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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
Sustainable and Resilient Soil Management in Climate Context
Carbon Management and Sequestration CenterDr. Rattan Lal
Morocco
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
THE AFRICAN DILEMMA
It is ironic that Africa; despite vast endowments of natural resources comprising of a wide range of climates/biomes/soils and human capital; and with capacity to be a bread basket of the world by creating the so-called "Cerrado Miracle" within its own savannas and steppes; cannot even feed itself. This is the dilemma that the AAA initiative to proposed at COP22 must address.
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
0.221950
0.281960
0.361970
0.4819800.63
1990
0.812000
1.12015
1.32020
1.72030
2.12040
2.52050
4.42100
POPULATION OFAFRICA
0.111800
0.111850
0.131900 0.13
1910 0.141920
0.161930
0.201940
I = P x A x T
P = PopulationA = AffluenceT = Technology
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
MAIZE YIELD GAP IN AFRICA
Region
Grain Yield (Mg/ha)
Potential Average Gap
Western Kenya 3.7 1.7 2.0
Tropical Lowland 4.5 0.7 3.8
Mid-AltitudeSub-Tropical 7 2.5 4.5
Lobell et al. (2009)
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND SOIL EROSION IN THE MAGHREB(PROBST AND SUCHET, 2016)
Watershed/RegionSuspended Sediment
Yield (Mg/km2.yr)Suspended Sediment Discharge (106Mg/yr)
Atlantic Ocean 613 152Mediterranean Sea 397 100Total Maghreb 504 252
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
LAND AREA EQUIPPED FOR IRRIGATION
FAO (2015)
30
01961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Year
Land
Are
a Eq
uipp
ed fo
r Irri
gatio
n (M
ha)
400
300
200
100
40
30
20
India: Cropland = 163
World: Cropland = 1450
Africa: Cropland = 300
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
Area Equipped for Irrigation 2.1 3.5
IRRIGATION POTENTIAL AND USE IN AFRICAIRRIGATION POTENTIAL AND USE IN AFRICA(FAOSTAT,2012)
Irrigation Potential 45.1 45.1
Area Under Actual Irrigation 1.9 1.7
StatusStatus
Area (106ha)Area (106ha)
20072007 20112011
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
02006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Year
Ferti
lizer
Con
sum
ptio
n (k
g/ha
of c
ropl
and)
COMPARATIVE FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION IN INDIA, SUB-SAHARANAFRICA AND THE WORLD
World
Sub-Saharan Africa
India
World Bank (2015)
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
SDG-TARGET 2.4
"By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality."
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
SDG-TARGET 15.3
"By 2020. combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation neutral world."
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
ECONOMICS OF RESIDUE REMOVAL FOR BIOFUEL
“Soil biota is the bioengine of the Earth”
Thereisnosuchthingasafreebiofuelfromcropresidues.
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
• Extractive Farming/Subsistence
• Depletion of SOC and Nutrients• Decline in Soil Structure
• Loss of Soil Resilience
• Decline in EcosystemFunctions and Services
• Loss of Soil biodiversity• Disruption of Key Processes
• Hunger• Malnutrition• Political Unrest• Civil Strife• War and insecurity• 65 Million Refugees in 2016
Severe Degradation
THE REGIME SHIFT BYEXTRACTIVE FARMING
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
RESILIENCE OF SOIL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
It has multiple regimes (stable states) which are separated by thresholds
Thresholds
Critical Threshold
The current state of the system
Possible states in which the system can still have the same function Irreversible
Degradation
Resilience
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
The strategy is to produce more crops:
• from less land,• per drop of water,• per unit input of fertilizers
and pesticides,• per unit of energy, and• per unit of C emission.
Produce morefrom less
SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
SUSTAINABLE SOIL MANAGEMENT
• Replace what is removed,
• Respond wisely to what is changed, and
• Predict what will happen from anthropogenicand natural perturbations
• Enhance soil resilience
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
The strategy is to produce more crops:
• from less land,• per drop of water,• per unit input of fertilizers
and pesticides,• per unit of energy, and• per unit of C emission.
Produce morefrom less
SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
Accelerated erosion
Innovative Technology II
Innovative Technology ISubsistence
farming, none or low off-farm
input soil degradation
New equilibrium
Adoption of RMPs
Time (Yrs)Lal, 2004
80
100
20
40 60 80 100 120 140 160
40
60
20
Rel
ativ
e So
il C
Poo
l
0
Maximum Potential
RateΔY
ΔX
Attainable Potential
C Sink C
apacity
Δt
•Conservation Agriculture
•Biochar•Agroforestry•Desert. Control• Afforestation• Pasture Mgmt•H2O harv., DSI•Farming Systems
MRT = PoolFlux
SOIL C SEQUESTRATION
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
A HEALTHY AND AN ECO-EFFICIENT SOIL
WaterCarbon
NitrogenPhosphorous
Sulfur
WaterCarbon
NitrogenPhosphorous
Sulfur