Front Matter

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VOLUME 87 NUMBER 3 SEPTEMBER 1 996

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AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW DEVOTED TO THE

HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND ITS CULTURAL INFLUENCES

A s K 9.... r.Ns71

for The History of tS in- Soi -e \|i_{ ' -'' " F 7-w-s -7



Hi or of Science Society

The History of Science Society was founded in 1924 to secure the future of Isis, the international review that George Sarton (1884-1956) founded in Belgium in 1912. Since 1984 the publication of IsIs has been supported in part by an en- dowment from The Dibner Fund.

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AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW DEVOTED TO THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND ITS CULTURAL INFLUENCES

JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE SOCIETY

EDITORIAL OFFICE

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

EDITOR

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ASSOCIATE EDITORS

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MANUSCRIPT EDITOR

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EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS

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ADVISORY EDITORS

MARIO BIAGIOLI, Harvard University PETER J. BOWLER, Queen 's University NATHAN M. BROOKS, New Mexico State University JOHN C. BURNHAM, Ohio State University MARCOS CUETO, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos LORRAINE J. DASTON, University of Chicago PAULA FINDLEN, Stanford University THOMAS F. GLICK, Boston University MOTT T. GREENE, University of Puget Sound ANITA GUERRINI, University of California, Santa

Barbara STEVEN J. HARRIS, Brandeis University JONATHAN HARWOOD, University of Manchester GARY HATFIELD, University of Pennsylvania R. W. HOME, University of Melbourne SHARON KINGSLAND, Johns Hopkins University RONALD R. KLINE, Cornell University STUART W. LESLIE, Johns Hopkins University DAVID N. LIVINGSTONE, Queen 's University ELIZABETH LUNBECK, Princeton University J. D. NORTH, University of Groningen VIVIAN NUTTON, Wellcome Institute for the History

of Medicine ROBERT C. OLBY, University of Pittsburgh RICHARD G. OLSON, Harvey Mudd College JOHN PARASCANDOLA, U.S. Public Health Service PHILIP J. PAULY, Rutgers University LEWIS PYENSON, University of Southwestern

Louisiana ALAN E. SHAPIRO, University of Minnesota VASSILIKi BETTY SMOCOVITIS, University of Florida MARY TERRALL, Altadena, California NANCY J. TOMES, SUNY at Stony Brook SPENCER R. WEART, American Institute of Physics

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ISIS SEPTEMBER 1996 VOLUME 87 NUMBER 3

ARTICLES

HELEN M. ROZWADOWSKI: Small World: Forging a Scientific Maritime Culture for Oceanography 409

AYVAL RAMATI: Harmony at a Distance: Leibniz's Scientific Academies 430 ROGER FRENCH: Foretelling the Future: Arabic Astrology and English Medicine

in the Late Twelfth Century 453

CRITIQUES & CONTENTIONS

BERNADETTE BENSAUDE-VINCENT: Between History and Memory: Centennial and Bicentennial Images of Lavoisier 481

NEWS OF THE PROFESSION

Eloge: ROGER HAHN: Denis L Duveen 500

Eloge: EDWIN T. LAYTON: Melvin Kranzberg, 22 November 1917-6 December 1995 501

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

PETER DEAR; MORDECHAI FEINGOLD 504

ESSAY REVIEWS

SORAYA DE CHADAREVIAN: Memoirs of a Scientist-Historian

Joseph S. Fruton: A Skeptical Biochemist, and Joseph S. Fruton: Eighty Years 507

DANIEL SIEGEL: Maxwell Texts and Contexts

Elizabeth Garber; Stephen G. Brush; C. W. F. Everitt (Editors): Maxwell on Heat and Statistical Mechanics: On "Avoiding All Personal Enquiries" of Molecules, and James Clerk Maxwell: The Scientific Letters and Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, Vol. 2: 1862-1873, ed. by P. M. Harman 511

BOOK REVIEWS

FEATURE REVIEWS M. Norton Wise (Editor): The Values of Precision, rev. by LORRAINE DASTON 517 Theodore M. Porter: Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public

Life, rev. by YARON EZRAHI 519 Edward 0. Wilson: Naturalist, rev. by NANCY G. SLACK 521



Han F. Vermeulen; Arturo Alvarez Roldan (Editors): Fieldwork and Footnotes: Studies in the History of European Anthropology, rev. by JAMES A. BOON 524

GENERAL Roslynn D. Haynes: From Faust to Strangelove: Representations of the Scientist in Western

Literature, rev. by G. S. ROUSSEAU 526 David J. Hess: Science and Technology in a Multicultural World: The Cultural Politics of

Facts and Artifacts, rev. by IAN INKSTER 527 Gudrun Wolfschmidt: MilchstraJ3e, Nebel, Galaxien: Strukturen im Kosmos von Herschel bis

Hubble, rev. by NORRISS S. HETHERINGTON 528 Lawrence I. Conrad; Michael Neve; Vivian Nutton; Roy Porter; Andrew Wear: The

Western Medical Tradition: 800 B.C. to 1800 A.D., rev. by CAROLINE HANNAWAY 528 Hartmut Titze: Wachstum und Differenzierung der deutschen Universitdten 1830-1945, with

Hans-Georg Herrlitz, Volker Muller-Benedict, and Axel Nath, rev. by STEVEN TURNER 529 Thomas Neville Bonner: Becoming a Physician: Medical Education in Great Britain,

France, Germany, and the United States, 1750-1945, rev. by LISA ROSNER 530 Wolfgang U. Eckart; Christoph Gradmann (Editors): Arztelexikon: Von der Antike bis zum

20. Jahrhundert, rev. by PAUL POTTER 531 Colin A. Russell: The Earth, Humanity, and God: The Templeton Lectures, Cambridge 1993,

rev. by CALVIN B. DEWITT 531

ANTIQUITY Keimpe Algra: Concepts of Space in Greek Thought, rev. by GEORGE MOLLAND 532 Gad Freudenthal: Aristotle's Theory of Material Substance: Heat and Pneuma, Form and

Soul, rev. by DAVID FURLEY 533 Maria Dzielska: Hypatia of Alexandria, trans. by F. Lyra, rev. by J. J. MACINTOSH 534 Guy P. R. M6traux: Sculptors and Physicians in Fifth-Century Greece: A Preliminary Study,

rev. by G. E. R. LLOYD 535 Ps. Alessandro d'Afrodisia: Trattato sulla febre, ed. and trans. by Piero Tassinari, rev. by

PHILIP J. VAN DER EIJK 536 Joseph Needham; Robin D. S. Yates: Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. 5: Chemistry

and Chemical Technology, Pt. 6: Military Technology: Missiles and Sieges, rev. by CHARLES PETERSON 536

MIDDLE AGES & RENAISSANCE Joseph Shatzmiller: Jews, Medicine, and Medieval Society, rev. by DANIELLE JACQUART 538 William Crossgrove: Die deutsche Sachliteratur des Mittelalters, rev. by VIVIAN NUTTON 539 Raymond Mercier: An Almanac for Trebizond for the Year 1336, rev. by JOSE LUIS MANCHA 540 Abui Ma'sar: The Abbreviation of the Introduction to Astrology: Together with the Medieval

Latin Translation of Adelard of Bath, ed. and trans. by Charles Burnett, Keiji Yamamoto, and Michio Yano, rev. by ANGEL MESTRES 541

Sachiko Kusukawa: The Transformation of Natural Philosophy: The Case of Philip Melanchthon, rev. by PAUL RICHARD BLUM 541

Peter Zeeberg: Tycho Brahes "Urania Titani": Et digt om Sophie Brahe, rev. by AUGUST ZIGGELAAR 542

SEVENTEENTH CENTURY James Bono: The Word of God and the Languages of Man: Interpreting Nature in Early

Modern Science and Medicine, Vol. 1: Ficino to Descartes, rev. by ALLISON P. COUDERT 543 Stephen Gaukroger: Descartes: An Intellectual Biography, rev. by WILLIAM SHEA 544 Donald Adamson: Blaise Pascal: Mathematician, Physicist, and Thinker about God, rev. by

CHRISTIAN LICOPPE 545 Michel-Pierre Lerner: Tommaso Campanella en France: Au XVIIe siecle, rev. by WILLIAM L.

HINE 545 Geoffrey V. Sutton: Science for a Polite Society: Gender, Culture, and the Demonstration of

Enlightenment, rev. by WILBUR APPLEBAUM 546 Antonio Beltrin: Revoluci6n cientifica, Renacimiento e historia de la ciencia, rev. by VfCTOR

NAVARRO BROTONS 547 Jose M. Lopez Pifiero: Cldsicos medicos valencianos del siglo XVII, rev. by ALBERTO

GUILLERMO RANEA 547 Annick Horiuchi: Les mathematiques japonaises a 1'epoque d'Edo: Une etude des travaux de

Seki Takakazu (?-1708) et de Takebe Katahiro (1664-1 739), rev. by KARINE CHEMLA 548

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle: Elements de la geometrie de l'infini, rev. by DOUGLAS M.

JESSEPH 549



Daniel Bernoulli: Die Werke von Daniel Bernoulli, Vol. 7: Magnetism and Technology, ed. by Patricia Radelet-de Grave, David Speiser, and Andre Englebert, rev. by THOMAS L. HANKINS 550

Paul Ilie: The Age of Minerva, Vol. 1: Counter-Rational Reason in the Eighteenth Century: Goya and the Paradigm of Unreason in Western Europe, and Vol. 2: Cognitive Discontinuities in Eighteenth-Century Thought: From Body to Mind in Physiology and the Arts, rev. by LISSA ROBERTS 551

Tore Frangsmyr (Editor): Linnaeus: The Man and His Work, rev. by LISBET KOERNER 551 Peter F. Stevens: The Development of Biological Systematics: Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu,

Nature, and the Natural System, rev. by DAVID G. FRODIN 552 Theodore W. Pietsch (Editor): Fishes, Crayfishes, and Crabs: Louis Renard's Natural

History of the Rarest Curiosities of the Seas of the Indies, rev. by PAUL LAWRENCE FARBER 554 Pietro Ferroni: Discorso storico della mia vita naturale e civile dal 1745 al 1825, ed. by

Danilo Barsanti, rev. by MARIO A. DI GREGORIO 554 Patricia Aceves Pastrana: Quimica, botdnica y farmacia en la Nueva Espana a finales del

siglo XVIII, rev. by JOSE M. LOPEZ PINERO 555

NINETEENTH CENTURY Walter Brandmuller; Egon Johannes Greipl (Editors): Copernico, Galilei e la Chiesa: Fine

della controversia (1820) gli atti del Sant'Uffizio, rev. by RIVKA FELDHAY 556 Maurice Crosland: In the Shadow of Lavoisier: The Annales de Chimie and the

Establishment of a New Science, rev. by MI GYUNG KIM 557 Henrich Steffens: Was ich erlebte: Aus der Erinnerung niedergeschrieben, rev. by

FREDERICK GREGORY 557 R. H. Stephenson: Goethe's Conception of Knowledge and Science, rev. by MYLES W.

JACKSON 558 Charles Darwin: The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Vol. 9: 1861, ed. by Frederick

Burkhardt, Duncan M. Porter, Joy Harvey, and Marsha Richmond, rev. by JANE R. CAMERINI 559

Peter J. Bowler: Biology and Social Thought: 1850-1914, rev. by CYNTHIA RUSSETT 560 Joseph Lester: E. Ray Lankester and the Making of Modern British Biology, ed. by Peter J.

Bowler, rev. by NICOLAAS A. RUPKE 561 Patricia Faasse: Between Seasons and Science: Commissioned by the Royal Botanical Society

of the Netherlands to Commemorate the 150-Year Jubilee, rev. by IDA STAMHUIS 561 George F. Goodyear: Society and Museum: A History of the Buffalo Society of Natural

Sciences, 1861-1993, and the Buffalo Museum of Science, 1928-1993, with Virginia L. Cummings, Ethel Lee Helffenstein, and Joan G. Manias, rev. by STEVEN W. ALLISON 562

W. Conner Sorensen: Brethren of the Net: American Entomology, 1840-1880, rev. by DEBORAH FITZGERALD 563

Elizabeth Ogren Rothra: Florida's Pioneer Naturalist: The Life of Charles Torrey Simpson, rev. by JOSEPH EWAN 564

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson: The Pamphlets of Lewis Carroll, Vol. 2: The Mathematical Pamphlets of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson and Related Pieces, comp. by Francine F. Abeles, rev. by JOAN L. RICHARDS 565

Ludwig Boltzmann; Henriette von Aigentler: Hochgeehrter Herr Professor! Innig geliebter Louis! Ludwig Boltzmann-Henriette von Aigentler Briefwechsel, ed. by Dieter Flamm, rev. by ANDREW D. WILSON 565

V. Ennis Pilcher: Early Science and the First Century of Physics at Union College, 1795- 1895, rev. by ROBERT ROSENBERG 566

Thomas J. Misa: A Nation of Steel: The Making of Modern America, 1865-1925, rev. by RICHARD O'CONNOR 567

TWENTIETH CENTURY Albert Einstein: The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 4: The Swiss Years: Writings,

1912-1914, ed. by Martin J. Klein, A. J. Kox, Jurgen Renn, and Robert Schulmann, rev. by P. M. HARMAN 568

Jeremy Bernstein: Hitler's Uranium Club: The Secret Recordings at Farm Hall, rev. by LAWRENCE BADASH 569

Siegfried Buchhaupt: Die Gesellschaftfur Schwerionenforschung: Geschichte einer GroJ3forschungseinrichtung fur Grundlagenforschung, rev. by MICHAEL ECKERT 569

Erwin Schrodinger: The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics: Dublin Seminars (1949- 1955) and Other Unpublished Essays, ed. by Michel Bitbol, rev. by JAMES T. CUSHING 570

Franz M. Wuketits: Die Entdeckung des Verhaltens: Eine Geschichte der Verhaltensforschung, rev. by RICHARD W. BURKHARDT, JR. 571

Norbert Gilson: Konzepte von Elektrizitdtsversorgung und Elektrizitdtswirtschaft: Die Entstehung eines neuen Fachgebietes der Technikwissenschaften zwischen 1880 und 1945, rev. by EDMUND N. TODD 572



Mark H. Rose: Cities of Light and Heat: Domesticating Gas and Electricity in Urban America, rev. by DAVID E. NYE 573

Margaret W. Rossiter: Women Scientists in America: Before Affirmative Action, 1940-1972, rev. by BARBARA A. KIMMELMAN 574

Georgina D. Feldberg: Disease and Class: Tuberculosis and the Shaping of Modern North American Society, rev. by BARBARA BATES 576

Robert N. Proctor: Cancer Wars: How Politics Shapes What We Know and Don't Know about Cancer, rev. by CHRISTOPHER C. SELLERS 576

Lynn Gamwell; Nancy Tomes: Madness in America: Cultural and Medical Perceptions of Mental Illness before 1914, rev. by MARY ANN JIMENEZ 577

Kurt Goldstein: The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology Derived from Pathological Data in Man, rev. by ANNE HARRINGTON 578

Allan Young: The Harmony of Illusions: Inventing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, rev. by FREDRIC WEIZMANN 579

SOCIOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Robert C. Scharff: Comte after Positivism, rev. by MARY PICKERING 580 David Kettler; Volker Meja: Karl Mannheim and the Crisis of Liberalism: The Secret of

These New Times, rev. by BRIAN LONGHURST 581 Raphael Sassower: Cultural Collisions: Postmodern Technoscience, rev. by JOSEPH ROUSE 582

COLLECTIONS Michael Adas (Editor): Technology and European Overseas Enterprise: Diffusion, Adaption,

and Adoption 583 Robert Baker (Editor): The Codification of Medical Morality: Historical and Philosophical

Studies of the Formalization of Western Medical Morality in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, Vol. 2: Anglo-American Medical Ethics and Medical Jurisprudence in the Nineteenth Century 583

William H. Brock: Science for All: Studies in the History of Victorian Science and Education 584 Ronald Calinger (Editor): Vita Mathematica: Historical Research and Integration with

Teaching 584 Juan L. Carrillo (Editor): Entre Sevilla y Madrid: Estudios sobre Hauser y su entorno 584 Fransois Ellenberger (Editor): Essais sur l'histoire de la geologie en hommage a Eugene

Wegmann (1896-1982) 585 Eve-Marie Engels (Editor): Die Rezeption von Evolutionstheorien im 19. Jahrhundert 585 J. L. Febrer Fresquet; J. M. L6pez Pifiero (Editors): El mestizaje cultural y la medicina

novohispana del siglo XVI 585 Galileo Galilei e la cultura Veneziana 585 Thomas F. Glick: Irrigation and Hydraulic Technology: Medieval Spain and Its Legacy 586 Martin Guntau; Michael Meyer (Editors): Maschinen, Schieffe und Raketen:

Technikentwicklung in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 586 Fernand Hallyn (Editor): Les Olympiques de Descartes 586 Alan Irwin; Brian Wynne (Editors): Misunderstanding Science? The Public Reconstruction

of Science and Technology 586 Roy MacLoed: Public Science and Public Policy in Victorian England 587 James E. McGuire: Tradition and Innovation: Newton's Metaphysics of Nature 587 Carolyn Merchant: Earthcare: Women and the Environment 587 Maria Teresa Monti (Editor): Teorie della visione e problemi di percezione visiva nell'eta

moderna 587 Musei Civici di Imola: La Collezione Scarabelli, Vol. 1: Geologia, ed. by Marco Paciarelli:

and Gian Battista Vai 587 Ronald L. Numbers; Charles E. Rosenberg (Editors): The Scientific Enterprise in America:

Readings from Isis 587 Emmanuel Poulle: Astronomie planetaire au Moyen Age latin 588 Santiago Ramirez; Robert S. Cohen (Editors): Mexican Studies in the History and

Philosophy of Science 588 Wilfried Schroder; Michele Colacino (Editors): Global Change and History of Geophysics 588

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS 589

COVER: Watercolor by Challenger cooper Benjamin Shephard, "H.M.S. CHALLENGER Amongst the Ice Feby 16th, 1874," Challenger Sketchbook, J. Welles Henderson Collection, courtesy of the Independence Seaport Museum.



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