Eduart Zimer - (SDU) - Adventive Plants - Part 2 (2007)

7/18/2019 Eduart Zimer - (SDU) - Adventive Plants - Part 2 (2007)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/eduart-zimer-sdu-adventive-plants-part-2-2007 1/14

Vdig 4

_uooukgjt pkdjts eram hawj ujhgr ‟ Dhvgjtlvg Vkdjts (Vdrt 0)>

Arlilj, Oklmdtg djh Oadstdk Bd`ltdts ‟ Odsudk vs. Jdturdklzgh ‟ Xbg _ghum Iraup

LU. Arlilj, Oklmdtg djh Oadstdk Bd`ltdts

Mast ae tbg suooukgjt pkdjts (ljokuhlji tbg dhvgjtlvg pkdjts) drg irawlji gspgoldkky lj oadstdkrgilajs ae Jgw ^gdkdjh djh drg dhvdjolji nust aoodslajdkky lj tbg ljkdjh drgds ‟ ae oaursg tbgrg drg

samg slijlelodjt gxogptlajs, gspgoldkky lj Jartbkdjh, Duockdjh, Atdia djh Ogjtrdk Atdia. Xbls ls tbgrgdsaj wby wg wlkk bdvg d okasgr kaac dt oadstdk bd`ltdts, lijarlji marg ar kgss tbg rgst ae tbg

oaujtry.

Jgw ^gdkdjh bds d oampasltg arlilj ‟ ta d smdkk juokgus ae iajhwdjlo arlilj jumgraus tgrrdjgs ae

hleegrgjt arliljs wgrg dhhgh oajtrlùtlji tbgrgearg ta tbg trgmgjhaus vdrlgty ae lts jdturg. Lt ls vgry

ljtgrgstlji ta a`sgrvg tbdt suooukgjt pkdjt spgolgs eram samg pdrts ae tbg warkh drg jat rgdkky tbrlvlji

lj tbg wlkh (g.i. odotl djh atbgr suooukgjts eram Jartb Dmgrlod ‟ gvgj vgry ljvdslvg ajgs suob ds

vdrlaus Apujtld spp. ilvlji bdrh tlmgs ta jglibàrlji Dustrdkldj goakailsts) wblkg atbgrs (g.i.

vdrlaus suooukgjts djh xgrapbytgs eram _autb Derlod) drg vgry wgkk rgprgsgjtgh. L waj“t ia taa hggp

ljta tbls ‟ lt ls d vgry oampkgx mdttgr djh pdrtky hlsputgh djh oajtrdhlotary ear tbg mast ae tbg gdrtbsolgjtlsts (djh oajeuslji dt tlmgs ear dj dmdtgur klcg mg L waukh dhh) - ùt tbg arlilj ae tbg dklgj

pkdjts ls hgeljltgky d elrst rdjc `drrlgr / oarrlhar ear tbg sprgdh lj Jgw ^gdkdjh.

Xbgrg drg mdljky tbrgg rgilajs eram wbgrg suooukgjt dhvgjtlvg pkdjts ta `g eaujh lj Jgw ^gdkdjh

drg arliljdtlji>

- _autb Derlod ‟ tbg vgry mast ae tbgm `gkajilji ta Ordssukdogdg djh Dlzadogdg drg irawlji

lj oadstdk rgilajs ds wgkk ds lj tbg battgr djh hrlgr ljkdjh. Ds tbg oklmdtg ae tbg oadstdkrgilajs ae _autb Derlod ls slmlkdr ta tbdt ae Jgw ^gdkdjh (d samgwbdt marg bumlh

Mghltgrrdjgdj typg ae oklmdtg) ls a`vlaus wby tbgsg pkdjts bdvg d trgmgjhaus suoogss djhbdvg sprgdh samgtlmg wlhgky lj jdturg. _amg ae tbgm bdvg d vgry ljvdslvg jdturg ‟ ds

Odrpa`ratus ghukls djh Ordssukd muktlodvd, wltb hleegrgjt oajsgqugjogs tbauib.

- Mgxloa ‟ gspgoldkky _ghum djh Gobgvgrld spgolgs (àtb `gkajilji ta Ordssukdogdg)arliljdtlji eram hry pkdtgdu ar maujtdljaus rgilajs drg dhdptlji vgry wgkk ta raocy oadstdk

bd`ltdts ae Jgw ^gdkdjh. _ghum ls d qultg suoogsseuk igjus wltb dàut 4? ar 48 spgolgs (djhpassl`ky samg atbgr wdltlji ta `g hlsoavgrgh ygt) prgsgjt aj kdrig drgds lj àtb mdnar lskdjhs

djh hug ta tbg blib WU kgvgks bgrg gvgj blib dktltuhg spgolgs drg halji wgkk dt sgd kgvgk. Egw_ghums drg prgsgjt gvgj lj ljkdjh bd`ltdts.

- Gurapg - lj d kdrigr sgjsg ‟ ljokuhlji tbg Mghltgrrdjgdj rgilaj, Oduodsus rgilaj djh wgstgrj

oajtljgjtdk Dsld, ùt dksa Odjdry Lskdjhs djh Jartb Derlod. Xwa typgs ae pkdjts bdvg `ggj

suoogsseukky gstd`klsbgh avgr tbg ygdrs lj Jgw ^gdkdjh bd`ltdts ‟ dkpljg pkdjts (suob ds

VHE Orgdtgh wltb hgscVHE VHE Yrltgr - Xrldk >> bttp>//www.haouhgsc.oam

http://www.docudesk.com/

http://www.docudesk.com/



Vdig 0

vdrlaus _ghum spgolgs djh _gmpgrvlvum tgotarum) djh su`traplodk pkdjts (gspgoldkky egw

Dgajlum spgolgs).

Xbg oklmdtg ls dksa dj gxtrgmgky lmpartdjt edotar ds lt mdy dot ds d `drrlgr aj tbg kaji ruj ear mastae tbg dklgj pkdjts. Xbg oadstdk rgilajs ae Jgw ^gdkdjh bdvg d mlkh oklmdtg, mast ae tbg pkdogs `glji

erast-ergg dkk ygdr raujh3 gvgj lj tbg edr sautb, qultg oakh djh bastlkg, mljlmdk tgmpgrdturgs ae -0 ar -? hgirggs Ogkslus drg gxtrgmgky rdrg dt tbg wdtgrkljg (4), gvgj lj tbg mast sautbgrj pdrts ae _tgwdrt

Lskdjh. Bat summgr hdys drg dksa qultg rdrg3 tgmpgrdturgs ae avgr ?6 hgirggs Ogkslus drg qultg

ujusudk djh usudkky rgstrlotgh ta tbg Jartb Lskdjh sltgs djh tgmpgrgh `y d straji mdrljg gxpasurg.

Xbg oadstdk rgilajs drg qultg `rggzy dt dkk tlmgs wblob ls jat ujlmpartdjt djh obdrdotgrlzgh `y

usudkky blib WU kgvgks dt sgd kgvgk gvgj hurlji okauhy hdys, jat ta spgdc tbdt tbg suj ls qultg straji

lj okgdr hdys. Dkk tbls oajtrlùtgs ta tbg suoogss ae samg dhvgjtlvg suooukgjt pkdjts. Xbgrg drg samgslijlelodjt hleegrgjogs lj tgmpgrdturgs tbauib `gtwggj tbg jartbgrj djh sautbgrj tlps ae Jgw

^gdkdjh ‟ tbgrg ls d hlstdjog ae 4,566 cm“s (dkmast 4,966 cm“s le wg ljokuhg _tgwdrt Lskdjh)3 lj

Jartbkdjh tbgrg drg straji su`traplodk ljekugjogs wltb mgdj djjudk tgmpgrdturgs ae avgr 45 hgirggsOgkslus wblkg lj tbg mast sautbgrj pdrts ae tbg _autbgrj Lskdjh (_autbkdjh) tbg oklmdtg ls ljekugjogh

`y su`-pakdr wgdtbgr systgms hrapplji tbg mgdj djjudk tgmpgrdturg ta nust avgr < hgirggs Ogkslus ‟

tbdt“s d slijlelodjt hrap ae 9 hgirggs! Xbgrg drg stlkk egw suooukgjt pkdjts tbauib, suob dsOdrpa`ratus ghukls ‟ ta mgjtlaj nust ajg ae tbgm ‟ odpd`kg ta oavgr dkmast tbg gjtlrg strgtob.




Vdig ?

Pdljedkk ls usudkky mahgrdtg ta dùjhdjt, lj mast ae tbg rgilajs tbg djjudk kgvgks drg samgwbgrg

`gtwggj 976 ‟ 4,076 mm, ùt slijlelodjt hleegrgjogs mdy `g `gtwggj sltgs nust egw cm“s dwdy`godusg ae tbg hamljdjt wljhs djh tbg tgrrdlj orgdtlji vdrlaus sbdhawlji drgds. Lj samg pkdogs (djh

ajky lj samg ae tbg ygdrs (0) ) rdljedkk odj `g vgry blib, wltb kgvgks up ta 0,?66 mm. Lt rdtbgr kaacsvgry blib ear pkdjts wltb xgrapbytlo dhdptdtlajs (djh ujhgr jarmdk olroumstdjogs lt ls sa), ùt jat aj

tbg oadstdk kljg. Lj tbg ljkdjh, lj d hleegrgjt cljh ae bd`ltdt klcg tbg obdrdotgrlstlo Jgw ^gdkdjh ùsb ‟d mlxturg ae egrjs, oajlegrs djh jat taa blib trggs djh ùsbgs, jat taa klibt djh cggplji tbg malsturg

hug ta d hggpgr rlob salk ‟ marg klcg d pdrdhlsg ear gplpbytlo pkdjts, lt“s d rgkdtlvgky hdrc djh qultg

bumlh pkdog djh lt“s jat gxdotky d pkdog wbgrg suooukgjt pkdjts odj sgt eaat. Xbg sgd sbargs aj tbgoajtrdry drg kgss oavgrgh wltb vgigtdtlaj ear vdrlaus rgdsajs (bumdj hgstruotlaj ae bd`ltdts ar

jdturdk graslaj praogssgs) djh hug ta tbg sdjhy ar sbdkkaw raocy salks, samgtlmgs hamljdtgh `y

raocy autoraps djh stggp raocy wdkks, tbgrg ls muob kgss wdtgr rgtgjtlaj le djy. _traji wljhs djh

bdrsb suj drg hrylji aut rdplhky tbg salk djh usudkky gvgj detgr starms djh bgdvy rdljs tbg salk mdy

`goamg hry lj d mdttgr ae hdys ‟ ujhgr tbgsg olroumstdjogs lt“s jat tbdt blib rgdkky. Marg, usudkky ljoadstdk rgilajs tbgrg ls d wdtgr hgelolt lj tbg summgr majtbs (ar dt tlmgs gvgj sbart pgrlahs ae

hrduibt) gjoaurdilji tbg irawtb djh sprgdh ae pkdjts wltb xgrapbytlo dhdptdtlajs, gspgoldkky aj tbg

gdstgrj oadsts ae àtb mdnar lskdjhs. Aj tbg atbgr bdjh tbgrg ls d qultg oajstdjt pdttgrj ae tbg

wgdtbgr systgms (igjgrdkky bumlh erajts dhvdjolji eram wgst, jartb-wgst ar sautb-wgst) sa tbdt

tbgrg ls d slijlelodjt hleegrgjog `gtwggj tbg wgstgrj oadsts (muob marg bumlh) djh tbg gdstgrj

4. ‟ ?. Jgw ^gdkdjh ls d oaujtry

ae oklmdtlo oajtrdsts ds yau odj

sgg eram tbgsg mdps, djh baw

oampkgx lt rgdkky ls, wltb qultg

hleegrgjt mloraoklmdtlo jlobgs dkk

avgr tbg pkdog3 nust ds dj gxdmpkg

‟ pkgdsg jatg tbg hdrc `kug spat

lj tbg ogjtrg ae tbg Ygst Oadst

(_autbgrj Lskdjh) wltb kgss tbdj

4,866 sujsbljg baurs ygdrky nust

466 cm eram ajg ae tbg sujjlgst

kdogs lj Jgw ^gdkdjh ‟

Tuggjstawj, lj Ogjtrdk Atdia.

Xbg mgdj ygdrky rdljedkk mdp

sbaws didlj baw buig tbg

hleegrgjog `gtwggj tbg Ygst

Oadst djh tbg Gdst Oadst ls ‟

gspgoldkky lj tbg _autbgrj Lskdjh.(Mdps `y JLYD ‟ Jdtlajdk Oklmdtg

Ogjtrg).




Vdig 8

oadsts (hrygr)3 tbls pdttgrj hamljdtlji tbg wgdtbgr mast ae tbg tlmg (gspgoldkky lj tbg Jartb Lskdjh) ls

jat ajky ljekugjolji tbg rdljedkk kgvgks ùt dksa tbg jum`gr ae sujjy / okauhy hdys lj d ygdr, wblob lsdjatbgr edotar ae irgdt lmpartdjog ear tbg suooukgjt ekard. Lj tbg _autb Lskdjh tbg blib _autbgrj Dkps

rdjilji dkmast eram jartb ta sautb drg tdclji up mast ae tbg rdlj djh tbgrgearg sbdhawlji tbggdstgrj oadstdk pdrts.

_lmpkleylji d kat ‟ wg odj sdy tbdt tbg tgmpgrdturgs drg hgorgdslji eram jartb ta sautb djh tbg

rdljedkk ls hgorgdslji eram wgst ta gdst ‟ tbgsg drg tbg mdnar oklmdtlo pdrdmgtgrs ljekugjolji tbg

hlstrlùtlaj ae tbg suooukgjt ekard lj Jgw ^gdkdjh ‟ igjgrdkky aj tbg gdstgrj oadst (dkk tbg wdy eram

edr jartb hawj ta tbg sautb), djh kgss aj tbg wgstgrj oadst (gxogpt Jartbkdjh djh Duockdjh). Lt ls

tbgrgearg jat tbdt bdrh ta hrdet d hlstrlùtlaj mdp ae suooukgjt pkdjts lj Jgw ^gdkdjh. Aj tbg Jartb

Lskdjh suooukgjt pkdjts drg irawlji dkmast gvgrywbgrg aj tbg gdstgrj oadsts, djh `dslodkky drg qultgsprgdh lj ljkdjh eram edr jartb ta sautb Duockdjh djh jartbgrj Ydlcdta, aj tbg wgstgrj oadst tbgrg

drg slijlelodjt ljtgrruptlajs sautb ae Duockdjh ‟ gxogpt Ydjidjul ‟ Mdjdwbdtu - Barawbgjud ‟

Ygkkljitaj, lj wblob tbgy sggm ta tbrlvg djh sprgdh pra`d`ky `godusg ae tbg straji wljhs `dttgrljiusudkky tbg drgd djh ae tbg vgry raocy bd`ltdts. Aj tbg _autb Lskdjh tbg suooukgjt pkdjts drg

ljbd`ltdtlji dksa tbg gdstgrj oadst eram Jgksaj dkk tbg wdy hawj ta Atdia (gspgoldkky Odjtgrùry ‟

Obrlstoburob wltb d bat spat lj @djcs Vgjljsukd), mastky eakkawlji okasg tbg sbargkljg, wltb samg

spgolgs irawlji gvgj lj _autbkdjh djh aj tbg rgmatg djh bastlkg _tgwdrt Lskdjh. Xbgrg wgrg dksa

slijlelodjt eljhljis ‟ egw _ghum spgolgs ùt dksa Apujtld vukidrls djh tbg gjhgmlo _droaoarjld

quljqugekard - lj ljkdjh kaodtlajs ae Ogjtrdk Atdia, eram tbg gdstgrj oadst up ta Dkgxdjhrd,

Oramwgkk djh okasg ta Tuggjstawj, pra`d`ky `godusg ae tbg sujjy oajhltlajs djh usudkky jat taablib rdljedkk bgrg gvgj le klibt erasts drg ergqugjt lj wljtgr. Aj tbg wgstgrj oadst tbgrg ls ja

suooukgjt ekard dt dkk sautb ae Irgymautb (tbls tawj ls samgwbgrg lj tbg jartbgrj tblrh ae YgstOadst), jat gvgj Odrpa`ratus ghukls wblob usudkky takgrdtgs prakajigh bumlhlty djh kaw

tgmpgrdturgs ar tbg gjhgmlo Hlspbymd dustrdkg ssp. dustrdkg eaujh gvgj aj tbg rgmatg _tgwdrtLskdjh.

?. ‟ 8. Xyplodk raocy sgdsbarg bd`ltdt dt Murlwdl (Duockdjh) wltb

stggp oklees djh irdssy pkdtgdus (kget) djh oadstdk sdjh hujgs bd`ltdt

wltb trdlklji xgrapbytgs pkdjts dt Ybdjidmdtd (Oaramdjhgk) aj tbg

rlibt. (Dkk pbatas `y Ghudrt ^lmgr)




Vdig 7

Xbg oadstdk bd`ltdts ae Jgw ^gdkdjh drg vgry vdrlgh djh oampkgx, rdjilji eram sdjhy `gdobgs

oajtljugh lj samg pkdogs `y sdjh hujgs ta blib stggp oklees, `djcs djh raocy autoraps, eram

jumgraus kdiaajs djh gstudrlgs ta enarhs djh sdkt mdrsbgs, wltb tbg bljtgrkdjh bdvlji samgtlmg d

vgry dkpljg dspgot gvgj dt kaw dktltuhgs djh stdrtlji vgry okasg eram tbg sgdsbarg, samgtlmg dt kgss

tbdj 466 m eram tbg tlhdk kljg ‟ d buig hlvgrslty aeegrlji appartujltlgs djh apgj jlobgs ear tbg

dhvgjtlvg ekard wltb xgrapbytlo dhdptdtlajs (jat jgogssdry suooukgjt) wblob mdy gstd`klsb smdkk ùt

wgkk sgttkgh papukdtlajs odpd`kg ae rgjgwlji tbgmsgkvgs djh hlspgrslji wltbaut eurtbgr dsslstdjog. Ltls wartb paljtlji aut tbdt tbg jdtlvg xgrapbytlo ekard ls jat tbdt wgkk rgprgsgjtgh djh ls usudkky jat drgdk oampgtltlaj ear tbg dklgj ekard trylji ta gstd`klsb, tbg ajky gxogptlaj lj tbls rgidrh `glji mdy`g

tbg sdjh hujgs bd`ltdt.

7. ‟ 5. D hleegrgjt typg ae oadstdk pkdtgdu wltb klibt eargst djh irdssydsturgs lj Ygjhgrbakm, jartb ae Duockdjh (kget) djh d typlodk Pdjiltata

sgdsbarg dspgot wltb kdvd `kaocs, sdjh, orusbgh sbgkks djh Dirapyraj

ujoglearmg lj MoCgjzlg @dy ‟ Pdjiltata Lskdjh (Duockdjh) aj tbg rlibt.

9. Oadstdk bd`ltdt wltb

sdjhstajg djh klmg raocs

oavgrgh `y hgjsg vgigtdtlaj

okasg ta tbg wdtgrkljg. \au odj

sgg tbg strlp ae Ordssukd muktlodvd irawlji aj tbg kawgr

tblrh ae tbg raoc - Pussgkk ‟

@dy ae Lskdjhs (Jartbkdjh), djh

yau odj sgg dksa tbg blib tlhg

mdrc, nust ta bdvg dj lmdig a

tbg mdrljg gxpasurg. Lt kaacs

lhykklo, ùt lt ls qultg gxpasgh dt

tlmgs.




Vdig 5

Lj ljkdjh tbgrg drg kgss appartujltlgs ta ljelktrdtg tbg wgkk gstd`klsbgh (djh marg bumlh) bd`ltdts djh

tbg qultg ergqugjt erasts aoourrlji hurlji wljtgr sautb ae Duockdjh (?), tbgsg drg hlsoaurdilji

edotars, dktbauib dkpljg pkdjts suob ds samg ae tbg _ghum spgolgs djh aoodslajdkky Ordssukd

muktlodvd, Ordssukd tgtrdiajd djh Vartukdod akgrdogd drg prgsgjt3 aj tbg atbgr bdjh mast ae tbg

suooukgjt pkdjts bdvg dj appartujlstlo obdrdotgr (le jat ljvdslvg) djh mdy eljh lj hlstur`gh drgd

wbgrg ta sgttkg (mdljky `godusg ae hgeargstdtlaj, ur`djlzdtlaj, dirloukturg, pu`klo warcs, wdstgkdjhsdjh gdrtb warcs ae djy typg), eakkawlji typlodkky tbg radhslhgs ar tbg `dkkdst ae tbg rdlkwdys djh

gstd`klsblji wbgrg hlstur`gh drgds drg dvdlkd`kg.

<. Xbgrg drg gxtrgmgky

sklm obdjogs ear

suooukgjt dklgj pkdjts

ta sgttkg lj tbls typlodk

Jgw ^gdkdjh ùsb

bd`ltdt ‟ bumlh djh

rdtbgr hdrc. Xatdrd

Bglibts ‟ sautb a

Duockdjh.

2. Kdvd `kaocs djh mlxgh

arms djh by`rlhs a

gajlum bdwartbll,gajlum olkldtum djh

assl`ky Dgajlum dràrgumirawlji taigtbgr lj Lskljitaj

@dy ae Pdjiltata Lskdjh

(Duockdjh). D pdrdhlsg ear

suooukgjt pkdjts, wltb d

surrgdklstlo tauob tbau b.




Vdig 9

U. Odsudk vs. Jdturdklzgh

L prgegr ta usg tbg warh ‛dhvgjtlvg” (mgdjlji dhhltlajdk) ljstgdh ae jdturdklzgh wbgj rgegrrlji tadklgj ekard ae Jgw ^gdkdjh `godusg ae lts wlhgr mgdjlji ‟ irauplji taigtbgr dkk typgs ae dhhltlajs.

Xbls tgrm, rdrgky usgh lj Jgw ^gdkdjh detgr D. N. Bgdky bds usgh lt lj 4<7<, ls irauplji àtb mdljodtgiarlgs ‟ odsudk djh jdturdklzgh, wblob ls prgegrd`kg ds tbg mast ae tbg dklgj suooukgjt pkdjts

aoourrlji lj jdturg lj Jgw ^gdkdjh drg odsudks djh bdvg d rgstrlotgh ar muob kaodklzgh hlstrlùtlaj,

`glji nust dj dhhltlaj ta d ujlqug ekard. Xbg orltgrld ear ljokuslaj lj ajg ar tbg atbgr odtgiary ‟

mdljky ds hgsorl`gh `y V. @. Bggjdj & dk. (0660) ‟ drg>

d) Odsudk>

- tbgy drg pdsslvgky rgigjgrdtlji ajky aj tbg vloljlty ae tbg ouktlvdtgh pdrgjt pkdjts ar le marg

wlhgsprgdh ls rgprgsgjtgh `y lsakdtgh ljhlvlhudks djh ls jat earmlji papukdtlajs3- tbgy drg idrhgj gsodpgs pgrslstlji ear d klmltgh tlmg ajky3

- tbgy drg arliljdtlji eram idrhgj hlsodrhs djh drg pgrslstlji kaodkky ̀ ut jat sprgdhlji sgxudkky

ar vgigtdtlvg.

`) Jdturdklzgh>

- tbgy earm d sgke-mdljtdljgh papukdtlaj, gltbgr `y sggh ar vgigtdtlvg rgprahuotlaj3- tbgy aoour rgpgdtghky lj jdturdk ar sgml-jdturdk bd`ltdts ar lj ur`dj gjvlrajmgjts djh lj

slijlelodjt jum`grs.- tbgy mdy earm vgry straji papukdtlajs odpd`kg ae `goamlji dt kgdst kaodkky tbg hamljdjt

earm ae vgigtdtlaj djh rgstrlot ar rgpkdog oampgtltlaj pkdjts ar odpd`kg ae eukky ljtgirdtlaj ljjdtlvg bd`ltdts.

Lt ls qultg bdrh samgtlmg ta ljokuhg tbgm lj ajg ar tbg atbgr ae tbg twa odtgiarlgs ds tbg suoogss ae

dklgj ekard hgpgjhs jat ajky aj tbg obdrdotgrlstlo ae tbg spgolgs ‟ suob ds ljvdslvg obdrdotgr, jdturdkbd`ltdts prgegrrgh - ar appartujltlgs ilvgj djh mgdjs ae hlspgrsdk, ùt bdzdrh pkdys d mdnar rakg taa.

Aj tbg atbgr bdjh lt ls lj my apljlaj nust d stdtlo vlgw ds papukdtlajs ae dklgj pkdjts mdy sprgdhrdplhky ajky ta hgorgdsg aj d kaji tgrm, samg ae tbgm hlsdppgdrlji oampkgtgky detgr samg tlmg ta

rgdppgdr hgodhgs kdtgr (8). Xbg tlmg ilvgj ls djatbgr vgry lmpartdjt edotar. Xwa vgry iaah gxdmpkgs‟ tbg elrst ajg Apujtld vukidrls (7) rgpartghky gsodpgh lj jdturg eram twa pkdjtdtlajs lj Duockdjh

djh Ydlcdta djh a`sgrvgh djh oakkgotgh aj sgvgrdk aoodslajs hurlji tbg 4256“s bdvg hlsdppgdrgh

ajky hgodhgs kdtgr, tbg twa cjawj smdkk Duockdjh papukdtlajs `glji kaodtgh samgwbgrg gksg3 tbgsgoajh ajg ‟ gvgj le jat d suooukgjt pkdjt ‟ ls @lhgjs plkasd, sa wlhgsprgdh lj Duockdjh drgd `y

4294 tbdt X. Clrc gvgj oajslhgrgh tbls pkdjt ta `g jdtlvg, ùt stdrtlji ta hgokljg kdtgr aj. Detgr egw

hgodhgs tbls pkdjt slmpky hlsdppgdrgh ajky ta rgdppgdr detgr 4<97. Xbgrg drg dksa egw spgolgs cjawj

ear kaji tlmg ùt tbasg drg jaw marg wlhgsprgdh djh oajslhgrgh eukky jdturdklzgh djh tbdt wgrg

prgvlausky trgdtgh ds odsudk ar nust mgjtlajgh lj samg pdpgrs ds aoodslajdkky aoourrlji lj smdkk prljt

pdrdirdpbs. Xbls mgdjs tbdt tbls cljh ae oyokgs mdy dot avgr d oajslhgrd`ky pgrlah ae tlmg djh mdy

dksa bdvg vgry oampkgx rgdsajs, atbgr tbdj tbg usudkky doogptgh ‟ ljvdslvg obdrdotgr, bd`ltdt

hgstruotlaj ar oklmdtg sblets ‟ djh mdy `g a`sgrvgh ajky wbgj djdkyzlji kajigr pgrlahs ae tlmg (5).Oklmdtg obdjigs mdy `g ae rgkgvdjt lmpartdjog, dktbauib tbls hags jat sggm ta gxpkdlj gvgrytblji.




Vdig 2

Bawgvgr, lj mast ae tbg odsgs djh dt kgdst rgidrhlji tbg dklgj suooukgjt ekard ae Jgw ^gdkdjh tbg

‛odsudk” kgvgk ls tbg mdxlmum tbgy odj rgdob ujkgss bd`ltdt hgstruotlaj ls jat aeegrlji tbgm jgwappartujltlgs. D mdnar rakg ls pkdygh `y tbg geeart ae tbg gjvlrajmgjtdk aridjlzdtlajs tawdrhs

oajsgrvdtlaj ae bd`ltdt. Ugigtdtlaj oajtrak djh okasg majltarlji ae cjawj papukdtlajs odj pravlhgdj ljhlodtlaj ae tbg patgjtldk tbrgdt tbgsg pkdjts mdy rgprgsgjt ear tbg jdtlvg `latd le tbglr gxpdjslaj

ls jat oajtrakkgh djh dkkaw d tlmgky dotlaj ear grdhlodtlaj ae sgvgrg ljegstdtlajs.

Lj rdrg odsgs dklgj suooukgjt pkdjts mdy bdvg d `gjgelo ljekugjog aj tbg jdturdk bd`ltdts ‟ djh L wlkk

mgjtlaj didlj Odrpa`ratus ghukls gspgoldkky ear mdljtdljlji tbg sdjh hujgs bd`ltdt ‟ ùt tbdt“s

rdtbgr tbg gxogptlaj3 ja mdttgr baw muob wg kavg tbg suooukgjt pkdjts wg bdvg ta doogpt tbdt tbglr

pkdog ls lj tbglr arliljdk jdturdk bd`ltdt (wbgrg wg sbaukh pratgot tbgm `y dkk mgdjs), djh jat

djywbgrg gksg.

UL. Xbg _ghum Iraup

_ghum ls d vgry suoogsseuk iraup ljhggh, wltb smdkk papukdtlajs ar lsakdtgh iraups ae pkdjts

sodttgrgh dkk avgr Jgw ^gdkdjh, djh lt ls qultg ujhgrstdjhd`kg wby ‟ tbgsg drg pra`d`ky tbg samg ae

tbg mast ouktlvdtgh suooukgjt pkdjts bgrg, djh drg dksa oaplji vgry wgkk wltb tbg oklmdtg djh tbg kaodk

bd`ltdts. Ds samg ae tbgm drg dkpljg pkdjts tbgy bdvg mdjdigh ta gstd`klsb gvgj lj oaakgr rgilajs ae

tbg ljkdjh (samg ae tbgm rgstrlotgh ta tbg _autb Lskdjh ajky) dktbauib tbg prgegrrgh bd`ltdts drg lj tbgoadstdk drgds. _ghums drg lj pgregot mdtob wltb Jgw ^gdkdjh oklmdtg ‟ mast ae tbgm bdvg dkrgdhy

samg hgirgg ae xgrapbytlo dhdptdtlaj djh bdvg dkrgdhy swltobgh ta ODM pbatasyjtbgsls. Ds mast aetbg pkdjts gsodpgh lj jdturg bgrg drg arliljdtlji eram dkpljg bd`ltdts tbgy drg takgrdjt ae d kdrig

hlurjdk tgmpgrdturg rdjig jat ta spgdc ae egw erast bdrhy spgolgs tdclji up ta -40 hgirggs Ogkslus argjhurlji gvgj wggcs oavgrgh wltb sjaw. _ghums drg usudkky gdsy ta pkgdsg ‟ irawlji lj dkmast djy

mghlum, samg prgegrrlji ja salk dt dkk djh irawlji hlrgotky aj raocs, ùt igjgrdkky kaaclji ear d kgssgxpasgh sltg3 le jat taa gxpasgh ta blib tgmpgrdturgs (ar le tbgy bdvg d iaah jdturdk vgjtlkdtlaj wbgj

tbls aoours), mahgrdtg klibt oajhltlajs (tbgy tdcg eukk suj, ùt prgegr sgml-sbdhg) djh d oajstdjtsuppky ae malsturg (jgvgr hry aut oampkgtgky ear d prakajigh pgrlah ae tlmg) tbgy wlkk tbrlvg. _uob

paocgts djh jlobgs drg sodttgrgh dkk avgr Jgw ^gdkdjh, gspgoldkky lj oadstdk djh su`-dkpljg drgdsmdclji lt gdsy ear tbls pkdjt iraup ta gstd`klsb djh sprgdh lj jdturg. Lt bds `ggj gstd`klsbgh tbdt tbg

Jgw ^gdkdjh pkdjts drg usudkky sgttlji sggh djh bdvlji tbgrgearg iaah mgdjs ae hlspgrsdk. Mast aetbg pkdjts `gkajilji ta tbls iraup drg arliljdtlji eram Mgxloa djh Gurapg, wltb egw dhhltlajs eram

wgstgrj oajtljgjtdk ar traplodk Dsld.

_ghum dorg Kljjdgus 497? SGurapg] ls cjawj eram djolgjt tlmgs djh wds usgh `y tbg Pamdjs ds d

mghloljdk pkdjt. Dorg mgdjs ‛saur ” djh rgegrs tbg sklibtky dolh tdstg ae tbg kgdvgs lj gdrky marjlji.Xbls pkdjt wds dkrgdhy cjawj eram djolgjt tlmgs djh usgh `y Pamdjs djh kdtgr `y majcs ear lts

puridtlvg djh atbgr mghloljdk qudkltlgs djh ls tbgrgearg aetgj eaujh irawlji wlkh lj earmgr sltgs ae

majdstgrlgs. Hgpgjhlji aj tbg oajhltlajs tbgsg pkdjts mdy kaasg pdrtky tbg eakldig lj kdtg dutumj,

kgdvlji nust tbg tgrmljdk kgdvgs, wblob tdcg d rlob `rajzg oakaur ujtlk kdtg ljta jgxt sprlji wbgj tbg

jgw irawtb `giljs. Lt bds typlodk jgghs ear tbg igjus ‟ halji wgkk lj paar salks djh tdclji

gvgrytblji `gtwggj eukk suj djh klibt sbdhg. Xbg pkdjt wds elrst rgoarhgh lj tbg wlkh lj 4<68 `y Y.

Y. _mltb djh rgpartghky iraws jaw dkmast gvgrywbgrg bgrg lj Jgw ^gdkdjh, eram sgdsbarg ta

kawkdjh djh ta majtdjg sltgs, eram Vdwdcdtutu up jartb ta gdstgrj djh ogjtrdk Atdia lj tbg sautb. Ltprgegrs sbdkkaw raocy, irdvgky ar sdjhy salks, iraws dksa aj sbljikg djh mast paraus su`strdtgs ar

rgogjtky hlstur`gh suob ds radhslhgs ar rdlkwdy trdocs ar gm`djcmgjts, ru``kg, raoc `kuees ar




Vdig <

djywbgrg gksg wbgrg tbg stajy iraujh ls gxpasgh ‟ ae oaursg mdljky lj tbg gdstgrj pdrts ae Jgw

^gdkdjh djh edr kgss lj tbg bumlh wgstgrjs pdrts. Lt ls vgry ujhgmdjhlji djh lt bds sprgdh wlhgkytbrauibaut tbg oaujtry eram sgd kgvgk ta jgdrky 4,766 m dàvg sgd kgvgk. L bdvg ta dhmlt tbdt,

dktbauib L cjaw tbg pkdjt eram ouktlvdtlaj, L bdvg jgvgr sggj lt lj wlkh gvgj le rgpartghky lt ls tbgwlhgst sprgdh dklgj suooukgjt pkdjt bgrg.

_ghum dkùm Kljjdgus 497? SGurapg] bds d slmlkdr sprgdh rdjilji eram Xdlpd (Jartbkdjh) ta

Hujghlj (Atdia). Lt sbaws slmlkdr prgegrgjogs ta _ghum dorg, ljokuhlji tbg dkpljg gxpasurg, ùt lt

dksa aoours lj sdjhy sltgs djh stajy rlvgr`ghs ar gvgj dkaji eaatpdtbs orasslji ùsb kdjh. Xbg elrst

oakkgotlaj wds mdhg eram gm`djcmgjts jgdr Cawbdl @usb (Obrlstoburob) lj 4<78 `y B. Xdkàt, ùt

Bgdky wds tbg elrst ta mgjtlaj lt lj 4<7<. Bgdky tbauibt tbdt lt ls dkrgdhy marg wlhgsprgdh tbdj tbg

cjawj oakkgotlaj waukh bdvg bdh ljhlodtgh, ùt bg wds oajslhgrlji nust tbg _autb Lskdjh ds dpassl`kg hlstrlùtlaj drgd. Xahdy lt ls cjawj eram sgvgrdk oakkgotlajs tbdt lt ls dkrgdhy wlhgsprgdh

eram jartb ta sautb. Bgdky ls dksa mdclji d vgry ljtrliulji rgmdrc> ‛ Lt dppgdrs ta bdvg goajamlo

slijlelodjog lj sgvgrdk kaodkltlgs ds d wggh ae `dkkdst dkaji rdlkwdy trdocs”. _amg ae tbg elrstoakkgotlajs mdhg lj tbg _autb Lskdjh wgrg mgjtlajlji Vgkkdgd edkodtd, Drgjdrld sgrpykkleakld djh Drd`lhapsls tbdkldjd ds dssaoldtgh pkdjts.

46. _ghum dkùm irawlji aj `kdoc kdvd djh soarld `kaocs aj Pdjiltata Lskdjh (Duockdjh).




Vdig 46

_ghum hdsypbykkum Kljjdgus 497? SGurapg] ls djatbgr ae tbg suooukgjt dhvgjtlvg pkdjts elrst

mgjtlajgh `y Bgdky lj 4<7<. Xbg elrst oakkgotlaj wds mdhg lj 4<79 lj Admdru (Mt. Oaac) eramsmdkk mlxgh papukdtlaj. Lt bdsj“t sprgdh taa muob sljog djh lt stlkk bds d kaodklzgh hlstrlùtlaj lj Vart

Jgksaj, Mt. Oaac, Odjtgrùry djh Obrlstoburob. Lt ls gstd`klsbgh ajky oadstdkky djh iraws dkaji hryrlvgr`djcs djh rdlkwdy trdocs, djh ‟ ds d pdrtloukdr bd`lt ae tbls pkdjt ‟ nust lj mlxgh papukdtlajs

wltb _ghum dorg djh _ghum rgekgxum.

_ghum hgoum`gjs P. X. Okdusgj 4<97 SMgxloa] wds oakkgotgh ds gdrky ds 4<25 dt @rltdjjld

Bglibts lj Jgksaj `y _ycgs wba pu`klsbgh tbg jdturdklzdtlaj ae tbls pkdjt lj 4<22 lj vak. 8 ae ‛Ekard

ae Jgw ^gdkdjh” djh lj bls 4<2< Obgocklst. Bawgvgr, lt hagsj“t sggm ta sprgdh taa muob sljog djh

`glji oakkgotgh nust eram egw kaodkltlgs ds Iaasg @dy (Mdrkàrauib) djh @djcs Vgjljsukd

(Obrlstoburob) djh dksa egw atbgr pkdogs lj Odjtgrùry. Lt prgegrs tbg radhslhgs wbgrg lt irawsusudkky blhhgj `gtwggj irdssgs ar tdkkgr vdsoukdr pkdjts. Ds dj dkpljg pkdjt lt a`vlausky prgegrs d

oaakgr oklmdtg djh lts hlstrlùtlaj ls dppdrgjtky rgstrlotgh ta tbg _autb Lskdjh. Bawgvgr, twa

oakkgotlajs ae d vgry slmlkdr pkdjt (9) wgrg mdhg lj Ydjidjul djh Ygkkljitaj, tbg kdttgr aj ‛vgrystggp okdy `djc aj radhslhg3 pdtob sprdwklji hawj `djc dmaji Ordssukd muktlodvd djh pdrtky

avgrtappgh `y Oapraspramd rgpgjs aj d jartb dspgot”. Xbls pkdjt rgmljhs ae d mljldturg _ghum

prdgdktum djh ls dksa aetgj oajeusgh wltb _ghum pdkmgrl Ydtsaj tbg mdlj hleegrgjog `glji tbdt tbg

kdttgr bds marg ar kgss ikduoaus djh usudkky smdkkgr kgdvgs. Vkdjts jaw trgdtgh ds _ghum hgoum`gjs

bdvg prgvlausky `ggj ljokuhgh wltblj d `radhgr oajogpt ae _ghum oajeusum Bgmskgy.

_ghum earstgrldjum O. D. _mltb 4262 SGurapg] (2) ls sodttgrgh lj sgvgrdk kaodkltlgs lj Duockdjh

drgd, ljokuhlji Bdurdcl Iuke lskdjhs suob ds Klttkg @drrlgr Lskdjh djh Pdjiltata. @ggvgr bds hajg tbg

elrst oakkgotlaj `doc lj 4<92 lj Klttkg @drrlgr Lskdjh ùt tbg elrst dooaujt ae tbls eljhlji dppgdrgh 46

ygdrs kdtgr, lj vak. 8 ae ‛Ekard ae Jgw ^gdkdjh”. Lt bds `ggj oajeusgh sgvgrdk tlmgs wltb _ghum

rgekgxum lj Jgw ^gdkdjh ds samg ae tbg hlstljiulsblji obdrdotgrs drg gvlhgjt nust aj klvlji mdtgrldkdjh odjjat `g prgsgrvgh lj bgr`drlum spgolmgjs (<). Dktbauib slijlelodjt hleegrgjogs gxlst tbls pkdjt

44. _ghum hgoum`gjs ,

d ekawgrlji pkdjt eram

Dkerlstaj @atdjlo

Idrhgjs.




Vdig 44

bds `ggj trgdtgh ujtlk rgogjtky usudkky ds d earm ar vdrlgty ae _ghum rupgstrg Kljjdgus 497?, tbg

mdlj hleegrgjog `gtwggj tbg twa `glji tbg ikduoaus kgdvgs ae tbg kdttgr.

_ghum klg`mdjjldjum Bgmskgy 4292 SMgxloa] ls cjawj eram tbg wlkh `y nust d sljikg oakkgotlajeram d raocy skapg lj Dkgxdjhrd (Ogjtrdk Atdia) ‟ d wajhgreuk sujjy vdkkgy surraujhgh `y

maujtdlj rdjigs. Ds dj dkpljg pkdjt lj lts arliljdk bd`ltdt lt waukh bdvg eaujh d iaah pkdog bgrg. Lt lsajg ae tbg vgry egw dhvgjtlvg suooukgjt pkdjts jat slibtgh lj oadstdk drgds ygt.

_ghum mgxlodjum @rlttaj 42<< SMgxloa] wds oakkgotgh ear tbg elrst tlmg lj 4<55 `y Bgdky lj d

wdstgkdjh jgdr Bgdtboatg (Obrlstoburob) djh wds slibtgh sgvgrdk tlmgs detgr tbdt lj Obrlstoburob djh

Odjtgrùry drgds pra`d`ky arliljdtlji eram hlsodrhgh idrhgj wdstg. Lt wds qultg strdjig ds sgvgrdk

smdkk papukdtlajs wgrg cjawj ear hgodhgs bgrg ùt jawbgrg gksg lj Jgw ^gdkdjh dktbauib tbg pkdjtls vgry papukdr lj ouktlvdtlaj lj atbgr rgilajs taa. Bawgvgr, lj Duiust 0669 egw pkdjts wgrg

hlsoavgrgh lj Vutdruru (Ydlcdta) aj tbg `djcs ae tbg Ydlcdta rlvgr djh dksa lj 0669 dj lsakdtgh

pkdjt wds oakkgotgh eram Pdjiltata Lskdjh (Duockdjh), suiigstlji tbdt tbg hlstrlùtlaj drgd lspassl`ky muob wlhgr tbdj àtdjlsts bdvg tbauibt ear hgodhgs.

_ghum mardjgjsg Bumàkht, @ajpkdjh & Cjutb 420? SMgxloa] ls djatbgr dkpljg _ghum

arliljdtlji eram Mgxloa halji vgry wgkk lj tbg sujjy vdkkgys ae Dkgxdjhrd djh Oramwgkk (Ogjtrdk

Atdia). Xbgrg wgrg nust egw pkdjts slibtgh djh oakkgotgh `y _ycgs lj 4<20 djh pu`klsbgh `y H. P.Ilvgj lj 4<28.

_ghum prdgdktum ssp. prdgdktum Hg Odjhakkg 4289 SMgxloa] ls djatbgr Mgxlodj _ghum

arliljdtlji eram dkpljg bd`ltdts, wblob ls vgry wlhgsprgdh lj Jgw ^gdkdjh. Lt wds elrst oakkgotgh lj4<7? jgdr Ybdcdrajia - @ujjytbarpg (Mdjdwdtu) ùt lj sbart tlmg atbgr papukdtlajs wgrg

hlsoavgrgh sa tbdt lj 4<7< Bgdky dkrgdhy cjgw ae lts gxtgjslvg oakajlgs earmgh lj àtb mdnarlskdjhs. Lt ls qultg aetgj sggj aj radhslhg `djcs djh ru``lsb humps ùt dksa aj oadstdk oklees djh lj

atbgr pkdogs lj raocy salks ar wbgrg mdrljg gxpasurg ls dvdlkd`kg. Lt ls dj dkpljg pkdjt tbauib,rgpartghky aoourrlji nust lj tbg sautbgrj tblrh ae tbg Jartb Lskdjh djh dkk avgr tbg _autbgrj Lskdjh

djh gvgj gjnaylji tbg su`-pakdr ljekugjogs ae tbg edr sautb.

40. _ghum prdgdktum ssp. rdgdktum, d smdkk lsakdtgh

kdjtkgt irawlji aj kdvd

`kaocs surraujhgh `y massgs

lj Pdjiltata Lskdjh

(Duockdjh).




Vdig 40

_ghum x ru`ratljotum P. X. Okdusgj 4<82 Spra`d`ky d idrhgj by`rlh arliljdtlji eram Mgxloa] lsdjatbgr pkdjt elrst oakkgotgh `y _ycgs (4<25, _odràrauib Blkk ‟ Obrlstoburob) wba dksa pu`klsbgh

tbg jdturdklzdtlaj ae tbls pkdjt lj 4<22 lj vak. 8 ae ‛Ekard ae Jgw ^gdkdjh” djh lj bls 4<2< Obgocklst.Lt ls ourrgjtky rgstrlotgh ta Jgksaj, Odjtgrùry djh Obrlstoburob wbgrg lt ls aoourrlji lj raocy salks

okasg ta idrhgjs. Xbg wgkk cjawj Ngkky @gdj Vkdjt ‟ vgry papukdr bgrg lj Jgw ^gdkdjh ‟ ls d typlodkidrhgj gsodpg3 dktbauib lt ls jat sgttlji sggh tbg edt oykljhrlodk kgdvgs drg gdslky hgtdoblji djh

sgttlji raats gspgoldkky lj kdtg wljtgr djh sprlji, earmlji lj tlmg d iraujhoavgr ae trdlklji stgms.

_ghum spgotd`lkg @argdu 4255 SObljd, Cargd, Ndpdj] dktbauib cjawj eram d 4<99 oakkgotlaj ae

Bgdky eram d wdstgkdjh lj Obrlstoburob drgd wds elrst pu`klsbgh `y _ycgs lj bls 4<22 & 4<2<

dkrgdhy oltgh warcs. Xbg pkdjt ls qultg wlhgsprgdh lj Ygkkljitaj, Jgksaj, Odjtgrùry djh

Obrlstoburob djh lt prgegrs tbg sdjhy salks `gbljh tbg `gdobgs ar sdjh hujgs (usudkky earmgr `gdob

erajts) ùt lt dksa eakkawlji tbg radhslhgs djh tbg `dkkdst ae tbg rdlkradhs djh ls dksa aoourrlji lj tbg

praxlmlty ae wdstgkdjhs ar ru``lsb humps. D sljikg oakkgotlaj bds `ggj hajg eram Ydjidjul. Lt ls dvgry papukdr pkdjt bgrg, irawj lj prlvdtg _ghum oakkgotlajs djh lj prlvdtg djh pu`klo idrhgjs dkmast

4?. _ghum x ru`ratljotum , d ouktlvdtgh pkdjt eram my raoc idrhgj.




Vdig 4?

tbrauibaut Jgw ^gdkdjh. Lt takgrdtgs d wlhg rdjig ae tgmpgrdturgs, bumlhlty kgvgks djh salk qudkltlgs

‟ nust gjauib ta bdvg d buig hlspgrsdk patgjtldk. Igjgrdkky lt stdys smdkkgr lj jdturg oampdrgh wltbouktlvdtgh pkdjts ùt ls bdrhy gjauib ta sprgdh djh gstd`klsb wgkk sgttkgh papukdtlajs. Lj samg ae tbg

pkdjts tbg ekawgrs drg hggp pljc oarrgspajhlji ta ov. ‛@rlkkldjt”, ùt lj mast ae tbgm tbg oakaur lspdkg pljc ta pljc. Lt ls qultg bdrh ta gstd`klsb le samg ae tbg jdturdklzgh pkdjts drg tbg arliljdk

spgolgs, mast klcgky jat ds d kdrig jum`gr ae ouktlvdrs wgrg vgry gdsy ta eljh lj Idrhgj Ogjtgrs earmdjy hgodhgs. Ds tbg pkdjts drg prapdidtlji ajky `y vgigtdtlvg mgdjs lt ls vgry klcgky tbdt mast ae

tbgm le jat dkk gsodpg pkdjts drg ae by`rlh arlilj.

Xbg gxdot appasltg ls bdppgjlji ta _ghum spurlum Mdrsobdkk vaj @lg`grstglj 4262 SOduodsus

rgilaj], wblob ls rgprgsgjtgh lj jdturg `y tbg arliljdk spgolgs ajky, dktbauib tbg Idrhgj Ogjtgrs djh

Ekawgr _baps wgrg aeegrlji dj dvdkdjobg ae mahgrj by`rlhs ear mdjy hgodhgs. Xbg pkdjt wdsoakkgotgh elrst lj 4<20 `y _ycgs lj Drrawtawj lj Ogjtrdk Atdia. _ycgs bds pu`klsbgh tbg eljhlji lj

bls 4<22 & 4<2< oltgh warcs. Ds dj dkpljg pkdjt eram d tgmpgrdtg rgilaj lt prgegrs tbg oaakgr oklmdtg

ae Ogjtrdk Atdia wbgrg sgvgrdk oakkgotlajs wgrg mdhg lj rgogjt ygdrs dt Dkgxdjhrd, Drrawtawj djhKdcg Bdwgd.

_ghum rgekgxum Kljjdgus 497? SGurapg] wds elrst mgjtlajgh `y Bgdky lj 4<7< ùt wds dkrgdhy

cjawj sljog 4<78, wbgj lt wds oakkgotgh lj Djhgrsaj“s @dy ‟ Hujghlj (Atdia)3 lj 4<79 twa atbgr

papukdtlajs wgrg hlsoavgrgh lj 4<79 lj Admdru (Mt. Oaac) djh Dkgxdjhrd (Ogjtrdk Atdia).Dppdrgjtky lt bds sprgdh sljog ‟ wltb egw jgw papukdtlajs sodttgrgh lj Atdia, Odjtgrùry djh

Obrlstoburob djh ‟ sljog 4<28 - d sgoajh hlstrlùtlaj drgd lj Iuke Bdurdcl (Duockdjh) aj sgvgrdklskdjhs ljokuhlji Pdjiltata Lskdjh djh Klttkg @drrlgr Lskdjh. Lt ls dùjhdjtky gstd`klsbgh aj raocy

autoraps, rdlkwdy gm`djcmgjts, radhslhgs, wdstgkdjhs djh oadstdk oklees.

Lj tbg gjh egw warhs dàut wbdt L tbljc lt ls d hlsputgh jdmg - _ghum clmjdobll @ydkt 4<<<SMgxloa]. Xbls ls d rgogjt sgirgidtlaj eram _ghum hgoum`gjs (djh stlkk oajslhgrgh `y samg

àtdjlsts d syjajym ae tbls tdxaj djh ae _ghum okdusgjll @ydkt 4<<2). Xbgrg ls ajg pra`kgm tbauib(gvgj le wg doogpt tbg vdklhlty ae tbls jgw tdxaj) ‟ àtb lj ouktlvdtlaj djh jdturg lt ls vgry aetgj

mlskd`gkgh / mlslhgjtlelgh ds _ghum hgoum`gjs ar gvgj ds _ghum oajeusum wblob mdcgs mg rdtbgrscgptlodk lj tbls odsg. Ja rgogjt dooaujt wblob mlibt ljokuhg lt ds d Jgw ̂ gdkdjh jdturdklzgh pkdjt ls

cjawj ta mg gxogpt Jgw ^gdkdjh Vkdjt Oajsgrvdtlaj Jgtwarc (www.jzpoj.ari.jz) wltb d kdstmljutg dhhltlaj3 tbg pkdjts pbatairdpbgh `y Ngrgmy Pakpbg lj Aota`gr 0669 lj Kawgr Butt, jartb ae

_tacgs (Ygkkljitaj) bdvg hgeljltgky d hleegrgjt kaac eram atbgr pkdjts kd`gkgh _ghum hgoum`gjs Lbdvg sggj. Bawgvgr, _ghum hgoum`gjs bds samg hgirgg ae jdturdk vdrld`lklty djh ‟ ta put lt tbls

wdy ‟ L“m rdtbgr cggj ta bgdr d sgoajh apljlaj eram d hleegrgjt àtdjlo dutbarlty. Ds dppdrgjtky ja

atbgr oakkgotlajs bdvg `ggj hajg ygt ‟ atbgr tbdj tbasg rgoarhgh ds _ghum hgoum`gjs (1) autslhg tbgcjawj hlstrlùtlaj drgd ae tbls pkdjt djh wblob pra`d`ky bdvg dkrgdhy kast djy solgjtlelo rgkgvdjog -

lt ls taa gdrky ear tbls3 sgg (9) didlj.

Dhhltlajdk Pgegrgjogs>

H. P. Ilvgj ‟ Obgocklst ae Hloatykghajs Jdturdklzgh lj Jgw ^gdkdjh (Jgw ^gdkdjh Naurjdk ae @atdjy, Uak. 00, 4<28)3

V. @. Bggjdj & dk. ‟ Obgocklst ae Hloatykghajs, Iymjaspgrms, djh Vtgrlhapbytgs Jdturdklzgh ar Odsudk lj Jgw ^gdkdjh> Dhhltlajdk Pgoarhs 4<<< ‟

0666 (Jgw ^gdkdjh Naurjdk ae @atdjy, Uak. 84, 0660)3

JLYD ‟ Jdtlajdk Oklmdtg Ogjtrg - bttp>//www.jlwd.orl.jz/joo 3




Vdig 48

Jgw ^gdkdjh Vkdjt Oajsgrvdtlaj Jgtwarc (0667 - 0669) (www.jzpoj.ari.jz )3

O. N. Yg``, Y. P. _ycgs & dk. ‟ Obgocklst ae Hloatykghajs, Iymjaspgrms, djh Vtgrlhapbytgs Jdturdklzgh lj Jgw ^gdkdjh> Dhhltlajdk Pgoarhs djh

Oarrgotlajs (Jgw ^gdkdjh Naurjdk ae @atdjy, Uak. 09, 4<2<)3

G. ^lmgr ‟ Vkdjtg suoukgjtg jdturdklzdtg lj Jaud ^ggkdjhd (0669) - (Dztgclum ‟ rgvlstd oakgotlajdrlkar hg odotusl - 0669 / 0662 ‟ lj prljt).

Eurtbgr Pgdhljis>

H. N. Mdbaj ‟ Odjtgrùry Jdturdklzgh Udsoukdr Vkdjt Obgocklst (Odjtgrùry Hgpdrtmgjt ae Oajsgrvdtlaj - Ugrslaj Nujg 0669)3

Pdy _tgpbgjsaj ‟ _ghum> Ouktlvdtgh _tajgoraps (4<<8).

My Jatgs>

(4) Nust egw cm“s ljkdjh odj mdcg d slijlelodjt hleegrgjog. Dt Awdbd (Atdia) erggzlji tgmpgrdturgs drg rgdobgh lj 8? jlibts lj d ygdr, ùt nust lj ? egw

cm“s dwdy aj tbg sgdsbarg.

(0) Xbg Gk Jlja / Kd Jljd oyokgs bdvg d irgdt ljekugjog aj tbg oklmdtlo pdrdmgtgrs bgrg lj tbg sautbgrj Vdolelo, `rljilji sgqugjogs ae wdrm / oakh djh /ar hry / bumlh ygdrs.

(?) Lt ls jat tbg erggzlji tgmpgrdturgs dkajg, ùt tbg dssaoldtlaj wltb blib bumlhlty kgvgks hurlji wljtgr. Bgdvy erasts drg ujcjawj tbauib, gvgj lj

maujtdlj drgds ae _autb Lskdjh lt ls jat igttlji `gkaw -7 ta -46 hgirggs gvgj hurlji tbg oakhgst wljtgrs.

(8) Ybdt hrlvgs tbg suoogss ae dklgj spgolgs wlkk `g su`stdjtldtgh lj tbg tblrh pdrt ae tbls sgrlgs.

(7) Lt ls usudkky rgegrrgh ds Apujtld vukidrls `y Jgw ^gdkdjh dutbars dktbauib lt samgtlmgs ls rgegrrgh dksa ds Apujtld majdodjtbd, wblob ls tbg

doogptgh jdmg. Xa dhh samg oajeuslaj tbgrg drg dksa dutbars rgegrrlji ̀ atb jdmgs.

(5) D oajjalssgur ae ajg ae tbg mast spgotdoukdr dkags ‟ Dkag pakypbykkd (Dkdj O. @gvgrky lj ‛Xbg Goakailo _tdtus djh Gjvlrajmgjt ae Dkag pakypbykkd

lj Kgsatba” lj Odotus & _uooukgjt Naurjdk (W._.) 4<26) ‟ ls mgjtlajlji lj bls dooaujt dàut pkdjts `gkajilji ta Dstgrdogdg edmlky `goamlji hamljdjt

lj blib dktltuhg bd`ltdts avgr d pgrlah ae 066 ygdrs. Dppdrgjtky lt bds klttkg ta ha wltb ika`dk wdrmlji ar bumdj hgstruotlaj ae bd`ltdts.

(9) Lj àtb odsgs tbg oakkgotlaj wds rgoarhgh ds _ghum hgoum`gjs (1). Bawgvgr, Ekard ae Jgw ^gdkdjh vak. 8 (tbg gkgotrajlo vgrslaj ajbttp>//ekardsgrlgs.kdjhodrgrgsgdrob.oa.jz) ls tbg ajky saurog L oaukh eaujh mgjtlajlji tbgsg Jartb Lskdjh oakkgotlajs ùt hags jat ljokuhg tbgm lj d

passl`kg hlstrlùtlaj drgd. Xbgrg ls d passl`lklty tbdt tbgsg pkdjts drg wbdt ls jaw oajslhgrgh ta `g _ghum clmjdobll.

(2) Xbgrg drg twa artbairdpblo vgrslajs ae tbls jdmg ‟ earstgrldjum djh earstgrdjum. @atb vdrldjts ae tbg jdmg drg ljoajslstgjtky usgh `y hleegrgjt

Jgw ^gdkdjh dutbars (gvgj lj Ekard ae Jgw ^gdkdjh sgrlgs). L bdvg prgegrrgh ta usg tbg elrst jdmg ds tbls wds usgh `y Pdy _tgpbgjsaj, wba ls tbg

uktlmdtg oajtgmpardry dutbarlty lj _ghums.

(<) _ghum rgekgxum, _ghum earstgrldjum djh atbgr rgkdtgh igjgrd drg d vgry hleeloukt tdxajamlo iraup. Xbg Jgw ^gdkdjh pkdjts dsslijgh ta _ghum

earstgrldjum igjgrdkky dirgg wltb tbg hgsorlptlajs ae tbg avgrsgds pkdjts ùt hleegr lj ajg dspgot ‟ tbgy rdrgky rgtdlj hgdh kgdvgs `gjgdtb tbg kgdvgs

okustgrs ds hgsorl`gh lj avgrsgds warcs. Xbgrg ls dksa djatbgr slijlelodjt vdrldtlaj - O. N. Yg``, Y. P. _ycgs, djh V. N. Idrjaoc-Najgs ‟ gx. Ekard ae

Jgw ^gdkdjh (4<28 / 0668)> ‛@atb _ghum earstgrldjum djh _ghum rgekgxum vdry lj kgde oakaur. Lj Jgw ^gdkdjh mast pkdjts ae _ghum earstgrldjum

pra`d`ky bdvg irdss irggj kgdvgs ùt samg pkdjts, pravlslajdkky trgdtgh bgrg ujhgr _ghum earstgrldjum, drg samgwbdt kdrigr tbdj tbg irggj-kgdvgh

earm djh bdvg pdkg marg ar kgss ikduoaus-wbltg kgdvgs. Xbg kgdvgs ae _ghum rgekgxum drg usudkky ikduoaus ar aoodslajdkky hggp irggj”.

------------------------------------------------

Dkk grrars, amlsslajs djh mlsoajogptlajs drg mljg.

Ghudrt l̂mgr, Aota`gr ‟ Javgm`gr 0669

bttp>//ghudrt.pdig.tk/

Date post:	02-Mar-2016
Category:	Documents
Upload:	eduartzimer
View:	12 times
Download:	0 times

Eduart Zimer - (SDU) - Adventive Plants - Part 2 (2007)

Documents