BIOLOGY REVIEW FOR TAKS

TAKS Objective 2 & 3 Review of Taxonomy, Classification, Organization, cell parts and functions and Ecology and Genetics

Biology Review Objective 2 - The

student will demonstrate an understanding of the organization of living systems.

Objective 3 - Demonstrate an understanding of the interdependence of organisms and the environment.

Take the 5 question quiz that follows If you get a question wrong, follow the

directions to the section of slides that reviews that information.

If you get it correct, you move to the next question.

At the end of each section there are 3 more questions to check that you have understood the review.

According to the information above, what is the complementary strand of this section of a DNA molecule?A GTCB ATGC CAGD CGT

Answer: C Review begins at slide #34

The diagram shows one of the processes that occurs in vertebrates. According to this information, which two body systems work together during this process?

A Skeletal and respiratory systems

B Circulatory and excretory systems

C Respiratory and circulatory systems

D Skeletal and excretory systems

Answer: C Review begins at slide # 9

The relationship between a desert bat and a giant saguaro cactus is considered mutualistic because the cactus provides food for the bat and because —A the cactus needles protect the bat from predatorsB the bat transfers pollen between cactus flowersC the cactus’s flowers attract bugs to the bat D the bat prevents moisture from reaching the plant

Answer: B Review begins at slide # 46

According to this phylogenetic tree, which organism is most closely related to Organism V?

A Q

B U

C W

D X Answer: C Review begins at slide # 49

The diagram above shows relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. What would be the most likely result if the number of shrews in the ecosystem were reduced? A The grasshopper population would decrease.B The cattail population would increase.C Snakes would eat more grasshoppers.D Hawks would eat more snakes.

Answer: D Review begins at slide #46

Living things are . . . Organized into cells. Grow and develop. Respond to the

environment. Use energy Reproduce

Biological Organization begins with cells . . . Cells which

work together form tissues

Tissues layer to form organs

And .. . . . Organs that work

together form an ORGAN SYSTEM

Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis for the organism

Homeostasis This means the maintenance of the

normal operating conditions of an organism.

Control of body temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, urine output, digestive absorption, metabolism rate, growth rate and hormone levels all need to be maintained.

Structural System - 1 Bones are to

Support & structure

Make blood cells Allow movement Provide muscle

attachments Ligaments hold

joints together

Structural System – 2 3 types of muscles

Smooth, involuntary Striated, voluntary Cardiac, heart muscle

somewhat like both above Allow for movement and

are attached by tendons above and below joints

Ligaments hold bones to bones and stabilize joints

Nervous System - 1 Consists of brain and

spinal chord Somatic, you control

and choose Autonomic, allows

parts to keep functioning without you knowing

Nerve cells send and receive information . .

Nervous System - 2

Nerve cells have 3 parts Axon – Sends signal Cell Body – controls

cell functions Dendrite – Receives

signal from another Synapse – space

between cells Neurotransmitters

cross the synapse to carry messages

Endocrine System Chemical messages sent through the blood Slow change and response compared to

nervous system Long term maintenance or scheduling in

the organism such as mating patterns Chemicals, hormones and enzymes are

released from glands as chemical messages

Digestive System – 1 This is how we intake

all the vitamins, minerals, protein, lipids, carbohydrates and water we need.

Mechanical Digestion begins in the mouth, it is grinding and breaking food up

Digestive System – 2 Saliva has enzymes that begin

digestion of carbohydrates The mouth connects to the

esophagus, then to the stomach, which churns the food with acid to help break it up

The stomach dumps into the small intestine where 90% of digestion takes place.

Enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver and gall bladder break down the food into useable parts.

Digestive System – 3 Absorption of the

amino acids to make proteins, glycol and fatty acids to make lipids occur in the small intestine

Water is reabsorbed in the large intestine which stores solid waste

Respiratory System - 1Nose

Sinus

Mouth

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea Lungs Bronchi

Respiratory System - 2 The diaphragm contracts, expanding the chest to

fill the lungs with air, rich in O2. Lungs are full of little sacs called alveoli, which

have lots of blood vessels with high levels of CO2.

Oxygen diffuses in, carbon dioxide diffuses out, and the diaphragm relaxes causing you to exhale.

Air is filtered, warmed and moistened in the nose, mouth and pharynx.

Excretory System This system is responsible for cleaning the blood and getting rid of liquid wastes.

The kidneys, located near the lower back, are the primary filters, taking out excess water and wastes.

Ureter tubes connect the kidneys to the bladder, which stores urine until it is passed out through the urethra.

Circulatory System - 1This system helps to connect many other systems as it provides the transport of substances from one organ to another.

Every cell must touch a blood vessel to take in what it needs and get rid of waste.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry it back to the heart.

The heart pumps the blood

Circulatory System - 2 The top parts of the heart

receive blood – Atrium The bottom two are very

muscular and pump the blood – Ventricles

Two contractions, right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps to the body and brain.

Immune System - 1 Your immune system

protects you from infections and illness

Your first line of defense is mucus, hair, and skin

It protects you in a general way nonspecific

Immune System - 2 Two main types of

immunity Natural – you got

sick, and now your body recognizes it. This is permanent.

Acquired–vaccination or immunization shot this is temporary

Let’s Review: All organ systems work together to maintain

HOMEOSTASIS, or the normal conditions for the organism.

The main transport system is the circulatory system with the heart as its pump.

The main control and monitoring system is the nervous system, with the brain and senses monitoring all systems and incoming information.

Eukaryotic Cells

This is a typical animal cell with its organelles labeled.

Cell Part Function Cell membrane Controls what enters and leaves

the cell

Nuclear membrane Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus

Nucleus Control center of the cell

Chromosomes Genetic information in the nucleus

Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport system in cell

Ribosome Organelle makes proteins

Golgi Body Organelle packages proteins

Vacuole Stores water and/or waste

Lysosome Breaks down old cell parts

Mitochondria Organelle for cellular respiration – provides energy

Plant Cells have, Animal Cells don’t

Chloroplasts – organelle responsible for photosynthesis

Cell Walls – a structure outside of the membrane to provide support

Very large vacuoles to store extra water

This is a typical plant cell

It contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, a very large vacuole.

Why do plants need large vacuoles?

•ANSWER: This is where food and water are stored.

Cell Reproduction

The Cell Cycle is the life cycle of a cell. It has two parts. Mitosis is the process of cell division and Interphase is the process of growing and functioning.

During mitosis the chromosomes are separated into two new identical sister cells.

Genetic Code

All of the information to make a new organism is contained in the chromosomes of the cell.

Chromosomes are made of tightly coiled DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid.

Chromosomes contain genes each of which codes for a single protein. There are hundreds to thousands of genes on each chromosome.

DNA

DNA is composed of nucleotides, each has 3 parts.

A sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen base make up a nucleotide.

There are 4 different nitrogen bases in DNA, Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine. They always pair to form the rungs of the ladder.

The process of copying DNA is called Replication

The Stuff of Life The structure of DNA

is called a double helix, or twisted ladder

The base Guanine always pairs to Cytosine. Adenine pairs to Thymine.

Mutations are caused when these pairings are not made.

DNA is so important, it doesn’t leave the nucleus. So RNA acts as a note taker and messenger by carrying the instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome where the proteins are made.

RNA has no Thymine, it has Uracil as its 4th base.

When its time to make a new cell part . . . .

Transcription . . . Transcription is when

messenger RNA reads the DNA in the nucleus and then leaves the nucleus to take the information to the ribosome.

The DNA then wraps back up until next time.

Translation . . . Code into words mRNA takes the code

from the nucleus to the Ribosome where it pairs with tRNA to put Amino Acids into chains called proteins.

mRNA (codon) pairs to tRNA (anticodon) in the ribosomes This protein building is called TRANSLATION.

Transcription and Translation

Genetics – How traits are inherited Father of Genetics is Gregor Mendel, he

experimented with pea plants. Dominant traits always are visible, and are

represented by capital letters. Recessive traits only show up when both

alleles are the recessive one (Homozygous) At least one pair of alleles determines the

trait in genetic inheritance.

Punnett Squares

D D

d Dd Dd

d Dd Dd

d d

D Dd Dd

d dd dd

D d

D DD Dd

d Dd dd

D d

D DD Dd

D DD Dd

Homozygous recessive x Heterozygous Heterozygous x Heterozygous

Homozygous dominant

x Heterozygous

Homozygous dominant x

Homozygous recessive

Phenotype is what you see Phenotype refers to

what is visible – the dominant trait or the recessive trait.

How do you know the phenotype?

LOOK!!

Genotype – actual combination of alleles

Only 3 possibilities BB = Homozygous

Dominant Bb = Heterozygous bb = Homozygous

recessive Must look at

inheritance pattern to find out.

Pedigree shows the Family Tree

C olo rb lin d n ess In h eritan ce

M ale F em ale

M ale

M ale C o lo rb lin d M ale N orm a l

M a le F em ale

M ale C o lo rb lin d F em ale

F em ale ?

M ale P aren t F em ale P aren tC arrie r

Ecology – The study of the relationships among living things Symbiosis is a close relationship between two living things. When both are helped it is called mutualism When one is helped and there is no effect on the other it is called

commensulism When one is helped and the other is harmed it is called parasitism

All energy on the earth comes from the sun.

10% Rule: Only 10% of the energy moves to the next level

Omnivore

Carnivores

Herbivores

Producers - Plants

Decomposers

Food Chains – One of many feeding relationships in a community

Arrows in a food chain show the direction of energy flow.

This is not the only feeding relationship for these organisms.

When several or all of the food relationships are shown it’s a FOOD WEB.

Taxonomy B io log ica l C lass ifica tion

Genus Genus

Genus

Family

Order

Family

Order

C lass

Genus Genus

Family Family

Order

C lass

Phylla

Genus Genus

Genus Genus

Family

Order

Genus

Family

Order

C lass

Family

Genus Genus

Genus Genus

Family

Order

C lass

Phylla

K ingdom

Binomial Classification Living things are given a two-part scientific name.

The first part is the Genus which is capitalized, and the second part is the species which is never capitalized.

Scientific names are used because the same plant or animal in different places may have different common names.

Only those in the same genus can viably breed. Your scientific name is Homo sapien

Kingdoms – Largest groupings of living things

Animalia Plantae

Fungi

Protista Eubacteria Archaebacteria

Animal Kingdom Multicellular

heterotrophic This kingdom

includes all vertebrates (one major phylum) and invertebrates (several phyla)

Insects, jellyfish, people are all animals

Kingdom Plantae Multicellular and

autotrophic Means that all plants

perform photosynthesis This kingdom includes

mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants (grasses, fruit trees, shrubs, most garden plants, most crops, wildflowers)

Kingdom Fungi Multicellular and some

single-cells

Most of these organisms are decomposers

Includes mushrooms, yeasts and infections like athelete’s foot

Kingdoms of Single Cells Kingdom

Protista: largest source of food and oxygen for the entire planet. Includes plankton, amoeba, and ciliates. Described as Unicellular Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic Kingdoms Kingdom Eubacteria:

normal bacteria found everywhere. Some are helpful(are important decomposers) and some cause illness. Described as Unicellular Prokaryotes

Kingdom Archeobacteria: bacteria found in extreme environs such as ocean floor volcanos, hot water geyser vents, or salty or low oxygen places. Described as Unicellular Prokaryotes from extreme environments.