Date post: | 25-May-2015 |
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ICARB Energy Workshop
Carbon Accounting in the Power Sector
Chaired by: Camilla Thomson, University of EdinburghSamuel Chapman, Heriot-Watt University
Who is the audience of ICARB?
ICARB will be used by anyone with involvement in carbon accounting including:
• Policy makers
• Academics• Academics
• Environmental managers
• Environmental consultants
• Community groups
• Others?
What resources are available?
• PowerPoint Presentations from conferences
• The ICARB blog
• Tools • Tools
• News
• The Fundamentals
ICARB: The Initiative for Carbon Accounting
working to create a set of:
That said, now we need to be able to do this for each sectorof:
transparent, consistent and accurate rules for carbon accounting.
sector
This work has been carried out to an extent, can we tie it together?
Current Guidelines and Practices
ICARB Energy Workshop
Carbon Accounting Methods & Guidelines
• ISO 14040/44
• GHG Protocol
• Defra Guidelines
MANUFACTURE & ASSEMBLY
• Carbon Trust Standard
• Input-Output Analysis
• Fuel Mix Disclosure
• PAS 2050
• And more!
MATERIALS EXTRACTION &
PROCESSING
OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE
DECOMMISSIONING & DISPOSALRECYCLING
WASTE
Comparison
• UNFCCC
• GHG Protocol
Whole electricity systems considered
• Defra - Corporate Accounting, scopes
• ISO 14040/44 - Product life cycle, only one to include Capital Emissions (CapEm)
MATERIALS EXTRACTION &
PROCESSING
MANUFACTURE & ASSEMBLY
OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE
DECOMMISSIONING & DISPOSALRECYCLING
WASTE
0.547kgCO2-e/kWh
System Boundary
Image taken from Life cycle assessment of offshore and onshore sited wind power plants based on Vestas V90-3.0MW turbines, 2005 (Vestas Wind Systems A/S, Randers, Denmark).
• CapEm and OpEm– All LCAs include materials
and transport
– The inclusion of emissions associated with capital goods is optional –implications for electricity
• Cradle-to-grave
• Physical boundary
• Boundary with nature
– Change of land use?
Output Unit
kg CO2-e/kWh
• Normalisation
• What is a Person Equivalent (EDIP)?
Micro-wind Turbine: Sensitivity to Location
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Intensity (g CO2/kWh)
Equivalent (EDIP)?
• How do we calculate lifetime power output?
• All greenhouse gases or just CO2?
0
100
200
300
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Annual Production (kWh/year)
Manchester (South West Edge) Portsmouth (North East Edge)
Portsmouth (City Centre) Wick (South East Edge)
Wick (City Centre) Coal
Oil Natural Gas
Nuclear Hydro
Solar PV
Discussion
• ISO 14040/44
• GHG Protocol
• Defra Guidelines
• Carbon Trust Standard
• System boundary
• Cradle-to-grave
• CapEm and OpEm
• Unit• Carbon Trust Standard
• Input-Output Analysis
• Fuel Mix Disclosure
• PAS 2050
• Etc….
• Unit
– kg CO2-e/kWh
LCA Software, Data Sets and Uncertainty
ICARB Energy Workshop
Software
• Does software affect results?
• Does software choice affect assumptions?
• Software includes:
Chart taken from LCA Practitioners Survey 2011, Bluehorse Associates, 2011
• Software includes:
– GaBi
– SimaPro
– MS Excel
– CCalc
– Etc…
Data Sources and Inventories
• User selection of data has significant impact on results
• Data quality requirements
– Age of data– Age of data
– Geography
– Technology assessed
– Allocation method
– System boundaries
• Validation?
OTHER LCA
STUDIES
Uncertainty
• Scenario uncertainty
• Parameter uncertainty
• Model uncertainty
• Statistical uncertainty?
• Inputs, processing and outputs
Figure taken from Sovacool, B., 2008. Valuing the greenhouse gas emissions from nuclear power: A critical survey. Energy Policy, 36(8), pp.2950-2963.
Discussion
• Software
• Data quality and validation
– Data from other studies
Developing a Standard Framework and Providing Accreditation
ICARB Energy Workshop
Standard Framework?
“Does an ISO-standard settle the uncertainty problem for a decision-maker, but not the scientist?”
Heijungs, R. & Huijbregts, M.A.J., 2004. A Review of Approaches to Treat Uncertainty in LCA
Table taken from Sovacool, B., 2008. Valuing the greenhouse gas emissions from nuclear power: A critical survey. Energy Policy, 36(8), pp.2950-2963.
Standardised Definition Set
http://icarb.org/carbon-accounting-glossary/
Accreditation
• Demand?
• Comparability of studies
– Decision making
– Public relations
– Compliance– Compliance
• Potentially combine with review required by ISO 14040-44
Discussion
• Definitions List online
• http://icarb.org/carbon-• http://icarb.org/carbon-accounting-glossary/