Page 1
Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g
Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g
Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL
New York State Fossil
1617
1819
2021
2223
2425
151
23
45
67
89
1011
1213
14cm
2010 EDITIONThis edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in theclassroom beginning in the 2009–2010 school year. The first examination forwhich these tables will be used is the January 2010 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science.
The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov
Reference Tables forPhysical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE
Eccentricity = distance between focilength of major axis
Gradient =change in field value
distance
Density =mass
volume
Rate of change =change in value
time
Equations
RADIOACTIVEISOTOPE
DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE(years)
Carbon-14
Potassium-40
Uranium-238
Rubidium-87
C14
K40
U238
Rb87
N14
Pb206
Sr87
5.7 × 103
1.3 × 109
4.5 × 109
4.9 × 1010
Ar40
Ca40
Specific Heats of Common MaterialsRadioactive Decay Data
Properties of Water
Average Chemical Compositionof Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere
MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT(Joules/gram • °C)
Liquid water 4.18
Solid water (ice) 2.11
Water vapor 2.00
Dry air 1.01
Basalt 0.84
Granite 0.79
Iron 0.45
Copper 0.38
Lead 0.13
ELEMENT(symbol)
CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHEREPercent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume
Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0
Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88
Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48
Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49
Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18
Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11
Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33
Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42
Nitrogen (N) 78.0
Hydrogen (H) 66.0
Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0
Eurypterus remipes
Page 2
2 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Gen
eral
ized
Lan
dsc
ape
Reg
ion
s of
New
Yor
k S
tate
Appalachian
Plate
au(U
plan
ds)
Inte
rio
r L
ow
lan
ds
Gre
nvi
lle P
rovi
nce
(Hig
hla
nd
s)
New England P
rovince
(Highlands)
Atla
ntic
Coa
stal
Pla
in
Alle
ghen
y P
late
au
Erie
-Ont
ario
Low
land
s(P
lain
s)
Tug
Hill
Pla
teau
Adi
rond
ack
Mou
ntai
ns
Lake
Erie
Lake
Ont
ario
Inte
rio
rL
ow
lan
ds
St. L
awre
nce
Low
land
s
ChamplainLowlands Hud
son
Hig
hlan
ds
Man
hatta
n P
rong
The
Cat
skill
s
Taconic Mountains
Hudson-MohawkLowlands
NewarkLowlands
Maj
or g
eogr
aphi
c pr
ovin
ce b
ound
ary
Land
scap
e re
gion
bou
ndar
y
Sta
te b
ound
ary
Inte
rnat
iona
l bou
ndar
y
Key
N S
WE
020
40
020
4060
80K
ilom
eter
s
Mile
s10
3050
Page 3
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 3
Gen
eral
ized
Bed
rock
Geo
logy
of
New
Yor
k S
tate
mod
ifie
d fr
omG
EO
LO
GIC
AL
SUR
VE
YN
EW
YO
RK
STA
TE
MU
SEU
M19
89
NiagaraRiver
GE
OL
OG
IC P
ER
IOD
S A
ND
ER
AS
IN N
EW
YO
RK
CR
ETAC
EOU
S an
d PL
EIST
OC
ENE
(Epo
ch) w
eakl
y co
nsol
idat
ed to
unc
onso
lidat
ed g
rave
ls, s
ands
, and
cla
ys
LATE
TR
IASS
IC a
nd E
ARLY
JU
RAS
SIC
con
glom
erat
es, r
ed s
ands
tone
s, re
d sh
ales
, bas
alt,
and
diab
ase
(Pal
isad
es s
ill)
PEN
NSY
LVAN
IAN
and
MIS
SISS
IPPI
AN c
ongl
omer
ates
, san
dsto
nes,
and
sha
les
DEV
ON
IAN
limes
tone
s, s
hale
s, s
ands
tone
s, a
nd c
ongl
omer
ates
SILU
RIA
NSI
LUR
IAN
also
con
tain
s sa
lt, g
ypsu
m, a
nd h
emat
ite.
OR
DO
VIC
IAN
limes
tone
s, s
hale
s, s
ands
tone
s, a
nd d
olos
tone
sC
AMBR
IAN
CAM
BRIA
N a
nd E
ARLY
OR
DO
VIC
IAN
san
dsto
nes
and
dolo
ston
es
mod
erat
ely
to in
tens
ely
met
amor
phos
ed e
ast o
f the
Hud
son
Rive
rC
AMBR
IAN
and
OR
DO
VIC
IAN
(und
iffer
entia
ted)
qua
rtzite
s, d
olos
tone
s, m
arbl
es, a
nd s
chis
tsin
tens
ely
met
amor
phos
ed; i
nclu
des
porti
ons
of th
e Ta
coni
c Se
quen
ce a
nd C
ortla
ndt C
ompl
exTA
CO
NIC
SEQ
UEN
CE
sand
ston
es, s
hale
s, a
nd s
late
ssl
ight
ly to
inte
nsel
y m
etam
orph
osed
rock
s of
CAM
BRIA
N th
roug
hM
IDD
LE O
RD
OVI
CIA
N a
ges
MID
DLE
PR
OTE
RO
ZOIC
gne
isse
s, q
uartz
ites,
and
mar
bles
Line
s ar
e ge
nera
lized
stru
ctur
e tre
nds.
MID
DLE
PR
OTE
RO
ZOIC
ano
rthos
itic
rock
s
} }
}} }Dom
inan
tly
sedi
men
tary
orig
in
Dom
inan
tly
met
amor
phos
ed
rock
s
LON
GIS
LAN
DS
OU
ND
Inte
nsel
y m
etam
orph
osed
rock
s(re
gion
al m
etam
orph
ism
abo
ut 1
,000
m.y.
a.)
N S
WE
020
40
020
4060
80K
ilom
eter
s
Mile
s10
3050
Page 4
0°40
°80
°12
0°16
0°18
0°16
0°12
0°80
°40
°80
°
40°
40°0°
80°
20°
60°
60°
20°
Arc
tic C
ircle
(66.
5° N
)
Trop
ic o
f Can
cer
(23.
5° N
)
Trop
ic o
f Cap
ricor
n(2
3.5°
S)
Ant
arct
ic C
ircle
(66.
5° S
)
Equ
ator
20°
60°
100°
140°
20°
60°
100°
140°
20°
0°40
°80
°12
0°16
0°18
0°16
0°12
0°80
°40
°20
°60
°10
0°14
0°20
°60
°10
0°14
0°20
°
Equ
ator
ialC
ount
ercu
rren
t
EastAustraliaC
.
Ant
arct
icC
ircum
pola
rC
urre
nt
Nor
th
Atla
ntic
C.
Ant
arct
icC
ircum
pola
rC
urre
nt
NO
TE
: Not
all
surf
ace
ocea
n cu
rren
ts a
re s
how
n.
Nor
thA
mer
ica
Sout
hA
mer
ica
Ant
arct
ica
Aus
tral
ia
Nor
thP
acif
icO
cean
Ant
arct
ica
Afr
ica
Asi
aE
urop
e
Su
rfac
e O
cean
Cu
rren
ts
Afr
ica
PeruC.
Nor
thE
quat
oria
l C.
Sou
thE
quat
oria
l C.
Sou
ther
n O
cean
Arc
tic
Oce
an
Indi
anO
cean
Sou
thE
quat
oria
l C.
Wes
tAus
traliaC.
Indi
a
Gre
enla
nd
Nor
thA
tlan
tic
Oce
an Equ
ator
ial
Cou
nter
curr
ent
Flo
rida
C.
KuroshioC.
Oyashio
C.
Kamchat
kaC
.
Nor
thP
aci fi
cC
.
Alask
aC. Cali
fornia C.
BrazilC.
BenguelaC.
Sou
thE
qua t
oria
l C
.
FalklandC.
Gui
nea
C.
Nor
thE
quat
oria
lC.
Gulf
Stream
C.
Canary C.
Labrador C.
West Greenland C.
EastG
reen
landC. Nor
wegianC.
Nor
thE
quat
oria
l C.
Equ
ator
ialC
ount
ercu
rren
t
AgulhasC.
Sou
thP
acif
icO
cean
Sou
thA
tlan
tic
Oce
an
War
m c
urre
nts
Coo
l cur
rent
s
Key
4 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Page 5
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 5
Peru-Chile Trench
Haw
aii
Hot
Spo
t
San
And
reas
Fau
lt
Juan
de
Fuc
a P
late
Phi
lippi
neP
late
Ale
utia
nT
renc
hY
ello
wst
one
Hot
Spo
t
Nor
th A
mer
ican
Pla
te
Afr
ican
Pla
teC
ocos
Pla
teC
arib
bean
Plat
e
Mid-Atla
nticRidge C
anar
yIs
land
sH
ot S
pot
Sout
hA
mer
ican
Pla
te
Gal
apag
osH
ot S
pot
Naz
caP
late
Ant
arct
icP
late
Indi
an-A
ustr
alia
nP
late
Pac
ific
Pla
teF
iji P
late
Eas
tPacific
Ridge
Ant
arct
icP
late
Arabian
Plate
Eur
asia
nP
late
Eur
asia
nP
late
Icel
and
Hot
Spo
t
EastAfricanRiftM
id
-Indian Ridge
South
east
Indi
anR
idge
South
west I
ndia
n
Ridge
Scot
iaP
late
Sand
wic
hP
late
Mid-AtlanticRidge
Eas
ter
Isla
ndH
ot S
pot
St.
Hel
ena
Hot
Spo
t
Bou
vet
Hot
Spo
t
Key
NO
TE
:N
ot a
ll m
antle
hot
spo
ts, p
late
s, a
ndbo
unda
ries
are
show
n.
Com
plex
or
unce
rtai
npl
ate
boun
dary
Rel
ativ
e m
otio
n at
plat
e bo
unda
ryM
antle
hot s
pot
Div
erge
nt p
late
bou
ndar
y(u
sual
ly b
roke
n by
tran
sfor
mfa
ults
alo
ng m
id-o
cean
rid
ges)
Con
verg
ent p
late
bou
ndar
y(s
ubdu
ctio
n zo
ne)
subd
uctin
gpl
ate
over
ridin
gpl
ate
Tran
sfor
m p
late
bou
ndar
y(t
rans
form
faul
t)
Tec
ton
ic P
late
s
Tas
man
Hot
Spo
t
M
ariana Trench
TongaTrench
Page 6
6 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Ero
s ion
Wea
ther
ing
&E
rosi
on(U
plift
)
Metam
orphism
MeltingSolid
ificat
ionMeltingWeathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Metamorphism
Weathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Heat and/or Pressure
Heatand /or
Pressure
Melting
Cementation and Burial
Compactio
n and/or Deposition
IGNEOUSROCK
SEDIMENTS
MAGMA
METAMORPHICROCK
SEDIMENTARYROCK
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
PAR
TIC
LE
DIA
ME
TE
R (
cm)
Boulders
Cobbles
Pebbles
Sand
Silt
Clay
1000500
50100
10510.5
0.10.05
0.01
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)
This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.
25.6
6.4
0.2
0.006
0.0004
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity
Pyroxene(green)
Amphibole(black)
Biotite(black)
Potassiumfeldspar
(pink to white)
(rel
ativ
e by
vol
ume)
MIN
ER
AL
CO
MP
OS
ITIO
N
Quartz(clear towhite)
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
S
MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)
HIGHER
DARKER
FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)
LOWER
LIGHTER
CRYSTALSIZE
TEXTURE
Pumice
INT
RU
SIV
E(P
luto
nic)
EX
TR
US
IVE
(Vol
cani
c)
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
OF
FO
RM
AT
ION
Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)
Olivine(green)
COMPOSITION
DENSITY
COLOR
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
IGN
EO
US
RO
CK
S
non-
crys
talli
ne
GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian
(usually appears black)
less
than
1 m
m FineBasaltAndesiteRhyolite
1 m
mto
10
mm
CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro
DioriteGranite
Pegmatite
10 m
mor
larg
er Verycoarse
Scoria Vesicular(gas
pockets)
Du
nit
e
Non-vesicular
Non-vesicular
Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite
Diabase
Page 7
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 7
INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL
Rounded fragments
Angular fragmentsMostlyquartz,feldspar, andclay minerals;may containfragments ofother rocksand minerals
Pebbles, cobbles,and/or bouldersembedded in sand,silt, and/or clay
Clastic(fragmental)
Very fine grain
Compact; may spliteasily
Conglomerate
Breccia
CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Crystalline
Halite
Gypsum
Dolomite
Calcite
Carbon
Crystals fromchemicalprecipitatesand evaporites
Rock salt
Rock gypsum
Dolostone
Limestone
Bituminous coal
. . . . .. . . .
Sand(0.006 to 0.2 cm)
Silt(0.0004 to 0.006 cm)
Clay(less than 0.0004 cm)
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
Fine to coarse
COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL
Fineto
coarsecrystals
Microscopic tovery coarse
Precipitates of biologicorigin or cemented shellfragments
Compactedplant remains
. . . . .. . . .
Bioclastic
Crystalline orbioclastic
FO
LIA
TE
D
Fine
Fineto
medium
Mediumto
coarse
Regional
Low-grademetamorphism of shale
Platy mica crystals visiblefrom metamorphism of clayor feldspars
High-grade metamorphism;mineral types segregatedinto bands
Slate
Schist
Gneiss
COMPOSITIONTEXTUREGRAINSIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME
TYPE OFMETAMORPHISM
(Heat andpressureincreases)
MIN
ER
AL
ALI
GN
ME
NT
BA
ND
-IN
G
MAP SYMBOL
Foliation surfaces shinyfrom microscopic micacrystals
Phyllite
GA
RN
ET
PY
RO
XE
NE
FE
LD
SPA
R
AM
PH
IBO
LE
MIC
AQ
UA
RT
Z
Hornfels
NO
NF
OLI
AT
ED
Metamorphism ofquartz sandstone
Metamorphism oflimestone or dolostone
Pebbles may be distortedor stretched
Metaconglomerate
Quartzite
Marble
Coarse
Fineto
coarse
Quartz
Calcite and/ordolomite
Variousminerals
Contact(heat)
Various rocks changed byheat from nearbymagma/lava
VariousmineralsFine
Anthracite coalRegional Metamorphism ofbituminous coalCarbonFine
Regional
or
contact
Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification
Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification
Page 8
8 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
PLEISTOCENEPLIOCENE
MIOCENE
OLIGOCENE
EOCENE
PALEOCENE
LATE
EARLY
LATEMIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLEEARLYLATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
EARLY
LATE
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
ElliptocephalaCryptolithus
Phacops Hexameroceras ManticocerasEucalyptocrinus
CtenocrinusTetragraptus
Dicellograptus EurypterusStylonurus
B LA EC D G HF I J NK M
CentrocerasValcouroceras Coelophysis
(Index fossils not drawn to scale)
EraEon
PH
AN
ER
O-
ZO
ICP
RE
CA
MB
RI
AN
AR
CH
EA
NP
RO
TE
RO
ZO
IC
LATE
LATE
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
EARLY
EARLY
0
500
1000
2000
3000
4000
4600
Million years ago
CENOZOIC
MESOZOIC
PALEOZOIC
QUATERNARY
NEOGENE
PALEOGENE
CRETACEOUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CA
RB
ON
IF-
ER
OU
S
DEVONIAN
Period Epoch Life on Earth
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
580
488
444
416
318
299
200
146
1300
Million years ago
NY RockRecord
PENNSYLVANIAN
HOLOCENE
65.5
251
1.85.3
0.010
23.033.9
MISSISSIPPIAN
Humans, mastodonts, mammoths
55.8
Large carnivorous mammalsAbundant grazing mammalsEarliest grasses
Many modern groups of mammalsMass extinction of dinosaurs, ammonoids, and many land plants
Earliest flowering plantsDiverse bony fishes
Earliest birds
Earliest mammals
Mass extinction of many land and marine organisms (including trilobites)
Mammal-like reptiles
Abundant reptiles
Extensive coal-forming forests
Abundant amphibiansLarge and numerous scale trees and seed ferns (vascular plants); earliest reptiles
359Earliest amphibians and plant seedsExtinction of many marine organisms
Earth’s first forestsEarliest ammonoids and sharksAbundant fish
Earliest insectsEarliest land plants and animals
Abundant eurypterids
Invertebrates dominantEarth’s first coral reefs
Burgess shale fauna (diverse soft-bodied organisms)Earliest fishes
Earliest trilobites542
Abundant stromatolites
Ediacaran fauna (first multicellular, soft-bodied marine organisms)
Extinction of many primitive marine organisms
First sexually reproducingorganisms
Oldest known rocks
Estimated time of originof Earth and solar system
Sediment
Bedrock
Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids
Earliest dinosaurs
Great diversity of life-forms with shelly parts
Evidence of biologicalcarbon
Earliest stromatolitesOldest microfossils
Oceanic oxygenproduced bycyanobacteriacombines withiron, formingiron oxide layerson ocean floor
Oceanic oxygen begins to enterthe atmosphere
Page 9
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 9
Grenville orogeny: metamorphism ofbedrock now exposed in the Adirondacksand Hudson Highlands
Advance and retreat of last continental ice
Sands and clays underlying Long Island andStaten Island deposited on margin of AtlanticOcean
Dome-like uplift of Adirondack region begins
Intrusion of Palisades sill
Initial opening of Atlantic OceanNorth America and Africa separate
Pangaea begins to break up
Catskill delta formsErosion of Acadian Mountains
Acadian orogeny caused by collision ofNorth America and Avalon and closing of remaining part of Iapetus Ocean
Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins
Erosion of Taconic Mountains; Queenston deltaforms
Taconian orogeny caused by closing of western part of Iapetus Ocean and collision between North America and volcanic island arc
Widespread deposition over most of New Yorkalong edge of Iapetus Ocean
Rifting and initial opening of Iapetus Ocean
Erosion of Grenville Mountains
OF NEW YORK STATE
MastodontBeluga Whale
CooksoniaBothriolepis
Maclurites EospiriferMucrospiriferAneurophyton
CondorNaples Tree CystiphyllumLichenaria Pleurodictyum
PO RQ S T U V W X Y Z
Platyceras
Time Distribution of Fossils(including important fossils of New York) Important Geologic
Events in New YorkInferred Positions ofEarth’s Landmasses
ESC/BW/TN (2009)
BR
AC
HIO
PO
DS
GA
ST
RO
PO
DSCO
RA
LS
CR
INO
IDS
AM
MO
NO
IDS
VA
SC
UL
AR
PL
AN
TS
TR
ILO
BIT
ES
NA
UT
ILO
IDS
The center of each lettered circle indicates the approximate time of existence of a specific index fossil (e.g. Fossil lived at the end of the Early Cambrian).
BIR
DS
B
M
A
E
C
D
G
H
F
I
J
L
K
N
P
Q
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
PL
AC
OD
ER
M F
ISH
R
A
Alleghenian orogeny caused bycollision of North America andAfrica along transform margin,forming Pangaea
119 million years ago
DIN
OS
AU
RS
MA
MM
AL
S
GR
AP
TO
LIT
ES E
UR
YP
TE
RID
S
359 million years ago
458 million years ago
232 million years ago
59 million years ago
O S
Page 10
10 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
12.8–13.1
9.9–12.2
3.4–5.6
3.0 basaltic oceanic crust2.7 granitic continental crust
DENSITY (g/cm3)
0 2000 4000 6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
DEPTH (km)
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E (
°C)
1000 3000 5000
6000
ATLANTIC OCEAN
NO
RTH
AMER
ICA
MOHO
INN
ER
CORE
(IR
ON
&
NICKEL)
AS
THEN
OSP
HERE(P
LASTICMANTLE)
EARTH’S CENTER
STI
FFER
MANTLE
MELTIN
G POIN
T
ME
LTIN
G P
OIN
T
OC
EA
NP
AC
IFIC
LITHOSPHERE
}R
IGID
MAN
TLE
CR
US
T
7000
MID-ATLANTIC
RIDGE
OU
TER
CORE
(IRO
N&
NICKEL)
4
3
2
1
0
PR
ES
SU
RE
(mill
ion
atm
osph
eres
)
PARTIAL MELTING
INTERIO
RTEMPERATURE
CASCADES
TRENCH
Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior
Page 11
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
EPICENTER DISTANCE (× 103 km)
P
9 10
S
TR
AV
EL
TIM
E (
min
)
00
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 11
Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time
Page 12
1– 33– 28– 24– 21–18–14–12–10– 7– 5– 3–11468
10121416192123252729
2
– 36– 28– 22–18–14–12– 8– 6– 3–11368
111315171921232527
0– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2
02468
1012141618202224262830
– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2
02468
1012141618202224262830
3
– 29– 22–17–13– 9– 6– 4–11469
1113151720222426
4
– 29– 20–15–11– 7– 4– 2
1469
11141618202224
5
– 24–17–11– 7– 5– 2
1479
121416182123
6
–19–13– 9– 5– 2
147
101214171921
7
– 21–14– 9– 5– 2
147
1012151719
8
–14– 9– 5–1248
10131618
9
– 28–16–10– 6– 2
258
111416
10
–17–10– 5–2369
1114
11
–17–10– 5–1269
12
12
–19–10– 5–137
10
13
–19–10– 5
048
14
–19–10– 4
15
15
–18– 9– 3
1
12840485561667173777981838586878888899091919292929393
2
1123334148545863677072747678798081828384858686
0100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100
– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2
02468
1012141618202224262830
3
1320323745515659626567697172747576777879
4
112028364246515457606264666869707172
5
111202735394348505456586062646566
6
61422283338414548515355575961
7
10172428333740444649515355
8
61319252933364042454749
9
410162126303336394244
10
28
1419232730343639
11
17
12172125283134
12
16
111520232629
13
51014182125
14
49
131720
15
49
1216
Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°)
Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°)Dry-BulbTempera -ture (°C)
Dry-BulbTempera -ture (°C)
Dewpoint (°C)
Relative Humidity (%)
12 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Page 13
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 13
Key to Weather Map Symbols
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
–10
–20
–30
–40
–50
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
–20
–40
–60
380
370
360
350
340
330
320
310
300
290
280
270
260
250
240
230
220
Fahrenheit(°F)
Water boils
Room temperature
Water freezes
Temperature
Freezingrain
Haze
Rain
FogSnow
Hail Rainshowers
Thunder-storms
Drizzle
Sleet
Smog
Snowshowers
Air Masses
cA
cP
cT
mT
mP
continental arctic
continental polar
continental tropical
maritime tropical
maritime polar
Cold
Warm
Stationary
Occluded
Present Weather Fronts Hurricane
Tornado
30.70
30.60
30.50
30.40
30.30
30.20
30.10
30.00
29.90
29.80
29.70
29.60
29.50
29.40
29.30
29.20
29.10
29.00
28.90
28.80
28.70
28.60
28.50
1040.0
1036.0
1032.0
1028.0
1024.0
1020.0
1016.0
1012.0
1008.0
1004.0
1000.0
996.0
992.0
988.0
984.0
980.0
976.0
972.0
968.0
One atmosphere
Pressureinches
(in of Hg*)Kelvin
(K)Celsius
(°C)millibars
(mb)
196
+19/
.25
28
27
12
Station Model Station Model Explanation
*Hg = mercury
Page 14
Gamma rays
X rays
Ultraviolet Infrared
Microwaves
Radio waves
Visible light
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
Decreasing wavelength Increasing wavelength
(Not drawn to scale)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
DRY
60° SWET
DRY
S.E.
N.W.Winds
30° S
0°
60° N
30° N
WET
DRY
S.E.Winds
N.E.Winds
N.E.
S.W.Winds
DRY
Tropopause
Polar front
Polar front jet stream
Subtropicaljet streams
Polar front jet stream
WET
Sea Level
Alt
itu
de
Temperature Zones
Mesopause
Mesosphere
Stratopause
Stratosphere
Troposphere
Temperature(°C)
–100° 0° 100°–90° –55° 15°
Pressure(atm)
Atmospheric Pressure
0 20 40
Concentration(g/m3)
WaterVapor
km mi
Thermosphere(extends to 600 km)
0 1.0
40 25
80 50
120 75
140 100
0 0
Tropopause
14 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Planetary Wind and MoistureBelts in the Troposphere
The drawing on the right shows the locations of the belts near the time of anequinox. The locations shift somewhatwith the changing latitude of the Sun’s vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere,the belts shift northward in the summerand southward in the winter.
(Not drawn to scale)
Selected Properties of
Earth’sAtmosphere
Page 15
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 15
Solar System Data
CelestialObject
Mean Distance from Sun
(million km)
Period ofRevolution
(d=days) (y=years)
Period ofRotation at Equator
Eccentricityof Orbit
EquatorialDiameter
(km)
Mass(Earth = 1)
Density(g/cm3)
SUN — — 27 d — 1,392,000 333,000.00 1.4
MERCURY 57.9 88 d 59 d 0.206 4,879 0.06 5.4
VENUS 108.2 224.7 d 243 d 0.007 12,104 0.82 5.2
EARTH 149.6 365.26 d 23 h 56 min 4 s 0.017 12,756 1.00 5.5
MARS 227.9 687 d 24 h 37 min 23 s 0.093 6,794 0.11 3.9
JUPITER 778.4 11.9 y 9 h 50 min 30 s 0.048 142,984 317.83 1.3
SATURN 1,426.7 29.5 y 10 h 14 min 0.054 120,536 95.16 0.7
URANUS 2,871.0 84.0 y 17 h 14 min 0.047 51,118 14.54 1.3
NEPTUNE 4,498.3 164.8 y 16 h 0.009 49,528 17.15 1.8
EARTH’SMOON
149.6(0.386 from Earth)
27.3 d 27.3 d 0.055 3,476 0.01 3.3
Characteristics of Stars(Name in italics refers to star represented by a .)
(Stages indicate the general sequence of star development.)
Color
Surface Temperature (K)
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
Lu
min
osi
ty(R
ate
at w
hich
a s
tar
emits
ene
rgy
rela
tive
to th
e S
un)
20,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 3,000
Blue Blue White White Yellow
2,000
RedOrange
Sirius
Spica
Polaris
Rigel
Deneb Betelgeuse
SUPERGIANTS(Intermediate stage)
(Intermediate stage)GIANTS
Barnard’sStar
ProximaCentauri
Pollux
Alpha Centauri
Aldebaran
Sun
Procyon B SmallStars
MassiveStars
WHITE DWARFS(Late stage)
MAIN SEQUENCE
(Early stage)
40 Eridani B
30,000
Page 16
1–2�
silver togray
black streak,greasy feel
pencil lead,lubricants C Graphite
2.5 �metallicsilver
gray-black streak, cubic cleavage,density = 7.6 g/cm3
ore of lead,batteries PbS Galena
5.5–6.5 �black to
silverblack streak,
magneticore of iron,
steel Fe3O4 Magnetite
6.5 �brassyyellow
green-black streak,(fool’s gold)
ore ofsulfur FeS2 Pyrite
5.5 – 6.5or 1 �
metallic silver orearthy red red-brown streak ore of iron,
jewelry Fe2O3 Hematite
1 �white togreen greasy feel ceramics,
paper Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Talc
2 �yellow toamber white-yellow streak sulfuric acid S Sulfur
2 �white to
pink or grayeasily scratched
by fingernailplaster of paris,
drywall CaSO4•2H2O Selenite gypsum
2–2.5 �colorless to
yellowflexible in
thin sheets paint, roofing KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 Muscovite mica
2.5 �colorless to
whitecubic cleavage,
salty tastefood additive,
melts ice NaCl Halite
2.5–3 �black to
dark brownflexible in
thin sheetsconstruction
materialsK(Mg,Fe)3
AlSi3O10(OH)2Biotite mica
3 �colorless
or variablebubbles with acid,
rhombohedral cleavagecement,
lime CaCO3 Calcite
3.5 �colorless
or variablebubbles with acidwhen powdered
buildingstones CaMg(CO3)2 Dolomite
4 �colorless or
variablecleaves in
4 directionshydrofluoric
acid CaF2 Fluorite
5–6 �black to
dark greencleaves in
2 directions at 90°mineral collections,
jewelry(Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al)
(Si,Al)2O6Pyroxene
(commonly augite)
5.5 �black to
dark greencleaves at
56° and 124°mineral collections,
jewelryCaNa(Mg,Fe)4 (Al,Fe,Ti)3
Si6O22(O,OH)2
Amphibole(commonly hornblende)
6 �white to
pinkcleaves in
2 directions at 90°ceramics,
glass KAlSi3O8Potassium feldspar
(commonly orthoclase)
6 �white to
graycleaves in 2 directions,
striations visibleceramics,
glass (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8 Plagioclase feldspar
6.5 �green to
gray or browncommonly light green
and granularfurnace bricks,
jewelry (Fe,Mg)2SiO4 Olivine
7 �colorless or
variableglassy luster, may form
hexagonal crystalsglass, jewelry,
electronics SiO2 Quartz
6.5–7.5 �dark redto green
often seen as red glassy grainsin NYS metamorphic rocks
jewelry (NYS gem),abrasives Fe3Al2Si3O12 Garnet
16 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
HARD- COMMON DISTINGUISHINGLUSTER NESS COLORS CHARACTERISTICS USE(S) COMPOSITION* MINERAL NAME
Nonm
etal
lic lu
ster
*Chemical symbols: Al = aluminum Cl = chlorine H = hydrogen Na = sodium S = sulfur C = carbon F = fluorine K = potassium O = oxygen Si = siliconCa = calcium Fe = iron Mg = magnesium Pb = lead Ti = titanium
� = dominant form of breakage
Met
allic
lust
erEi
ther
FRAC
TURE
CLEA
VAG
E
Properties of Common Minerals
