r~ mÙkeNk=ks"kq vè;;uL; mÙkek% fØ;k%

HkofUrA**

57

f'k{kk;keH;kl bR;L; mi;ksfxrk &

1- Js"Bks¿H;kl% ckydL; lUrqfyr'kkjhfjd&ekufld&laosxkRedfodkls

lgk;dks HkofrA

2- Js"Bks¿H;kl% ckydL; pfj=kfuekZ.ka djksfrA

3- vH;kl% ckydL; O;fDrRoa fuekZfrA

4- vH;kl% ckydL; LoHkkosu ifj.krks Hkofr ,o×p o'khHkwr% ckyd%

rFkSo vuqljfrA

5- vH;kl% vLekda thouL; egÙoiw.kZdk;sZH;% le;L; ekufld&

'kDrs'p laj{k.kesoa {kerkeqRikn;frA

1-6 'kSf{kdksiyfC/%

euksoSKkfudijh{k.kL; Ük`Ä~[kyk;keR;UrO;kid:is.k iz;qDrkfu

miyC/ijh{k.kkfu vLekda 'kSf{kdthous vR;Urlgk;dkfu HkofUrA f'k{kk;k%

dL;kfi {ks=kL; ekiua dsoyeqiyfC/ijh{k.kS% lEHkoa HkofrA v=k losZ"kq Lrjs"kq

fofo/kuke~ miyfC/ijh{k.kkukeqi;ksx% fØ;rsA vL;kHkkos 'kSf{kdfodklL;

izfØ;kiw.kZr% vlEHkok HkofrA dfLeu~ vfi {ks=ks dkfBU;L; Kkuk;] O;fDr&

p;uk; ,o×p rqyukRedkè;;uk;ksiyfC/ijh{k.kkuka iz;ksx% izkpq;sZ.k fØ;rsA

f'k{kd% f'k{kkFkhZ p f'k{k.kizfØ;k;k% i{k};e~A O;ogkjL; foKkuRokr~

euksfoKkufena f'k{k;fr ;r~ f'k{kdO;ogkj% dhn`'k% Hkosr~] euksfoKkufenefi

58

Kki;fr ;r~ 'kS{kf.kdifjos'ks vf/xedrqZ% ckydL; ÑrfØ;k.kka Lo:ia

dhn`'kefLr\ bRFka izdkjs.k 'kSf{kdokrkoj.ks f'k{kkizfØ;ka cyorha fo/krqa

ckydL; O;DrsokZ vè;;ua euksfoKkuL; lgk;rk drq± 'kD;kr~A ;nk

'kSf{kdizfØ;k;ka fu/kZfjrlkiQY;a uSo izkI;rsA ;nk Nk=ks O;ogkj&

lEcU/huSdnks"kk% mRiÂk% tk;UrsA ;nk Nk=ks"kq vuq'kklughurk;k% izo`fÙk% o`f¼a

xPNfr ;nk f'k{kdNk=k;kseZè;s ljyLoLFklEcU/;ksjHkko% mRiÂ% HkofrA ;nk

'kSf{kdifj.kkes"kq xq.kkRed/ukRedksHk;ks% :i;ks% ßkl% n`';rs] rnk

iwoksZDrlokZlka leL;kuka funkueUos"k.kkr~ iwo± uSdewydkj.kkuka Kkueko';da

HkofrA

foLr`rs¿fLeu~ txfr ekuoL; fof'k"Va LFkkua fo|rsA ekuo% l%

lalkjL; fofo/?kVuk% izfr Loè;kuekd"kZ;fr rFkk l% lEcfU/r{ks=ks"kq

;fRdefi ukSU;a i';fr] rÙkr~ LFkkua izfr Loko/kuekÑ";] LofpUrueuu&

rdkZfnfHk% lEcfU/rLFkkuL; U;wurka nwjhdjksfrA euqt% rRlEcfU/r{ks=ks"kq

;fRdefi f'k{krs Kkufeneko';defLrA vr% fuf'prle;s ;% dks¿fi ;L;

fo"k;L; f'k{k.ka izkIuksfr] rfLeu~ izkIrf'k{k.ks ;s KkudkS'kykn;ks izkI;Urs] rs

fu"ifÙkukZEuk miyfC/ukZEuk ok Kk;UrsA

vusu Li"VÔrs ;r~ izkIrksiyC/huka ekuothous egUegÙoa fo|rsA ;nk

dks¿fi Nk=kfo'ks"k% fu/kZfjrdkys] lqfuf'pr{ks=ks ;fRdefi KkuetZ;fr] ra

Kkueso 'kSf{kdksiyfC/:is izdVÔrsA vr% miyC/s% fu"iÙksokZ vFkZ%

vftZrKkuktZueso fo|rsA

59

fo|ky;s"kq fofHkÂd{kklq fo|kfFkZu% o"kZi;ZUra uSdfo"k;k.kka

Kkuef/xPNfUrA d{;k;k% losZ"kq fo|kfFkZ"kq dL; fo"k;L; fd;r~ izHkko%

vkirr~\ vr% 'kSf{kdfu"iÙks% miyC/sokZ vfHkizk;% Nk=k}kjk vftZrKkucks/&

dkS'kykuqiz;ksxkfn;ksX;rkuka ek=kkfHkjfLrA Nk=kS% fd;r~ lheki;ZUra LockSf¼d&

;ksX;rk;k% fodkl% Ñr%\ v;a rL; lEizkIrs% fu"iÙksokZ lalwpdks fo|rsA

f'k{kk¿¿;ksxL; mfDrfj;a fd;r~ lehphuk fo|rs ;r~ ^Hkkjro"kZL; HkkX;L;

fuekZ.kefLeu~ dkys d{kklq tk;rs*A foKkuf'kYifoKkukn;ks vkfJrs

lalkjs¿fLeu~ f'k{kSo tukuka lq[kL;] dY;k.kL;] LrjL; fu/kZj.ka djksfrA

miyfC/ijh{k.kL;kFkZ%

lqijegksn;L; 'kCns"kq ^^miyfC/ijh{k.kfena Kkrqa lEik|rs ;r~

O;fDr% fd;r~ ,oa fd;r~ ijfera f'k{k.ka izkIra rFkk p l% fdefi dk;Ze~

dFka lE;d~ lEikn;frA**

bosyegksn;L; erkuqlkje~ & ^^miyfC/ijh{k.ka l vfHkdYi vfLr

;% Nk=kL; x`ghrKkuL; dq'kyrk;k% {kerk;k'p ekiua djksfrA**

FkkuZMkbd rFkk gsxuegksn;L; erkuqlkje~ & ^^;nk vLekfHk%

miyfC/ijh{k.kL; iz;ksx% fØ;rs rnk fu'p;su oDrqa ik;Zrs ;r~ fof'k"Vf'k{kk

izkIR;uUrja O;Dr;% fda f'kf{kroUr%A**

xSjhlu ,o×pkU;s dFk;fUr ;r~ ^^miyfC/ijh{k.ka ckydL;

orZeku;ksX;rk;k% ok dL;kfi fof'k"Vfo"k;s izkIrKkuL; lheka fu/kZj;frA**

60

izQheSuegksn;kuqlkje~ & ^^miyfC/ijh{k.ka rkn`'ke~ vfHkdYia orZrs

;r~ ;fLeu~ dfLeÂfi fo"k;fo'ks"ks ok ikB~;ØeL; fofHkÂfo"k;s"kq O;Drs%

KkuL;] vocks/L; rFkk dq'kyrk;k% ekiua djksfrA**

f'k{kk{ks=ks ;fRdefi Kkue~ vLekfHk% f'k{;rs rnso 'kSf{kdksi&

yfC/fjfr ukEuk O;ofß;rsA izk;% izR;sdtu% ;% f'k{k;k laf'y"Vks¿fLr l%

Lo'kSf{kdksiyfC/a Kkrqa iz;rrsA 'kSf{kdksiyfC/% ;fn lq"Bq% L;kÙkfgZ dk;sZ"kq

foy{k.krk lek;kfr] rnk dk;± izfr tuL; mRlkg% o¼ZrsA ij×p

'kSf{kdksiyfC/% ;fn lE;d~ ukfLr rfgZ O;fDr% dk;± izfr uksRlgrs rFkk

f[kÂ% n`';rsA fof'k"Vd{;k;ka Nk=kS% fd;TKkueftZrfefr vftZrKkuL;

ewY;kÄïueo';a dk;Ze~A vL; fu"d"kZ% ;su ijh{k.kfof/uk izkI;rs rnso

miyfC/ijh{k.ka dF;rsA Nk=kk.kkeÄïi=kk.;so rs"kka 'kSf{kdksiyfC/a izn'kZ;fUrA

miyfC/ijh{k.kL; egÙoe~

miyfC/ijh{k.kL; egÙoa izk;% rkonuqekrqa 'kD;rs ;r~ izfro"k±

fo|ky;L; y{kkf/dk% Nk=kk% fda ok rnfrfjDrk% tukjfi dL;kefi

ijh{kk;ke~ mifo'kfUrA vklq ijh{kklq lÄ~?k% ok jkT;loZdkji{kr% cgwfu

/ukfu O;;hfØ;UrsA lkekU; Nk=kk.kka izos'kijh{kka fogk; fpfdRlk rFkk

vfHk;kfU=kd{ks=ks egkfo|ky;s Nk=kk.kka izos'kk;] vkS|ksfxd{ks=ks deZdkjk.kka

fu;qDr;s] O;olkf;d{ks=ks ,oa 'kSf{kd{ks=ks miyfC/ijh{k.kL; iz;ksx%

vuqfnues/rsA lEizfr miyfC/ijh{k.kL;ksi;ksx% vè;kidS% f'k{kkfof‰% fØ;rs

61

vfirq ,rL; {ks=ka u vè;kidox± ;konfirq euksoSKkfudk%] fpfdRlk'kkfL=k.k%

vuqlU/kudrkZj%] lSfudk% vf/dkfj.k'p vL; iz;ksxa dqoZfUrA

miyfC/ijh{k.ka O;Drs% dfLeÂfi dk;sZ U;wurka ;ksX;rka Kkrqa

lgk;dks flè;frA miyfC/ijh{k.ksu HkkfoU;k% miyC/s% lEcU/s izkDru%

dFkuikyus rFkk ;ksX;Nk=kk.kka inksÂr;s lgkÕ;a izkI;rsA miyfC/ijh{k.kL;

mi;ksx% fo|ky;s Nk=kk.kka oxZfoHkktus uSddk;sZ"kq p fØ;rs] vusu lkSd;±

HkofrA miyfC/ijh{k.kek/kjhÑR; 'kSf{kdekxZn'kZuk; 'kSf{kdlkexz;%

miyH;UrsA ;kor~ o;a Nk=kk.kka ;ksX;rke~] vfHk#fpe~] vfHko`fÙka] ikfjokfjd&

fLFkfr×p lE;d~ u tkuhe%] rkor~ u oDrqa 'kDuqe% ;r~ dL; Nk=kL; Ñrs

fda dk;Zeko';de~A miyfC/ijh{k.ksuSo Nk=kk.kka ;ksX;rk U;wurk'p Kk;UrsA

miyfC/ijh{k.kizdkjk%

1- izekfirijh{k.ke~A

2- f'k{kdfufeZrijh{k.ke~A

3- vkRefu"Be~A

4- oLrqfu"Be~A

izLrqrkè;;us 'kks/drkZ 'kSf{kdksiyC/s% ekiuk; nsgY;k% ijEijkxr%

rFkk vk/qfudfo|ky;L; uoE;k% d{kk;k% rFkk n'kE;k% d{;k;k%

Nk=kk.kkeqiyfC/ijh{k.ks izkIrkÄïku~ veaLrA

62

1-7 izLrqr'kks/dk;ZL;kSfpR;ko';drk egÙo×p

f'k{kklewg% loZnkr% lkekftdko';drkfHk% izHkkforks HkofrA rL;

lEiw.k± Lo:ia vu;k/kj.k;So LFkkfira HkofrA

orZekule;L; izxfr'khylekts vfi ifjorZua vusuSo dkj.ksu

n`f"Vxra HkofrA fo'ks"kr% rLekr~ le;kr~ ;nk f'k{kklewg% oSKkfudkuka

euksoSKkfudijEijk.kk×p vk/kja LohdjksfrA euksoSKkfudifjos'ks¿fi

lkekftdksís';kuke~ vko';drk;k% vuqHko% fo}f‰% Ñr%A ,o×p rL;k%

iwÙkZ;s oSKkfudfo/huka lg;ksxefi v| fo}kal% LohdqoZfUrA

izkphudkyr% lekxrke~ vè;kiddsfUnzrf'k{kkijEijka ifjoR;Z

euksoSKkfudko/kj.kkuka iwjd:ik ckydsfUnzrf'k{kk ,dkefHkuoO;oLFkka tu;frA

;L;ka ckY;koLFkkr% vkjH; fd'kksjkoLFkki;ZUra ckylqyHkkukeko';drkuka

euksHkkokuk×p egÙoa nh;rsA rL;kuqlkjs.kSo f'k{kk;k% lEiw.kkZ :ijs[kk fufeZrk

fo|rsA ;rksfg ,rs"kka ckydkuka lE;d~ lokZÄõh.kfodkl'p Hkw;kr~A

izkjEHkr% v/quki;ZUre~ vLekda f'k{kk'kkfL=ktukuke~ v;a iz;kl%

vfLr ;r~ dsu ekè;esu izdkjs.k ok y?kqckydsH;% izkjH; fd'kksjkoLFkki;ZUra

f'k{kk;k% O;oLFkk dq;kZr~A ;;k O;oLFk;k ckydkuka lokZÄõh.kfodkl%

lehphu:is.k Hkosr~A v;a iz;kl% bZlkr% prq''kr~ o"kkZr~ izkd~ izkjH;

v|i;ZUra pyfrA ,o×p ik'pkR;r% izkP;i;ZUra fpUrufena n`f"ViFks vk;kfrA

iqujfi dk'pu =kqV;% v|kfi vuqHkwrk% HkofUrA ;;k orZekus¿fi vL;ka

fn'kk;ka tuk% 'kkUrksifo"Vk% uSo lfUrA

63

'kks/s¿fLeu~ ijEijkxrklaLÑrikB'kkykPNk=kk.kka ,o×pk/qfud&

ekè;fedfo|ky;L; Nk=kk.kka ekufld;ksX;rk;k vUrxZrlekxrk;k% Le`rs%]

'kkfCnd;ksX;rk;k%] v'kkfCnd;ksX;rk;k'pkè;;ua y{;efLrA lkekU;r b;a

/kj.kk orZrs ;r~ mHk;ks% Nk=k;ks% eè;s fdefi vUrja u HkofrA ijeL;

n`<hdj.kk; 'kks/izfØ;k lg;ksfxuh Hkfo";frA ekufld;ksX;rk;keU;s¿fi Hkkxk%

orZUrsA ije=k =k;% Hkkxk ,o e;k LohÑrk% ;rksfg 'kks/dk;± le;lkisf{kra

HkofrA loZHkkxku~ LohÑrs% 'kks/dk;sZ dkfBU;a le;×pkis{krs ,rnFkZe~] v;a

fu'p;%A ,oa izdkjs.k mHk;ks% vè;;uizo`Ùk;ksjfi vè;;ua 'kks/s Hkfo";frA

'kSf{kdksiyCè;ke~ mHk;ks% ekè;fedNk=kk.kka ikB~;Øea LohÑR; leku:is.k ,da

Loijh{k.ka fufeZra dfj";kfeA vfLeu~ ijh{k.ks O;kdj.k&lkfgR;Hkk"kklEcfU/rk%

iz'uk% eq[;su fuc¼k% Hkfo";fUrA

vusu lEiw.ksZu dk;sZ.k bna KkL;rs ;r~ mHk;ks% oxZ;ks% Nk=kk.kka dk

fLFkfr% orZrsA vLekda fuf'prk iwoZ/kj.kk mfprk vfLr u okA /kj.kk;k%

vlR;fLFkrkS rL; dkj.kfoospuiqjLlja ijke'kksZiLFkkiua 'kks/dk;ZL; mís';a

Hkfo";frA

1-8 leL;kdFkue~

leL;k rRiz'ua fo|rs] ;L; lek/kua vuqla/ku}kjk Hkofr] rL;

Ñrs p leL;k;k% Li"V:is ifjHkkf"krdj.kL; vko';drk HkofrA oLrqr%

leL;k% rklq ifjfLFkfr"kq mRi|Urs] ;nk¿;euqHkw;rs ;r~ dspu fcUno%

64

,rkn`'kk% HkofUr] ;s"kka lek/kua fouk dkfBU;L; vfLrRoa fo|rs ,oA

izkphukukesoek/qfudfo|ky;kuka f'k{k.kO;oLFkkikB~;Øeifjos'kHkk"kklq vUrjs

tkrs lfr] vk/qfudfo|ky;h;Nk=kk.kkesoa ijEijkxrfo|ky;h; Nk=kk.kka

ekufld;ksX;rka] vè;;uizo`fÙka] 'kSf{kdksiyfC/×p lkekU;r;k leku:is.k

eU;rs ijUrq iz'uks¿;eqRi|rs ;r~ 'kks/k¿è;;uL;kHkkos /kj.ks;a lehphuk u ok\

vr% 'kks/drkZ ijEijkxrkuka ,oa vk/qfudfo|ky;h;Nk=kk.kka ekufld;ksX;rk&

vè;;uizo`fÙk&'kSf{kdksiyfC/"kq HksnKkuL; iz;kl% fØ;rsA vr% leL;k;k%

dFkua fuEuor~ orZrs&

^^ijEijkxrk/qfudPNk=k;ks% ekufld;ksX;rk&vè;;uizo`fÙk&

laLÑr'kSf{kdksiyC/huka rqyukRedeè;;ue~**

1-9 'kks/ksís';kfu

(i) ijEijkxrPNk=kk.kka ekufld;ksX;rk;k% (Le`rs%] 'kkfCnd;ksX;rk;k%

v'kkfCnd;ksX;rk;k'p) vè;;ue~A

(ii) ijEijkxrPNk=kk.kkeè;;uizo`Ùksjè;;ue~A

(iii) ijEijkxrPNk=kk.kka laLÑr'kSf{kdksiyC/sjè;;ue~A

(iv) vk/qfudPNk=kk.kka ekufld;ksX;rk;k% (Le`rs%] 'kkfCnd;ksX;rk;k%

v'kkfCnd;ksX;rk'p) vè;;ue~A

(v) vk/qfudPNk=kk.kkeè;;uizo`Ùksjè;;ue~A

65

(vi) vk/qfudPNk=kk.kka laLÑr'kSf{kdksiyC/hukeè;;ue~A

(vii) ijEijkxrk/qfudPNk=k;ks% ekufld;ksX;rk;k% rqyukRedeè;;ue~A

(viii) ijEijkxrk/qfudPNk=k;ks% vè;;uizo`Ùks% rqyukRedeè;;ue~A

(ix) ijEijkxrk/qfudPNk=k;ks% laLÑr'kSf{kdksiyC/s% rqyukRedeè;;ue~A

1-10 'kks/kè;;uL; ifjdYiuk

'kks/dk;kZ; 'kks/ifjdYiuk vR;ko';dhA ifjdYiukfuekZ.ksu fouk u

dks¿fi oSKkfudfof/% lEHkofr u d'pu iz;ksx%A

ifjdYiuk;k vFkZ% ifjdYiuk ,deuqekuefLr ;r~ vfUre:is.k ok

vLFkk;h:is.k dL;kfi fujhf{krrF;L; ok n'kkuka O;k[;k LohÑrk¿fLr rFkk

;L;kUos"k.ksu vxzs iFkizn'kZua izkI;rsA mi;qZDrksís';ek/kjhÑR; v/ksfyf[krk%

ifjdYiuk% fufeZrk% &

(i) ijEijkxrk/qfudPNk=k;ks% Le`fr;ksX;rk;ka fdefi lkFkZdeUrja ukfLrA

(ii) ijEijkxrk/qfudPNk=k;ks% 'kkfCnd;ksX;rk;ka fdefi lkFkZdeUrja ukfLrA

(iii) ijEijkxrk/qfudPNk=k;ks% v'kkfCnd;ksX;rk;ka fdefi lkFkZdeUrja

ukfLrA

(iv) ijEijkxrk/qfudPNk=k;ks% vè;;uizo`fÙk"kq fdefi lkFkZdeUrja ukfLrA

(v) ijEijkxrk/qfudPNk=k;ks% 'kSf{kdksiyfC/"kq fdefi lkFkZdeUrja ukfLrA

66

1-11 leL;k;k% ifjlheue~

Vªsolegksn;erkuqlkja ^vuqla/kuL; izfØ;ka fuf'prlhfEu c¼~ok

lEiÂs Ñrs lfr vR;qÙkelR;L; izkfIrtkZ;rs*A

;r% dk;ZL; fu;U=k.ka HkofrA ds"kkf×pnL;kè;;uL; lhekuka Kkua

vfLeu~ fo"k;s lgk;rka nnkfr] ;r~ o;a rL; vè;;uL; oS/ksís';s"kq Loè;kua

dsfUnzra dq;kZe%A izLrqrkè;;uL;kfi dkf'pr~ Lolheku% lfUr ;k% bRFka lfUr&

izLrqrkè;;ua ijEijkxrk/qfudfo|ky;L; ekè;fedd{kk;k% Nk=kk.kka

ekufld;ksX;rkuka Le`fr&'kkfCnd;ksX;rk¿'kkfCnd;ksX;rkukfeR;knhukeè;;u&

izo`Ùkhukeso×p 'kSf{kdksiyC/huka rqyukRedkè;;usu lg lEc¼a orZrsA b;a

rqyuk ijh{k.ks"ok/kfjrkfLrA

izLrqrkè;;us U;kn'kZL; Ñrs jkf"Vª;jkt/kuh{ks=kL; fnYyhizns'kL;

ijEijkxr% ,o×p vk/qfudfo|ky;% fprks¿fLrA

izLrqrkè;;uL; U;kn'ksZ ckydk% lfEefyrk% lfUrA

izLrqrkè;ua laLÑrHkk"kk;k% Nk=ks"ok/kfjrefLrA

izLrqrkè;;us U;kn'kZL; Ñrs dsoye~ 400 Nk=kk% fprk vklu~A

1-12 iz;qDr'kCnkuka ifjHkk"khdj.ke~

67

leL;kp;ukuUrja leL;k;kekxrkuka 'kCnkuka inkuk×p O;k[;k¿o';dha

HkofrA leL;k;k% ifjHkk"khdj.ka leL;k;k% ewY;a rFkk rL;k% O;ogkfjdrka

Li"VhfØ;rsA leL;k;kekxrkuka inkuka O;k[;k;S MCY;w ,l- equjksegksn;L;

dFkua egÙoiw.kZefLr ,"k% dFk;fr ^leL;k;k% ifjHkk"khdj.kL; rkRi;Z% rL;

'kq¼a rFkk lfoLr`ro.kZudj.kefLrA izR;sds"kka izeq[kkuka rFkk lgk;diz'ukuka

fo'ks"kLi"Vhdj.keko';da HkofrA vuqlU/kuL; lhekfi fu'p;su fu/kZj.kh;kA

fda dj.kh;e~\ vL; fu'p;kFk± lEc¼kuka iwokZè;;ukuka o.kZua fØ;rsA ,rsu

lg ;nk&dnk rs fl¼kUrk vfi fopkj.kh;k% ;s vuqlU/kuL; vk/kjk%

Hkfo";fUrA ;fn dk'pu vo/kj.kk% fuesZ;k% rnk rklkefi Li"Vhdj.ke~

vko';da HkofrA

mi;qZDrleL;k'kh"kZds lekxrkuka 'kCnkuka O;k[;k bRFkefLrA r|Fkk&

ijEijkxrPNk=kk%

,rkn`'kk% Nk=kk% ;s ijEijkxrekè;esu laLÑrfo|ky;s iBfUrA vfLeu~

fo|ky;s lEiw.kZikB~;Øe% izkphuf'k{k.kfof/juql`R; ikB~;rsA vfLeu~ fo|ky;s

izkphui¼R;kuqlkja xq#f'k";ijEijk;k% izHkko% Hkofr ,o×p lqlaLÑrokrkoj.ks

vkn'kZuSfrd&xq.kksRFkkuk; Nk=kk% xqjks% ldk'kkr~ KkuktZua fon/frA ,rs"kq

fo|ky;s"kq izFkek] iwoZizFkek] eè;ek] mÙkjeè;ek bR;kn;% d{kk% izpyfUrA

,rs"kq fo|ky;s"kq vè;srkj% Nk=kk% ijEijkxrPNk=kk% bfr Kk;UrsA ,rkn`'ks"kq

fo|ky;s"kq vè;;uk¿è;kiuekè;e% laLÑra HkofrA

vk/qfudPNk=kk%

68

izpfyrk;ka ijEijk;ka izkIrs"kq fo|ky;s"kq ;s fo|ky;k% Nk=ksH;%

f'k{kk;kek/qfudi¼freuql`R; f'k{kka iznnfr ,o×p uwruksidj.kkuka iz;ksxs.k lg

foKku&okf.kT;&dykfnfo"k;k.kkeè;kiua dkj;fUr rkn`'kk% fo|ky;k% x.;UrsA

,rs"kq ;=k ekè;fedd{kki;ZUreè;kiua Hkofr rnk l% fo|ky;% vk/qfud&

ekè;fedfo|ky;% bfrukEuk Kk;rsA vfLeu~ fo|ky;s f'k{kk;k% ekè;e%

fgUnhHkk"kk vFkok vU;Hkk"kk HkofrA v=kR;k laLÑrfo"k;x`ghrk'Nk=kk% vfi

laLÑrfo"k;L; vè;;ua ek=kHkk"kk;ka dqoZfUrA ,rs"kq fo|ky;s"kq laLÑre~

,sfPNdfo"k;% vFkok vU;Hkk"kk:is.k ikB~;Øes HkofrA

Le`fr%

Le`fr ,dk ekufld;ksX;rk fo|rsA Le`rsjk/kj% vftZrkuqHkoks HkofrA

oqMoFkZegksn;L; erkuqlkja ^;k okrkZ izkd~ x`ghrk orZrs vFkok izkd~ voxrk

orZrs rL;k% Lej.kkeso Le`frjfLrA*

izLrqrs¿fLeu~ 'kks/s Le`rsjFkZ% rkRdkfyd;k Le`R;k x`ghrks¿fLr ;%

vf/xeL; l|% i'pkr~ ekiusu HkofrA vfLeu~ 'kks/izcU/s Le`rs% ekiua Mk-

lnuflagL; funsZ'kus jfprsu Le`frijh{k.ksu Ñrks¿fLrA

'kkfCnd;ksX;rk

'kkfCnd;ksX;rklkekU;ekufld;ksX;rk;k% Hkkxks¿fLrA vL; rkRi;±

'kCnkuka iz;ksxs.k HkofrA 'kkfCnd;ksX;rk;ka tu% };ks% 'kkfCndoxZ;ks% dFka

lkgp;± LFkki;fr] 'kkfCndkfUorhukesdka ÜkÄ̀~[kyka rL;So Øes dFka f'k{;rs

,o×p fHkÂrka dFkeoxPNfrA

69

izLrqr'kks/s 'kkfCnd;ksX;rka ekif;rqa Mk- vkj- ds- vks>k ,oa Mk- ds-

jk; pkS/jhegksn;kH;ka fufeZrsu ijh{k.ksu Ñrks¿fLrA

v'kkfCnd;ksX;rk

'kjhjL; fofHkÂkuka KkusfUnz;k.kka iz;ksxS% fofo/izdkjku~ lans'kku~

liQyrkiwoZda vU;tua izfr izs"k.kL; ,o×p vU;tuS% lEizsf"kroku~ ,rkn`'kku~

lans'kku~ liQyrkiwoZda voxeuL; ;ksX;rk ,o v'kkfCndh ;ksX;rk HkofrA

izLrqr'kks/s v'kkfCnd;ksX;rk;k% ekiuk; NVGIT (fgUnhHkk"kk;ke~)

IMTISUNGBA AO (dksfg;k) egksn;su fufeZrsu ijh{k.ksukL; iz;ksx%

Ñrks¿fLrA

vè;;uizo`fÙk%

vè;;uizÑrs% rkRi;Z% rsu O;ogkjs.k lg vfLr ;% Nk=ka f'kf{krqa

iz;rrs rFkk xPNfr p dkys rr~ rL; thouL;kÄõa HkofrA 'kks/s¿fLeu~

vè;;uizÑrs% ekiue~ ,e- eq[kksikè;k;% ,oa Mh- ,u- luluoky&

egksn;kH;ka SHI ekè;esu ÑrefLrA vLekr~ izkIrkÄïk% vè;;uL; izÑrs%

vÄïk% eU;UrsA

'kSf{kdksiyfC/%

70

cfda?keerkuqlkje~ & ^^'kSf{kdfu"ifÙk% rr~ ekiua fo|rs ;;k

fo|ky;L;kH;UrjckáizkIrKkua izf'k{k.kfof/% rFkk izÑfrifjizs{;s iz;ksxa Hkofr

ra 'kSf{kdfu"ifÙk% dFk;frA

'kks/s¿fLeu~ 'kSf{kdksiyC/s% ekiuk; MkW- ehuk{khfeJkegksn;;k

^f=kLrjh;laLÑrksiyfC/ijh{k.kL;* iz;ksx% Ñrks¿fLrA

a