Geography Chapter 2.1.1

p. 34-35

Solstice: (June 21 and Dec 21) the time of year when the sun’s rays hit the Earth most directly and least directly

Solstice: June 21 and Dec 21

Equinox: time of year when sun’s rays hit directly over equator, day and night are the

same length.

Equinox March 21 and Sept 21

•1. Define Equinox and give two details. 35•2. Define Solstice and give two details. 34•3. Write a sentence that describes one difference between an equinox and a solstice. 34-35

Chapter 2.1.2pgs. 35-36

2.1.2 Earth’s Complex Structure• Create an outline about the Earth’s complex structure.I. Earth’s Layers

A. __________________________________________________B. __________________________________________________C. __________________________________________________D. __________________________________________________

II. Tectonic PlatesA. __________________________________________________B. __________________________________________________C. __________________________________________________D. __________________________________________________

2.1.2 Earth’s Complex Structure• Vocabulary:

1. Tectonic plates2. Continental drift

Earths Layers Crust

landmasses and ocean floors.

Earths Layers Mantle magma

two layers upper and

lower.

Earths Layers

Outer core liquid iron and nickel.

Earths Layers

Inner Core solid iron

hotter than suns surface.

Tectonic Plates sections of crust floats on mantle.

Tectonic Plates create Continental Drift

Tectonic Plates cause different features or events to occur

Tectonic Plates movement Subduction, Divergence, Convergence, Transformation

Chapter 2.1.3pgs. 38-39

•1. As you read 38-39 analyze the cause and effect of weathering and erosion. • Cause Effects•A. Volcanoes Erupt•B. Flood•C. Weathering

•2. Define the terms and use the term in a sentence. •A. Butte•B. Continental Shelf•C. Erosion•D. Plain•E. Plateau

Plain level area of land

Plateau a plain that sits above sea level

Butte landform that has steep sides and is flat on top.

Continental Shelf land at the edge of a continent that gradually slopes down.

Volcanoes

Volcanoes form mountains under water.

Magma hardens to create new crust.

Erosion process by which rocks and soil slowly break away.

Floods cause erosion, and damage farmers fields.

Weathering causes erosion and forms buttes.

Chapter 2.1.4 and 2.1.5pgs. 40-43

•1. As you read 40-41 identify three events caused by the Ring of Fire and the solution to the problem. • Events•A. •B. •C. • Solution

•2. As you read 42-43 draw a diagram of the Earth’s hydrologic cycle in the correct sequence. •3 In your own words define/explain evaporation,

condensation, and precipitation.

2.1.4

Earthquakes cause buildings bridges and roads to collapse

Tsunamis cause coastal damage

Volcanoes spew ash and rock

Scientist can predict Volcanoes

2.1.5

Geography Chapter 2.2.1; 2.2.2 & 2.2.3

pgs 44-49

•1. As you read 44-45 list three qualities of climate and three qualities of weather, give details. •2. As you read 46-47 give descriptions and locations of the following climate regions. •A. Dry Climates- •B. Humid Climates- •C. Humid Equatorial Climates- •D. Tundra or Ice Climates-•F. Humid Cold Climates-

•3. As you read 48-49 identify problems caused by extreme weather and note the steps taken to solve the problems. •A. Problem•B. Steps•C. Conclusion

2.2.1 Climate- average conditions of the atmosphere over a long period of time- average temperatures, precipitation, and the amount of change.

• Four factors that affect climate are latitude, elevation prevailing winds, and ocean currents.

Weather- conditions at a particular time- temperature, precipitation, humidity changes.

Climate measured over a long period of time- weather conditions change and are checked

often.

2.2.2 Dry Climates- little rain or snow- cactus and shrubs- both

hot and cold.

Humid Climates- winters cool, summer’s warm- evergreen and leafy trees.

Humid Equatorial Climates- Temperatures are hot and lots of rain, rainforest and grasslands

typical.

Tundra or Ice Climates- Winters are long and cold mosses.

Humid Cold Climates- cold winters, warm summers, and rain and snow, evergreens and leafy forest.

2.2.3 Extreme WeatherProblem- extreme

weather can cause great destruction.

Tornado Hurricane

Drought

Extreme Weather

Solutions- Scientist often predict the path of a hurricane, worked with

engineers to design levees to hold back water. National weather Service uses

radar and satellites along with spotters to detect storms.

Extreme Weather

Conclusion- Scientist lesson the effect of extreme weather.

Chapter 2-2.4; 2-2.5 & 2-2.6

•1. As you read 50-51 list natural resources divide the list into: 2-2.4•A. Biological•B. Mineral•C. Raw Materials•D. Renewable•E. Nonrenewable

•2. As you read 52-53 write the consequences and details of habitat loss and habitat restoration. 2-2.5•A. Habitat Loss (define, causes)•B. Details of Habitat Loss (what happens)•C. Habitat Restoration (what is it, give examples) •3. As you read 2-2.6 (54-56) define marine life and give details about it and human interaction.

2.2.4 Raw materials are natural resources that have not been made into products.

Iron ore is a raw material used to make steel.

Renewable resources never run out.

Trees (biological) wind and solar power are renewable resources.

Nonrenewable resources are resources that are limited and cannot be replaced.

Oil and natural gas are both nonrenewable resources.

2.2.5 Habitat: a plant or an animal’s natural environment.

Natural Habitats- Plants and animal lose their habitats they

can become endangered.

African elephant has become endangered because of loss of habitat.

The elephant habitat is being turned into farms and villages, other species have also lost habitat to farms and villages. Pollution is another threat to habitats.

Habitat Loss and Restoration- Entire ecosystem, a community of plants and animals and their habitat, can be destroyed by habitat loss.

When one ecosystem is destroyed others are effected, scientist believe loss of rain forest

habitat has led to climate change.

Endangered Species act of 1973--effort to protect habitats, people have restored

forest habitat by replanting tress.

2.2.6 Marine Life: plants and animals of the ocean.

Variety of marine life- 30 major divisions of marine animals, examples sponges, jellies, worm’s, mollusks.

Humans have a large impact on marine life--take too much marine life, and pollution.

Coral Reefs should be saved from human pollution, rain forest of the oceans, and house

one-fourth of all marine life.

Human Geography2-3.1; 2-3.2 & 2.3.3

•1. As you read 58-59 write the definition and details of the following: Illustrate A and C .•A. Kimono•B. Civilization•C. Gaucho •D. Communal•E. Culture•F. Culture Region

•2. As you read 60-61 write the beliefs of the following religions:•A. Christianity•B. Islam•C. Sikhism•D. Hinduism•E. Buddhism•F. Judaism

•3. As you read 62-63 list and give details about three economic systems. •A. •B. •C. •What kind of economic system does the United States have?

2.3.1 Culture- how people of a certain region live, behave, and think; expressions include language, religions, customs, music, film, literature, and food.

Culture is reflected in symbols, an object that stands for something else, that people recognize and respect.

Civilization- a society that has a highly developed government, culture, and technology; its culture influences how people meet their basic needs of food, clothing and shelter. It also influences peoples

values and beliefs.

Culture Region- an area that is unified by common cultural traits; geographers study Mexico, Central America, and South America in

a culture region called Latin America.

Communal- Shared

Gaucho- a cowboy

Kimono- traditiona

l Japanese women’s clothing.

2.3.2 Christianity-There is one God and Jesus is the Son of God; Jesus was crucified and

resurrected, sacred text, ten Commandments, teachings of an individual, are monotheistic.

Hinduism- There are many gods. Souls continue to be reborn; the cycle of rebirth ends only the soul achieves enlightenment.

Islam- There is one God; Muslims must follow the five Pillars of Islam to achieve salvation, sacred text, teachings of an individual, are

monotheistic.

Buddhism- there are many gods; people reach enlightenment by following the eightfold Path and understanding the Four

Noble Truths, teachings of an individual.

Judaism- There is on God; people serve god by living according to his teaching; God handed down the Ten Commandments to guide

people’s behavior, sacred text, ten Commandments, are monotheistic.

Sikhism- There is one God; souls are reborn; people aim to achieve union with god by acting selfless,

meditating, and helping others, are monotheistic.

2.3.3 Economy—a system in which people produce, sell and buy things.

Economic activity1. Taking raw materials from soil or water2. Using raw material to manufacture products3. Services—banking, health care4. Entrepreneurship—creativity and risk needed to develop new goods

and services

Free Enterprise System- privately owned businesses create goods that people buy in

markets; also called market economy or capitalism. The United States has a free

enterprise system.

Command Economy- government owns most of the economy and decides what will be produced and sold.

Mixed Economy- Some elements of the economy are free enterprise and some are command.

Economic Indicators1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)—Total value of the

goods and services that a country produces2. Income3. Literacy rate4. Life expectancy

Chapter 2.3.4 & 2.3.5

•1. As you read 64-65 describe and give examples of five different types of governments. •A.•B.•C. •D.•E.

Human Rights

Definition:

Sentence:

Synonym: Antonym:

2. Complete the Vocabulary Pyramid for the Key Vocabulary word: Human Rights

Political Geography2.3.4

• Government—an organization that keeps order, sets rules, and provides services for a society• Citizen—a person who lives within the territory of a government and

is granted certain rights and responsibilities.

Democracy- citizens elect representatives and have many rights; the United States.

Monarchy- king is born into office and rules society; Saudi Arabia

Constitutional Monarchy- monarch shares power with a government under a constitution; United Kingdom.

Dictatorship- one person rises to power and has complete control over society, citizens have no rights: North Korea.

Oligarchy- small group of people who have wealth or military power rule society, citizens have few rights.

Communism- Communist Party controls the government and owns all the property, citizens have few rights: Cuba.

2.3.5 United Nations main goals were to keep peace, develop friendly relationships among countries, and to protect people’s human rights.

Impact of Human Rights•Pressured South Africa to grant human rights to its

non-white population• Refused to trade• Banned from Olympic Games