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ijhp_kk_ bo g_aZdhggh]h \\haZ klZ\ylky ih^ m]jham�

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k gbfb�

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wnn_dlb\guo f_j�

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gbaZpbyfb� \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo kemqZyo� [m^_l jZajZ[Zlu\Zlv ijh_dlu

l_ogbq_kdh]h khljm^gbq_kl\Z \ p_eyo ij_^mij_`^_gby g_aZdhggh]h \\haZ

fb]jZglh\ b [hjv[u k gbf� h[_ki_qb\Zy ijb wlhf aZsblm ijZ\ g_aZdhggh \\hab�

11

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fuo fb]jZglh\� \ p_eyo hdZaZgby ]hkm^Zjkl\Zf� ih bo ijhkv[_ b ijb mkeh\bb

gZebqby j_kmjkh\� ihfhsb \ hkms_kl\e_gbb lZdbo ijh_dlh\�

V . !��"��"��"��%��"��


12

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qZkl_c b dhfihg_glh\� Z lZd`_ [h_ijbiZkh\ d g_fm b k\yaZgghc k wlbf

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wdhghfbdhc� ih bo ijhkv[_ b ijb mkeh\bb gZebqby j_kmjkh\ ihfhsb \

hkms_kl\e_gbb lZdbo ijh_dlh\�

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hjm`by� b h k\yaZgghc k wlbf ijZ\hhojZgbl_evghc ijZdlbd_� Z lZd`_ h

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j_kmjkh\�

V I. !��"��"��


13

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\uy\eylv� hlke_`b\Zlv� Zj_klh\u\Zlv� dhgnbkdh\u\Zlv b hlqm`^Zlv ^hohû hl

ij_klmie_gbc�

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iheghfhqbc b Z^fbgbkljZlb\guo j_kmjkh\� dhlhju_ iha\heyeb [u k\h_\j_f_ggh

b wnn_dlb\gh j_Z]bjh\Zlv gZ ijhkv[u ^jm]bo ]hkm^Zjkl\ \ kemqZyo� k\yaZgguo k

hlfu\Zgb_f ^_g_]�

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f_`^mgZjh^gufb kljZl_]byfb j_Z]bjh\Zgby b êy bo ZgZebaZ�

g ) \ khhl\_lkl\bb k ^_ckl\mxsbfb fgh]hklhjhggbfb kh]eZr_gbyfbijh_dlZf beb ijh]jZffZf ih hdZaZgbx ^jm]bf ]hkm^Zjkl\Zf ihfhsb \

jZajZ[hld_� ih^]hlh\d_ beb kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgbb aZdhgh\� iheh`_gbc b

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ijh_dlu� kh^_ckl\mxsb_ hkms_kl\e_gbx Dhg\_gpbb Hj]ZgbaZpbb

H[t_^bg_gguo GZpbc ijhlb\ ljZgkgZpbhgZevghc hj]Zgbah\Zgghc ij_klmighklb�

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�� !��

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f_`^mgZjh^gufb b j_]bhgZevgufb hj]ZgbaZpbyfb� \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo kemqZyo�

[m^_l jZajZ[Zlu\Zlv f_jhijbylby \ h[eZklb l_ogbq_kdh]h khljm^gbq_kl\Z êy

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]hkm^Zjkl\Zf� ih bo ijhkv[_ b ijb mkeh\bb gZebqby j_kmjkh\� ihfhsb \hkms_kl\e_gbb wlbo f_jhijbylbc�

V II. !��"��"��


14

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l_jjhjbafhf b mqj_`^_gbyfb� aZgbfZxsbfbky [hjv[hc k ij_klmighklvx� Wlh

fh`_l \dexqZlv kha^Zgb_ imgdlh\ k\yab beb bkihevah\Zgb_ ^jm]bo dZgZeh\

k\yab f_`^m mqj_`^_gbyfb ih [hjv[_ k l_jjhjbafhf b mqj_`^_gbyfb�

aZgbfZxsbfbky [hjv[hc k ij_klmighklvx� êy memqr_gby h[f_gZ

bgnhjfZpb_c�

b ) ijh\h^blv bkke_^h\Zgby b k[hj bgnhjfZpbb ih \gmlj_ggbf bljZgkgZpbhgZevguf \hijhkZf b f_jZf \ k\yab k l_jjhjbafhf� ij_klmighklvx b

k\yayfb f_`^m gbfb� Z lZd`_ ZgZeh]bqgmx jZ[hlm gZ f_`^mgZjh^ghf mjh\g_�

k� jZkkfZljb\Zlv \hijhku h ihîbkZgbb b jZlbnbdZpbb f_`^mgZjh^guo

^hdmf_glh\� dZkZxsboky l_jjhjbafZ�

d ) jZkkfZljb\Zlv \hijhku jZajZ[hldb� ijbgylby b hkms_kl\e_gbygZê_`Zsbo \gmlj_ggbo aZdhgh\ b ijhp_^mj k p_evx ijbgylby wnn_dlb\guo

\gmlj_ggbo f_j ih [hjv[_ k l_jjhjbafhf b k\yaZgghc k gbf ij_klmighklvx�

mdj_ie_gby \hafh`ghkl_c ih khljm^gbq_kl\m \ gZê_`Zsbo kemqZyo k ^jm]bfb

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guo ^hdmf_glh\�

�� !��

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oZjZdl_j_ b fZkrlZ[Zo f_`^mgZjh^gh]h l_jjhjbafZ b _]h k\yab k

ij_klmighklvx� \dexqZy ljZgkgZpbhgZevgmx hj]Zgbah\Zggmx ij_klmighklv�

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Ijh]jZffu Hj]ZgbaZpbb H[t_^bg_gguo GZpbc \ h[eZklb ij_^mij_`^_gby

ij_klmighklb b m]heh\gh]h ijZ\hkm^by3;

f ) \ khljm^gbq_kl\_ k MijZ\e_gb_f ih ijZ\h\uf \hijhkZf K_dj_lZjbZlZijbgbfZlv f_ju êy jZkijhkljZg_gby bgnhjfZpbb h khhl\_lkl\mxsbo

15

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f_`^mgZjh^guo ^hdmf_glZo� ihhsj_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\ d ihîbkZgbx b

jZlbnbdZpbb lZdbo ^hdmf_glh\ b� dh]^Z wlh ijZdlbq_kdb \hafh`gh� dhhj^bgZpbb

beb ij_^hklZ\e_gby ihfhsb ]hkm^Zjkl\Zf� ih bo ijhkv[_� \ hkms_kl\e_gbb

lZdbo ^hdmf_glh\�

V III. !��

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mihfygmluo \ imgdlZo ��Z�� b �� >_deZjZpbb� j_dhf_g^mxlky

gb`_ke_^mxsb_ dhgdj_lgu_ f_ju�

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Z� h[_ki_q_gb_ jmdh\h^kl\Z ^_yl_evghklvx gZ gZpbhgZevghf mjh\g_

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`bebsguc k_dlhj� qlh g_h[oh^bfh êy ih^^_j`Zgby wnn_dlb\gh]h

ij_^mij_`^_gby ij_klmighklb gZ [Za_ h[sbg4;

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ih ij_^mij_`^_gbx ij_klmighklb k mq_lhf \Z`ghklb hkms_kl\e_gby wlhc

^_yl_evghklb� ih \hafh`ghklb� gZ hkgh\_ ijh\_j_gguo gZ ijZdlbd_ f_lh^h\ b

h[_ki_q_gby gZê_`Zs_]h khhlghr_gby f_`^m jZaebqgufb ihôh^Zfb d aZ^ZqZf

ij_^mij_`^_gby ij_klmighklb gZ [Za_ h[sbg5 � \dexqZy nbgZgkbjh\Zgb_ lZdbo

bgbpbZlb\�

k� ihhsj_gb_ ijZ\bl_evkl\_gghc b g_ijZ\bl_evkl\_gghc hp_gdb

wnn_dlb\ghklb ijh]jZff ij_^mij_`^_gby ij_klmighklb6;

d ) jZajZ[hldZ kljZl_]bc ih ij_^mij_`^_gbx fheh^_`ghc ij_klmighklbb bo \dexq_gbx \ gZpbhgZevgu_ ijh]jZffu7;

_� jZajZ[hldZ ijZdlbq_kdbo f_j� gZijZ\e_gguo gZ ij_^mij_`^_gb_

ih\lhjghc \bdlbfbaZpbb `_jl\ ij_klmighklb8;

__________________

3 Ij_êh`_gb_� ij_^klZ\e_gghc Ma[_dbklZghf�E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /L .1 ) .4 Ij_êh`_gb_ DZgZû �E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /L .8 , imgdl �� kf� lZd`_ imgdl ��

16

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f ) jZajZ[hldZ b hkms_kl\e_gb_ kblmZlb\guo b ^jm]bo ijh]jZffij_^mij_`^_gby ij_klmighklb k p_evx g_^hims_gby ms_fe_gby ]jZ`^Zgkdbo

k\h[h^9;

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h[eZklb ijZdlbq_kdbo f_j ih ij_^mij_`^_gbx ij_klmighklb10 � \dexqZy

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\ h[_ki_q_gb_ [he__ [_ahiZkguo b fbjguo mkeh\bc kms_kl\h\Zgby h[sbg11;

h ) kh^_ckl\b_ hkms_kl\e_gbx kh\f_klguo mkbebc jZaebqguo kljZg ihjZajZ[hld_ dhfie_dkghc f_`^mgZjh^ghc kljZl_]bb ^Zevg_cr_]h ij_^mij_`-^_gby ij_klmighklb gZ [Za_ h[sbg12.

�� !��



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hkgh\_ mklZgh\b\r_cky ijZdlbdb d mkeh\byf \ kljZgZo� \ dhlhjuo lZdb_

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ijh]jZff b ^jm]bo kj_^kl\� ijb mkeh\bb gZebqby j_kmjkh\13;

b ) ijb mkeh\bb gZebqby j_kmjkh\ b khhl\_lkl\mxs_c ijhkv[uaZbgl_j_kh\Zggh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z beb ]hkm^Zjkl\ ijh\h^blv kj_^b gZk_e_gby

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ij_^mij_`^_gby ij_klmighklb b khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h \deZ^Z� dhlhjuc hl^_evgu_

ebpZ� k_fvy� h[sbgu b hj]Zgu ijZ\e_gby \k_o mjh\g_c fh]ml \g_klb \

h[_ki_q_gb_ [he__ [_ahiZkguo b fbjguo mkeh\bc kms_kl\h\Zgby h[sbg14;

k� ihhsjylv ijh_dlu� kihkh[kl\mxsb_ h[f_gm bgnhjfZpb_c b

ki_pbZevguf hiulhf \ h[eZklb ij_^mij_`^_gby ij_klmighklb� êy

klbfmebjh\Zgby gh\uo nhjf khljm^gbq_kl\Z f_`^m kljZgZfb gZ mjh\g_

ijZ\bl_evkl\� h[s_kl\Z b g_ijZ\bl_evkl\_gguo hj]ZgbaZpbc15;

__________________

9 Ij_êh`_gb_ DZgZû �E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /L .8 , imgdl ��10 Imgdlu ��k� b �d ) ijh_dlZ ieZgZ ^_ckl\bc �E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /5 � [ueb h[t_^bg_gu \ p_eyo

h[_ki_q_gby khhl\_lkl\by k ^jm]bfb jZa^_eZfb�11 Ij_êh`_gb_ DZgZû �E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /L .8 , imgdl ��12 Ij_êh`_gb_ DZgZû �E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /L .8 , imgdl ��13 Ij_êh`_gb_ Nbgeyg^bb �(�&1��/�� ijbeh`_gb_� imgdl ��b )�� ho\Zlu\Z_lky kn_jhc

^_ckl\by imgdlZ ��

17

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d ) ke_^blv aZ [ukljhc w\hexpb_c b ]eh[ZebaZpb_c ij_klmighklb bijbgbfZlv \ wlhc k\yab khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ f_ju gZ hkgh\_ ihhsj_gby b

jZkijhkljZg_gby gh\Zlhjkdbo b wnn_dlb\guo bgbpbZlb\ ih ij_^mij_`^_gbx

ij_klmighklb� mqblu\Zxsbo \ha^_ckl\b_ gh\uo l_ogheh]bc gZ ij_klmighklv b

ij_^mij_`^_gb_ ij_klmighklb�

_� ijh^he`Zlv bamqZlv ij_klmighklv \ ]hjh^kdbo jZchgZo b f_ju ih __

wnn_dlb\ghfm ij_^mij_`^_gbx� \dexqZy \hafh`gu_ dmevlmjgu_ b

bgklblmpbhgZevgu_ jZaebqby \ wnn_dlb\ghf ij_^mij_`^_gbb ij_klmighklb16;

f ) \dexqZlv \ f_`^mgZjh^gu_ klZg^Zjlu b ghjfu� dZkZxsb_kyij_^mij_`^_gby ij_klmighklb� f_ju ih ij_^mij_`^_gbx ij_klmighklb�

k\yaZgghc k jZkbafhf� jZkh\hc ^bkdjbfbgZpb_c� dk_ghnh[b_c b khijy`_ggufb

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]hkm^Zjkl\ b hdZaZgby ihfhsb \ bo hkms_kl\e_gbb�

h ) ijb mkeh\bb gZebqby j_kmjkh\ ih^]hlZ\eb\Zlv jmdh\h^ysb_ijbgpbiu ^ey ^bj_dlb\guo hj]Zgh\ b jmdh\h^kl\Z ih ijZdlbq_kdbf f_jZf \

h[eZklb ij_^mij_`^_gby ij_klmighklb gZ hkgh\_ bf_xsboky i_j_^h\uo agZgbc

b hiulZ�

IX . !��18


18

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Z� ijh\_^_gb_ gZpbhgZevguo b j_]bhgZevguo bkke_^h\Zgbc ih \hijhkZf

h iheh`_gbb `_jl\ ij_klmighklb \ gZpbhgZevguo kbkl_fZo ijZ\hkm^by�

b ) hkms_kl\e_gb_ beb ^Zevg_cr__ hkms_kl\e_gb_ >_deZjZpbb hkgh\guoijbgpbih\ ijZ\hkm^by êy `_jl\ ij_klmie_gbc b aehmihlj_[e_gby \eZklvx19,jmdh\h^kl\mykv ijb wlhf ihkh[b_f ih \hijhkZf ijZ\hkm^by êy ihl_ji_\rbo b

ihkh[b_f êy ^bj_dlb\guo hj]Zgh\� \ khhl\_lkl\bb k gZpbhgZevguf

aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hf�

�� !��

2 8 . P_glj ih f_`^mgZjh^ghfm ij_^mij_`^_gbx ij_klmighklb \ khljm^gb�q_kl\_ k ^jm]bfb aZbgl_j_kh\Zggufb f_`^mgZjh^gufb b j_]bhgZevgufb hj]Z�

gbaZpbyfb� \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo kemqZyo� [m^_l�

Z� mqblu\Zlv \ k\hbo ijh_dlZo b ijh]jZffZo f_ju ih hdZaZgbx ihfhsb

b ih^^_j`db ihl_ji_\rbf b k\b^_l_eyf� \dexqZy `_gsbg� ^_l_c beb `_jl\

lhj]h\eb ex^vfb20;

b ) hkms_kl\eylv ih^]hlh\dm d kha^Zgbx f_`^mgZjh^gh]h nhg^Z êyhdZaZgby ih^^_j`db `_jl\Zf ij_klmighklb b mijZ\e_gbx lZdbf nhg^hf21;

k� ijhiZ]Zg^bjh\Zlv i_j_^h\mx ijZdlbdm \ h[eZklb hdZaZgby ih^-^_j`db b ij_^hklZ\e_gby mkem] êy ihl_ji_\rbo b k\b^_l_e_c� bkihevamy�

gZijbf_j� kljZgbpm �F_`^mgZjh^gZy \bdlbfheh]by� \ k_lb �Bgl_jg_l�

( h t tp : / / w w w .v ic t i m o lo g y.n l ) 22;

d ) ijb mkeh\bb gZebqby j_kmjkh\� h[_ki_qb\Zlv i_j_\h^ gZ hnbpbZevgu_yaudb Hj]ZgbaZpbb H[t_^bg_gguo GZpbc b rbjhdh_ jZkijhkljZg_gb_ ihkh[by

êy ^bj_dlb\guo hj]Zgh\ ih \hijhkZf hkms_kl\e_gby >_deZjZpbb hkgh\guo

ijbgpbih\ ijZ\hkm^by êy `_jl\ ij_klmie_gbc b aehmihlj_[e_gby \eZklvx b

ihkh[by ih \hijhkZf ijZ\hkm^by êy ihl_ji_\rbo \ lhf� qlh dZkZ_lky

bkihevah\Zgby b ijbf_g_gby wlhc >_deZjZpbb� b hdZau\Zlv ihfhsv

aZijZrb\Zxsbf ]hkm^Zjkl\Zf \ ijbf_g_gbb wlbo ^hdmf_glh\23;

_� \ l_o kemqZyo� dh]^Z wlh ijZdlbq_kdb \hafh`gh� b ijb mkeh\bb

gZebqby j_kmjkh\� \dexqZlv we_f_glu hdZaZgby ihfhsb ihl_ji_\rbf \ ijh_dlu

l_ogbq_kdh]h khljm^gbq_kl\Z24;

f ) ijb mkeh\bb gZebqby j_kmjkh\� bkihevah\Zlv f_`^mgZjh^gmx [Zam^Zgguo� kha^Zggmx ijZ\bl_evkl\hf Gb^_jeZg^h\� k l_f qlh[u ih^]hlh\blv

__________________

19 J_ahexpby �� =_g_jZevghc :kkZf[e_b� ijbeh`_gb_�

20 Ij_êh`_gb_ DZgZû �E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /L .8 , imgdl 7 7 ) .

21 KkuedZ gZ `_jl\ ljZgkgZpbhgZevghc ij_klmighklb [ueZ bkijZ\e_gZ gZ hkgh\_ ij_êh`_gbcNbgeyg^bb �E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /L .7 , ijbeh`_gb_� imgdl ��Z�� b DZgZû �E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /L .8 ,imgdl 7 6 ) .

22 Ij_êh`_gb_ DZgZû �E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /L .8 ., imgdl 7 8 ) .

23 Ij_êh`_gb_ Nbgeyg^bb �E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /L .7 , ijbeh`_gb_� imgdlu �� b ��

24 Ij_êh`_gb_ Nbgeyg^bb �E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /L .7 , ijbeh`_gb_� imgdl ��

19

E/CN.15/2001/14

jmdh\h^ysb_ ijbgpbiu khklZ\e_gby gZ^e_`Zsbo aZdhgh\ \ hlghr_gbb

ihkljZ^Z\rbo� Z lZd`_ hdZau\Zlv ]hkm^Zjkl\Zf±qe_gZf� ih bo ijhkv[_� ihfhsv \

jZajZ[hld_ gh\h]h aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z25;

g ) \ l_o kemqZyo� dh]^Z wlh g_h[oh^bfh� b ijb mkeh\bb gZebqby j_kmjkh\�kh^_ckl\h\Zlv hkms_kl\e_gbx ^_fhgkljZpbhgguo beb wdki_jbf_glZevguo

ijh_dlh\ ih kha^Zgbx b ^Zevg_cr_fm jZa\blbx kem`[ hdZaZgby ihfhsb

ihkljZ^Z\rbf b ijh\_^_gbx ^jm]hc hi_jZlb\ghc ^_yl_evghklb26;

h ) \ l_o kemqZyo� dh]^Z wlh g_h[oh^bfh� b ijb mkeh\bb gZebqby j_kmjkh\�jZajZ[Zlu\Zlv f_ju ^ey hkh[uo ]jmii ihl_ji_\rbo27.

X . !��&��

��28


20

E/CN.15/2001/14

jZatykgbl_evguo dZfiZgbc êy bgnhjfbjh\Zgby h[s_kl\_gghklb h[

Zevl_jgZlb\Zo lxj_fghfm aZdexq_gbx b ihjy^d_ bo ijbf_g_gby29;

b ) ihhsj_gb_ f_`^mgZjh^guo b j_]bhgZevguo nbgZgkh\uo mqj_`^_gbc\dexqZlv \ k\hb ijh]jZffu l_ogbq_kdhc ihfhsb f_ju� gZijZ\e_ggu_ gZ

khdjZs_gb_ i_j_iheg_gghklb lxj_f30;

c ) ihhsj_gb_ b ijbf_g_gb_ gZê_`Zs_c ijZdlbdb kh^_j`ZgbyaZdexq_gguo \ lxjvfZo \ khhl\_lkl\bb k f_`^mgZjh^gufb klZg^ZjlZfb�

d ) h[_ki_q_gb_ mq_lZ b jZkkfhlj_gb_ \ jZfdZo gZpbhgZevguo bf_`^mgZjh^guo f_j \ h[eZklb h[jZs_gby k ijZ\hgZjmrbl_eyfb ex[uo

jZaebqguo \hafh`guo ihke_^kl\bc lZdbo f_j êy `_gsbg b fm`qbg31.

�� !��



Z� ihhsjylv f_`^mgZjh^gu_ b j_]bhgZevgu_ nbgZgkh\u_ mqj_`^_gby

\dexqZlv \ k\hb ijh]jZffu l_ogbq_kdh]h khljm^gbq_kl\Z f_ju ih khdjZs_gbx

i_j_iheg_gghklb lxj_f32;

b ) h[_ki_qb\Zlv� qlh[u gZpbhgZevgu_ b f_`^mgZjh^gu_ kljZl_]bb \h[eZklb ij_^mij_`^_gby ij_klmighklb b m]heh\gh]h ijZ\hkm^by mqblu\Zeb b

jZkkfZljb\Zeb ex[u_ jZaebqgu_ \hafh`gu_ ihke_^kl\by ijh]jZff beb

kljZl_]bc êy ebp� d dhlhjuf hgb ijbf_gyxlky� ih ijbqbg_ bo iheZ33;

k� ijb mkeh\bb gZebqby j_kmjkh\� ij_^hklZ\eylv ihfhsv \ nhjf_

dhgkmevlZlb\guo mkem]� hp_gdb ihlj_[ghkl_c� mdj_ie_gby ihl_gpbZeZ�

ih^]hlh\db dZ^jh\ beb ^jm]b_ \bû ihfhsb ]hkm^Zjkl\Zf� ih bo ijhkv[_� k l_f

qlh[u ^Zlv bf \hafh`ghklv memqrblv mkeh\by kh^_j`Zgby \ lxjvfZo34.

__________________

29 Imgdlu 8 8 �Z�±( f ) b �i) ijh_dlZ ieZgZ ^_ckl\bc �E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /5 ) [ueb h[t_^bg_gu êyh[_ki_q_gby khhl\_lkl\by k ^jm]bfb jZa^_eZfb�

30 Imgdl 9 0 �Z� ijh_dlZ ieZgZ ^_ckl\bc �E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /5 ) .

31 Imgdl 8 6 ( f ) ijh_dlZ ieZgZ ^_ckl\bc �(�&1�� [ue i_j_g_k_g ih ij_êh`_gbxDZgZû �(�&1��/�� imgdl 8 3 ) � L_dkl imgdlZ 8 6 �I� ijh_dlZ ieZgZ ^_ckl\bc(E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /5 ) � \ dhlhjhf kh^_j`blky kkuedZ gZ ^bkdjbfbgZpbhggh_ \ha^_ckl\b_ gZhkgh\_ �ijbagZdZ jZku� p\_lZ dh`b� yaudZ� j_eb]bb� iheblbq_kdbo beb ^jm]bo m[_`^_gbc�

gZpbhgZevgh]h beb khpbZevgh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby� bfms_kl\_ggh]h iheh`_gby� jh`^_gby beb

^jm]h]h ijbagZdZ�� [ue bkdexq_g� ihkdhevdm \

21

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X I. !��"��"��35


22

E/CN.15/2001/14

iv ) ijbgylb_ beb baf_g_gb_ iheh`_gbc� dZkZxsboky i_j_o\ZlZkhh[s_gbc� i_j_^Z\Z_fuo k ihfhsvx dhfivxl_jguo k_l_c b ZgZeh]bqguo

kj_^kl\ k\yab�

k� h[_ki_q_gb_ lh]h� qlh[u khljm^gbdb ijZ\hhojZgbl_evguo hj]Zgh\

[ueb h[mq_gu b hkgZs_gu êy wnn_dlb\gh]h b [ukljh]h m^h\e_l\hj_gby ijhkv[

h ihfhsb \ hlke_`b\Zgbb khh[s_gbc b ijbgylbb ^jm]bo f_j \ jZfdZo

jZkke_^h\Zgby ljZgkgZpbhgZevguo ij_klmie_gbc� k\yaZgguo k bkihevah\Zgb_f

dhfivxl_jh\�

d ) gZeZ`b\Zgb_ gZpbhgZevgh]h b f_`^mgZjh^gh]h ^bZeh]Z k ^_eh\ufbdjm]Zfb� mqZkl\mxsbfb \ jZajZ[hld_ b mklZgh\d_ dhfivxl_jh\�

l_e_dhffmgbdZpbhggh]h h[hjm^h\Zgby� k_l_\h]h ijh]jZffgh]h h[_ki_q_gby b

h[hjm^h\Zgby b ^jm]bo khhl\_lkl\mxsbo ijh^mdlh\ b mkem]� LZdhc ^bZeh]

^he`_g aZljZ]b\Zlv� \ qZklghklb� lZdb_ dexq_\u_ l_fu� dZd�

i ) ijZ\h\u_� khpbZevgu_ b l_ogbq_kdb_ ihke_^kl\by jZa\blbyl_ogheh]bb�

i i ) \hijhku� dZkZxsb_ky gZpbhgZevgh]h b f_`^mgZjh^gh]hj_]mebjh\Zgby l_ogheh]bc b k_l_c�

i i i ) \hijhku� dZkZxsb_ky \dexq_gby \ gh\u_ l_ogheh]bb we_f_glh\�ijba\Zgguo ij_^mij_`^Zlv kh\_jr_gb_ ij_klmie_gbc beb h[e_]qZlv bo

\uy\e_gb_ b jZkke_^h\Zgb_ beb m]heh\gh_ ij_ke_^h\Zgb_ \ wlhc k\yab�

_� ij_^hklZ\e_gb_ \ khljm^gbq_kl\_ k qZklguf k_dlhjhf ^h[jh\hevguo

\aghkh\ \ \b^_ j_kmjkh\ b ki_pbZevguo l_ogbq_kdbo agZgbc� dhlhju_

g_h[oh^bfu êy hdZaZgby ^jm]bf ]hkm^Zjkl\Zf ihfhsb \ jZajZ[hld_ b

hkms_kl\e_gbb wnn_dlb\guo f_j ih [hjv[_ k ij_klmighklvx b __ ij_^m�

ij_`^_gbx� ih f_j_ hk\h_gby gZk_e_gb_f gh\uo l_ogheh]bc�


j_]bhgZevgufb hj]ZgbaZpbyfb� \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo kemqZyo b ijb mkeh\bb

gZebqby j_kmjkh\� [m^_l36:

Z� hdZau\Zlv ih^^_j`dm jZkrbj_gbx gZpbhgZevghc b f_`^mgZjh^ghc

bkke_^h\Zl_evkdhc ^_yl_evghklb� gZijZ\e_gghc gZ \uy\e_gb_ gh\uo nhjf�

oZjZdl_jZ b ihke_^kl\bc ijhlb\hijZ\ghc ^_yl_evghklb êy lZdbo dexq_\uo

h[eZkl_c� dZd mklhcqb\h_ jZa\blb_� hojZgZ ijZ\Z gZ qZklgmx `bagv b we_d�

ljhggZy lhj]h\ey� Z lZd`_ aZdhgh^Zl_evguf b ^jm]bf f_jZf� ijbgbfZ_fuf \

wlhc k\yab jZa\blufb b jZa\b\Zxsbfbky kljZgZfb b qZklguf k_dlhjhf�

b ) \uklmiZlv \ dZq_kl\_ k_dj_lZjbZlZ ijb h[km`^_gbb \hijhkh\ij_^mij_`^_gby ij_klmighklb b m]heh\gh]h ijZ\hkm^by� \ lhf qbke_ gZ \ha�

fh`guo i_j_]h\hjZo ih f_`^mgZjh^ghfm ^hdmf_glm beb ^hdmf_glZf�

dZkZxsbfky ij_klmie_gbc k bkihevah\Zgb_f bgnhjfZpbhgguo l_ogheh]bc�

k� ]hlh\blv b jZkijhkljZgylv kh]eZkh\Zggu_ gZ f_`^mgZjh^ghf mjh\g_

fZl_jbZeu� lZdb_ dZd jmdh\h^ysb_ ijbgpbiu� xjb^bq_kdb_ b l_ogbq_kdb_

__________________

36 Ihkdhevdm gb`_ke_^mxsb_ ihîmgdlu fh]ml \ua\Zlv nbgZgkh\u_ ihke_^kl\by \ k\yab kl_ogbq_kdhc ihfhsvx beb bgufb \hijhkZfb� [ueb ^h[Z\e_gu keh\Z �ijb mkeh\bb gZebqby

j_kmjkh\��

23

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jmdh\h^kl\Z� fbgbfZevgu_ klZg^Zjlgu_ ijZ\beZ� k[hjgbdb i_j_^h\hc ijZdlbdb

b lbih\u_ aZdhgu� ^ey hdZaZgby aZdhgh^Zl_eyf� Z lZd`_ ijZ\hhojZgbl_evguf b

^jm]bf hj]ZgZf ihfhsb \ jZajZ[hld_� ijbgylbb b ijbf_g_gbb wnn_dlb\guo f_j

[hjv[u k ij_klmie_gbyfb� k\yaZggufb k bkihevah\Zgb_f dhfivxl_jh\� b

ijZ\hgZjmrbl_eyfb dZd \ p_ehf� lZd b \ dhgdj_lguo ^_eZo�

d ) ihhsjylv� ih^^_j`b\Zlv b hkms_kl\eylv ijh_dlu l_ogbq_kdh]hkhljm^gbq_kl\Z b l_ogbq_kdhc ihfhsb ijb mkeh\bb gZebqby j_kmjkh\� < jZfdZo

lZdbo ijh_dlh\ ]hkm^Zjkl\Zf� gm`^Zxsbfky \ bgnhjfZpbb beb ihfhsb \

h[eZklyo ij_^mij_`^_gby ij_klmighklb� ij_klmie_gbc� k\yaZgguo k

gZjmr_gb_f kbkl_fu dhfivxl_jghc aZsblu� ijhp_kkmZevguo iheghfhqbc b

ghjf� m]heh\gh]h ij_ke_^h\Zgby� f_lh^h\ jZkke_^h\Zgby b ^jm]bo

khhl\_lkl\mxsbo h[eZklyo� [m^ml ij_^hklZ\eylvky mkem]b khhl\_lkl\mxsbo

ki_pbZebklh\�

X II. !��"��&��&��%


24

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�� !��



Z� ijb mkeh\bb gZebqby j_kmjkh\ b khhl\_lkl\mxs_c ijhkv[u�

jZajZ[Zlu\Zlv ijh_dlu l_ogbq_kdh]h khljm^gbq_kl\Z� gZijZ\e_ggu_ gZ

ij_^mij_`^_gb_ ij_klmighklb kj_^b fheh^_`b� mdj_ie_gb_ kbkl_f ijZ\hkm^by \

hlghr_gbb g_kh\_jr_gghe_lgbo b kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_ j_Z[beblZpbb

g_kh\_jr_gghe_lgbo ijZ\hgZjmrbl_e_c b h[jZs_gby k gbfb� Z lZd`_ hdZau\Zlv

ihfhsv ]hkm^Zjkl\Zf \ hkms_kl\e_gbb wlbo ijh_dlh\41;

b ) h[_ki_qb\Zlv wnn_dlb\gh_ khljm^gbq_kl\h f_`^m khhl\_lkl\mxsbfbih^jZa^_e_gbyfb Hj]ZgbaZpbb H[t_^bg_gguo GZpbc b ^jm]bfb hj]ZgbaZpbyfb�

mihfygmlufb \ Jmdh\h^ysbo ijbgpbiZo \ hlghr_gbc ^_ckl\bc \ bgl_j_kZo

^_l_c \ kbkl_f_ m]heh\gh]h ijZ\hkm^by �j_ahexpby �� Wdhghfbq_kdh]h b

KhpbZevgh]h Kh\_lZ� ijbeh`_gb_�42.

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3 8 . < p_eyo ij_l\hj_gby \ `bagv h[yaZl_evkl\� ijbgyluo \ khhl\_lkl\bb kimgdlZfb �� b ��

25

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b ) jZajZ[Zlu\Zlv hjb_glbjh\Zggu_ gZ ijbgylb_ dhgdj_lguo f_jijh]jZffgu_ j_dhf_g^Zpbb� hkgh\Zggu_ gZ mq_l_ hkh[uo ihlj_[ghkl_c

`_gsbg±`_jl\ b `_gsbg±k\b^_l_e_c \ kbkl_fZo m]heh\gh]h ijZ\hkm^by b

gZijZ\e_ggu_ gZ j_r_gb_ ex[uo ijh[e_f� k\yaZgguo k jZaebqgufb

ihke_^kl\byfb ijbgbfZ_fuo f_j êy fm`qbg b `_gsbg45;

c ) jZkkfZljb\Zlv \hijhk h[ h[f_g_ k ^jm]bfb ]hkm^Zjkl\Zfb� ijbbkihevah\Zgbb kljZgbp \ k_lb �Bgl_jg_l�� ^jm]bo kj_^kl\ beb nhjmfh\�

bgnhjfZpb_c h ex[uo i_j_^h\uo ijZdlbq_kdbo f_jZo \ hlghr_gbb `_jl\ b

k\b^_l_e_c� dhlhju_ mqblu\Zxl hkh[u_ ihlj_[ghklb `_gsbg46.

�� !��

4 0 . P_glj ih f_`^mgZjh^ghfm ij_^mij_`^_gbx ij_klmighklb \ khljm^-gbq_kl\_ k ^jm]bfb aZbgl_j_kh\Zggufb f_`^mgZjh^gufb b j_]bhgZevgufb

hj]ZgbaZpbyfb [m^_l�

Z� ihevah\Zlvky bgnhjfZpb_c b fZl_jbZeZfb ih \hijhkZf h gZkbebb \

hlghr_gbb `_gsbg� \ lhf qbke_ h gZkbebb \ k_fv_� \ h[s_kl\_ b kh klhjhgu

]hkm^Zjkl\Z� k[hj dhlhjuo hkms_kl\ey_lky ijZ\bl_evkl\Zfb b ^h]h\hjgufb

hj]ZgZfb Hj]ZgbaZpbb H[t_^bg_gguo GZpbc� ki_pbZevgufb ^hdeZ^qbdZfb�

ki_pbZebabjh\Zggufb mqj_`^_gbyfb� dhfbl_lZfb� hj]ZgZfb b

f_ìjZ\bl_evkl\_ggufb b g_ijZ\bl_evkl\_ggufb hj]ZgbaZpbyfb� \ lhf qbke_

hj]ZgbaZpbyfb ih h[_ki_q_gbx jZ\ghijZ\by `_gsbg47;

b ) khljm^gbqZlv kh \k_fb ^jm]bfb khhl\_lkl\mxsbfb ih^jZa^_e_gbyfbkbkl_fu Hj]ZgbaZpbb H[t_^bg_gguo GZpbc \ ^_yl_evghklb� gZijZ\e_gghc gZ

j_r_gb_ \hijhkh\� k\yaZgguo k gZkbeb_f \ hlghr_gbb `_gsbg� Z lZd`_

ebd\b^Zpb_c ^bkdjbfbgZpbb ih ijbagZdm iheZ ijb hlijZ\e_gbb m]heh\gh]h

ijZ\hkm^by� b dhhj^bgbjh\Zlv jZ[hlm ih lZdbf \hijhkZf48;

k� h[h[sZlv b jZkijhkljZgylv bgnhjfZpbx h[ mki_rguo ieZgZo

ijbgylby f_j b ijh]jZffZo ij_^mij_`^_gby gZ gZpbhgZevghf mjh\g_49;

d ) ijh^he`Zlv kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zlv mq_[gmx ih^]hlh\dm� dZkZxsmxky ijZ\q_eh\_dZ `_gsbg b \hijhkh\ ^bkdjbfbgZpbb ih ijbagZdm iheZ b gZkbeby \

hlghr_gbb `_gsbg� êy \k_o khljm^gbdh\ Hj]ZgbaZpbb H[t_^bg_gguo GZpbc�

hkh[_ggh l_o ba gbo� dhlhju_ hkms_kl\eyxl ^_yl_evghklv \ h[eZklb ijZ\

q_eh\_dZ b ]mfZgblZjghc ihfhsb� ih^^_j`Zgby b mdj_ie_gby fbjZ� b

kh^_ckl\h\Zlv ]em[hdhfm ihgbfZgbx bfb ijZ\ q_eh\_dZ `_gsbg� k l_f qlh[u

__________________

45 Ij_êh`_gb_ DZgZû �E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /L .8 , imgdl 7 3 ) .46 Ij_êh`_gb_ DZgZû �E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /L .8 , imgdl 7 3 ) .47 GZ hkgh\_ j_ahexpbb �� Wdhghfbq_kdh]h b KhpbZevgh]h Kh\_lZ� imgdl �� lZd`_

ho\Zlu\Z_lky kn_jhc ^_ckl\by imgdlh\ �� b ��

26

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hgb fh]eb \uy\eylv gZjmr_gby ijZ\ q_eh\_dZ `_gsbg b [hjhlvky k gbfb� Z

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gZpbhgZevghf mjh\g_52;

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`_gsbg \ h[eZklb ij_^mij_`^_gby ij_klmighklb b m]heh\gh]h ijZ\hkm^by

�j_ahexpby �� =_g_jZevghc :kkZf[e_b� ijbeh`_gb_�53.

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b ) kh^_ckl\h\Zlv bkihevah\Zgbx b ijbf_g_gbx klZg^Zjlh\ b ghjfHj]ZgbaZpbb H[t_^bg_gguo GZpbc \ h[eZklb ij_^mij_`^_gby ij_klmighklb b

m]heh\gh]h ijZ\hkm^by� \ lhf qbke_ iml_f ij_^hklZ\e_gby dhgkmevlZlb\guo

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\hafh`ghkl_c58;

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ijbf_g_gb_f klZg^Zjlh\ b ghjf Hj]ZgbaZpbb H[t_^bg_gguo GZpbc \ h[eZklb

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klhjhgu60;

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ijbfbj_gby b ^jm]bo f_lh^h\ j_klblmpbhggh]h ijZ\hkm^by \ dZq_kl\_

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kh^_j`Zgb_ ih^ kljZ`_c64;

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__________________

60 GZ hkgh\_ imgdlZ ��k� ijh_dlZ ieZgZ ^_ckl\bc (E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /5 �� kf� lZd`_j_ahexpbx 1 9 9 8 /2 3 Wdhghfbq_kdh]h b KhpbZevgh]h Kh\_lZ� imgdl 3 .

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29

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bo ijbf_g_gbx67;

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ijZ\hkm^by k p_evx h[f_gZ bgnhjfZpb_c h i_j_^h\hc ijZdlbd_ \ h[eZklb

j_klblmpbhggh]h ijZ\hkm^by68.

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ih kh^_ckl\bx gZ f_`^mgZjh^ghf b j_]bhgZevghf mjh\gyo h[f_gm hiulhf ih

\hijhkZf ihkj_^gbq_kl\Z b j_klblmpbhggh]h ijZ\hkm^by� \dexqZy

jZkijhkljZg_gb_ i_j_^h\hc ijZdlbdb70;

k� [m^_l hdZau\Zlv ihfhsv Dhfbkkbb ih ij_^mij_`^_gbx ij_klmighklb

b m]heh\ghfm ijZ\hkm^bx \ jZkkfhlj_gbb \hijhkZ h p_e_khh[jZaghklb b

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d ) khah\_l kh\_sZgb_ wdki_jlh\ êy jZkkfhlj_gby ij_êh`_gbc h^Zevg_crbo ^_ckl\byo \ k\yab k j_klblmpbhgguf ijZ\hkm^b_f� \dexqZy

ihkj_^gbq_kl\h72.

__________________

67 Ij_êh`_gb_ DZgZû (E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /L .�� imgdl 9 0 ) .68 Ij_êh`_gb_ DZgZû (E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /L .�� imgdl 9 0 ) .69 GZ hkgh\_ imgdlZ ��k� ijh_dlZ ieZgZ ^_ckl\bc �E /C N .1 5 /2 0 0 1 /5 ) .70 >Zgguc ihîmgdl ho\Zlu\Z_lky kn_jhc ^_ckl\by imgdlZ �� Zgguc ihîmgdl ho\Zlu\Z_lky kn_jhc ^_ckl\by imgdlZ �� Zgguc ihîmgdl ho\Zlu\Z_lky kn_jhc ^_ckl\by imgdlZ ��

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