Academic Skills Advisers M012; Tel: 01707 281248

http://go.herts.ac.uk/bs.academicskills

Introduction

What is plagiarism?Using TurnitinSourcesAvoiding plagiarismQuotations, Paraphrase & SummariesHow to reference different sources using HarvardList of ReferencesPractice: Exercises & QuizQ & A

2ASU, 2009.

3ASU, 2009.

Plagiarism is…Representation of another person’s work as your

ownwith or without acknowledgement, eitherintentionally or not:

- not using quotation marks and identifying the source- summarising or paraphrasing another’s work extensively

without acknowledging the source- using other’s ideas as your own or without acknowledging

the source- presenting another’s work as your own without

acknowledging the source Source: UH UPRs, 2009-10 4ASU, 2009.

Main Ways Students PlagiariseThe Ghost WriterThe PhotocopyThe Patchwork WriterThe Poor DisguiseThe Labor of LazinessThe Self-Stealer

ASU, 2009. 5

Types of plagiarism (Source: iParadigms (2008))Ghost Writer: submits another’s work word-for-word as

his/her own.Photocopier: copies significant portions of text straight from a

single source, without alteration.Patchwork Writer: copies from several sources, retaining most

of the original phrasing but tweaking sentences to make them fit together

Poor Disguiser: essential content of the source retained but key words & phrases are altered slightly

Labor of Laziness: time taken to paraphrase most of the essay from other sources & make it all fit together, instead of putting effort into original work

Self-Stealer: borrows generously/recycles from previous workASU, 2009

Types of plagiarism to avoid cont.The Forgotten Reference: in-text reference is present BUT

there’s no reference in References list

The Misinformer: provides inaccurate information regarding the source, making it impossible to find it

The Too-Perfect Paraphrase: source is properly cited but text has been copied word-for-word or close to it & quotation marks are missing

The Resourceful Citer: properly cites all sources, paraphrasing & using quotations appropriately but has no original work of his/her own Source: iParadigms (2008)

ASU, 2009. 7

Do I need to know all this ?Yes, yes, yes, yes ….Each time you

submit an assignment you are signing to

confirm that it is your work.

8ASU, 2009.

Using Turnitin

ASU, 2009. 9

Guidance on using Turnitin

10

Only 29% of the student’s work is

his/her own!

Too much information copied from Internet sources

ASU, 2009.

Turnitin report 1

11ASU, 2009.

This is better – your sources should be max. 1% similarity to other sources and ensure

they are all referenced

Range of Recent Relevant sourcesTheoryAcademics (esp. books and refereed journals) Experienced practitionersPractice

Module Handbook: - See Recommended Reading list- Matrix (table with checked boxes) linked to Learning

Outcomes (at the start of handbook)

12ASU, 2009.

Be wary of websites!Not all have reliable information.Anyone can put information up on Net.Avoid using Wikipedia in assignments (also MoneyChimp;

Investipedia; Bized; tutor2you)Commercial websites don’t offer unbiased opinion-will

always promote their products/services.Don’t over-rely on them in your assignments Use ATHENS and VPN off campusUse Google Scholar, Google Books and Intute.Use the IH Business databases.Try iSpy tutorial – evaluating sources 13ASU, 2009.

IH Learning Resources

ASU, 2009. 14

Have you tried iSpy? (see Learning Resources on StudyNet)

Search Smarter:http://www.studynet2.herts.ac.uk/ptl/common/

LIS.nsf/lis/ispy_connectingBecome a Critical Thinker:http://www.studynet2.herts.ac.uk/ptl/common/

LIS.nsf/lis/ispy_interactingWrite a Better Essay:http://www.studynet2.herts.ac.uk/ptl/common/

LIS.nsf/lis/ispy_usinginfoASU, 2009. 15

Have you completed‘Information Toolkit for Business’?

ASU, 2009. 16

17ASU, 2009.

Record details of all the secondary sources (books, journalarticles, electronic sources, tables, graphs, diagrams, etc.)to which you refer in your work

in 2 places-

in the body of your work (author’s surname, year)

in the end list of References/Bibliography.

See ASU Guide to Harvard Referencing

Refer to all sources using Harvard Referencing

18ASU, 2009.

In-text citations are needed with:Direct quotationsParaphrases & summaries of others ideasArguable assertionsStatistics, charts, tables, graphs(Source: Smith (2007:34) OR Adapted from: Jones (2009))

These do not need a citation:Facts, e.g. London is the capital of EnglandCommon knowledge, e.g. Reduce the supply =

increase in demand; businesses need to make profit! Your own ideas, discoveries or words

19ASU, 2009.

Using data in your assignmentRemember:

Quotation: exact words in quotation marks.needs author’s surname (year: page no)

Paraphrase: acknowledging somebody else’s idea in your own words

&Summarise: a condensed statement in your own

words of the main points of others’ viewsneeds author’s surname (year)

20ASU, 2009.

Quotations…should be used sparingly.…support but NOT usually present the main ideas.…should be exactly as it occurs in the original text. …should be enclosed in “quotation marks”.…should note the page number, e.g. Jones (2004: 21)...should be from an authoritative source in the field.

Marks are not usually given for quotes but

for your comment on them.21ASU, 2009.

...make a quotation a paragraph (= too long). ...insert a quotation without commenting on it (= so what?)...put in-text references at the end of paragraphs – place

them where the citations are (=‘says who?’ or ‘ref?’)...leave in-text references sitting alone in sentences (use

punctuation correctly) ...use if it’s not related to the topic & it doesn’t strengthen

your argument

DO NOT…

22ASU, 2009.

ReferencingVerbs which help incorporate paraphrases, quotations and

summaries):analyse complain find offer showargue concede illustrate point out seespeculate conclude insist note thinkreport suggest explain observe saycomment assert consider maintain revealsuppose claim describe write

ask (Troyka, 1987)

Barnes (2009) describes this as … Barnes (2008) defines this as…Barnes (2009) ascertains that …According to Barnes et al (2008) … 23ASU, 20

Using sourcesSupport what you say in your writing by referring to ‘experts’.

When you refer to these experts, you should use the following verbs to avoid being too assertive:

Brown (2009) suggests that …Brown (2008) indicates that …Brown (2007) claims that …Brown (2009) maintains that …Brown (2008) argues that …Brown (2009) attributes this to…

See ASU Academic Style Guide 24ASU, 2009.

Other examples…According to Brown (2004), …It has been argued (Brown, 2004) that …Some research (Brown, 2004) indicates that …

To achieve a balanced argument, show you’ve read widely and you’re aware of 'the other side' of

the argument, e.g.:

On the other hand, it may be the case that … (Smith, 2005).

However, as Smith (2005) indicates, …

25ASU, 2009.

Evidenced based critical writing There is currently an ongoing debate in HRM about the

role of HRM providers within companies. For example, there is a growing trend for HR Managers to participate more in the company strategic decision making process (Green, 2006). It is not clear however whether this trend might have an adverse effect on the ability of HR to deal directly and effectively with employee related issues. It may be that this change of focus will have negative latent functions as Brown (2005) suggests.

Note: punctuation

26ASU, 2009.

How many in-text citations? E.g.Too many of the same in a short paragraph on one topic

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx(Brown, 2007)xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx(Brown,2007)xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx(Brown,2007)xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx(Brown, 2007).

OK - one paragraph, one topic, one shared view

xxxxxx(Jones,2008)xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx(Smith,2004)xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

OK - one paragraph, one topic, two different opinions xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx(Clark,2003)xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxBrown(2006) and Bloggs(2005) arguexxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

27ASU, 2009.

How to reference different sources

28ASU, 2009.

Primary Source Referencing

Books (see Referencing Guide pg. 4)

In-text citation As Barro (2008) suggests, the terms micro and macro

economics are to a large extent misnomers.

References Barro, R.J. (2008) Macroeconomics. 5th edn. London: MIT

Use et al in text when there are 2+ authors AND include all authors’ names in the Reference list (see No.3 in Guide)

29ASU, 2009.

Referencing a Journal (see Referencing Guide pg. 5)

In-text citation Differing perceptions of organisational fairness provide

grounds for resistant behaviour (Folger and Starbuck, 2002).

References Folger, R. & Starbuck, D. (2002) 'Constraints on change'.

Journal of Organisational Change Management. 12(1) pp. 34-45.

Note the use of italics and inverted commas

30ASU, 2009.

Volume

Issue/Number

Referencing a website

31

Title of webpage

URL

Author & year

ASU, 2009.

Referencing a website(see Referencing Guide Pg. 6 No.13)

An organisation website

In-text citationThe diversity of risk factors affecting CIOs today has placed

risk management at the forefront of CIOs’ concerns (Morgan Stanley, 2009).

ReferencesMorgan Stanley (2009) Public Fund CIO Survey: Optimizing

Resources to Meet Evolving Demands. Available at http://www.morganstanley.com/views/perspectives/index.html#anchor7585 [Accessed: 2 July, 2009].

32ASU, 2009.

Referencing a Journal from a Database (e.g. Business Source Premier) (see Referencing Guide Pg.7 No.14)

In-text citationMacedo (2004) discusses new ways of designing the structure and working procedures of a manufacturing system.

ReferencesMacedo, J. (2004) ‘Unified structural procedural approach for designing integrated manufacturing systems’. International Journal of Production Research. 42(17) pp. 356-378. Business Source Complete [Online] Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/bsi/results?vid=2&hid=113&sid=5c0a86c6-ece7-48cd-8a61-f24bce43b9f0%40sessionmgr103 [Accessed: 20 May, 2009].

33ASU, 2009.

Referencing a Database Report(See Referencing Guide Pg.7 No.15)

In-text citationMintel (2007) found that although it may appear that retailers and consumers are tiring of the celebrity phenomenon, celebrity fragrances are the biggest growth area over the review period.

ReferencesMintel (2007) ‘Women’s Fragrances UK - August 2007’. [Online]. Available at: http://academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/my_reports/display/id=220169&anchor=atom#atom0 [Accessed: 23 September, 2009].

34ASU, 2009.

Use when a hard and soft copy version is available

Chapter in an Edited Book(See Referencing Guide Pg.4 No.4)

In-text citationBoth qualitative and quantitative data have subjective aspects which must be controlled for (Mason,1994, in Bryman and Burgess,1994).

ReferencesMason, J. (1994) ‘Linking Qualitative and Quantitative Data Analysis’. In Bryman, A. & Burgess R.G. (eds.) (1994) Analyzing Qualitative Data. London: Routledge.

ASU, 2009. 35

Secondary Referencing(one author citing another)(see Referencing Guide pg.5 No.9)

In-text citationCurrent levels of competition demand that companies consider new ways of organising their accounting systems (Javier et al, 2005, cited in Poole et al, 2006).

ReferencesJavier, M., Mathews, P. & Corcoran, G. (2005) 'Management Accounting for Global Growth'. Financial Management. 12(2) pp. 18-26. In Poole, A.M., Brown, R., Lauchan, L. & Roose, W. (eds.) (2006) Journal of Business Finance and Accounting. 33(10) pp.1402-1434.

36ASU, 2009.

37ASU, 2009.

References (See Harvard Referencing Guide Pg. 15)

Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. (2006) Principles of Marketing. 4th edn. London: FT Prentice Hall.

Companies House (2008) Accounts and Accounting Reference Dates – GGBA3. Available at: http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk/about/gbhtml/gba3.shtml [Accessed: 2 October, 2009].

Hines, R.D. (2006) ‘Financial Accounting: In Communicating Reality, We Construct Reality’. Accounting, Organizations and Society. 13(3) pp.251-261.

Mintel (2007) ‘Women’s Fragrances – UK – August 2007’. [Online]. Available at: http://academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/my_reports/display/id=220169&anchor=atom#atom0 [Accessed: 23 September, 2009].

Shell (2009) Environmental performance 2008. Available at: http://shell.com/hom/framework?siteID=UK [Accessed: 2 March, 2009].

Walton, P. (1991) The True and Fair View: A Shifting Concept. London: The Technical and Research Department of The Chartered Association of Certified Accountants.

38ASU, 2009.

References and Bibliography One reference for each in-text citation On a separate page, following the Harvard System List alphabetically by author’s surname Insert a space between each reference No bullets, numbering or segregated by type of source, i.e.

books/websites

Bibliography (check with lecturer if it’s needed)All sources used in your background reading but NOT referred to in-

text. Do not create a ‘double’ list of References & BibliographyBibliography is usually only used in dissertation reports

39ASU, 2009.

SummaryReference sources thoroughly and accurately inReference sources thoroughly and accurately inyour assignment and in your list of References:your assignment and in your list of References:

- To show that you have read around the subject.To show that you have read around the subject.- To acknowledge other people’s work. To acknowledge other people’s work. - To avoid plagiarism.To avoid plagiarism.- To help other researchers access your material.To help other researchers access your material.

40ASU, 2009.

Golden RulesGolden Rules Use 'primary sources' where possible, but cite the actual source

used. (Avoid lecture notes/slides!)

Attribute words and ideas which aren’t your own to their original source. Failure to do so may result in plagiarism.

Always back up and support your point by referring to recent data. Justify - by referring to theory / experts / examples.

Weave the sources into your assignments, so your writing flows and is coherent. Don’t leave references standing alone! Your writing needs to be cohesive: remember PEEEL (Essay Writing Workshop)

Reference as you read! Keep a record of your bibliographic details.

Authorship – it’s your assignment so ensure you’re in it! 41ASU, 2009.

A Grade workExcellent achievement of all module learning outcomes &

an excellent understanding of key concepts within the subject

Theoretical concepts applied to empirical issues with appropriate reflection, where appropriate

Evidence of reading beyond that specified by the lecturer, reflecting a broad literature review

Ability to approach reading with a critical understanding Independent thought, rather than relying on others’ ideasHigh level of analysis & synthesis of informationClear and concise writing, well constructed & the argument

flows smoothly Appropriate range of references, following Harvard

Referencing42ASU, 2009.

Do not…Forget to back up what you say with reliable evidence

(avoid assertions)

Forget to mention the source each time it is referred to.

Put one reference after another. Where are you?

Justify your points using only 1 source – show you’ve read widely by referring to multiple sources (Smith, 2006; Jones, 2008)

Put a ‘www...’ in the body of your assignment

Have new references/information in your conclusion43ASU, 2009.

Checklist to avoid plagiarism: Ask Yourself ‘Have I ...?’

Adapted from: Charles Darwin University (n.d.)

44ASU, 2009.

-Referencing Quiz (see ASU Guide to Harvard Referencing p.16 )

-Exercise 1 (Test your understanding of plagiarism’)-Exercise 2 (‘What exactly is plagiarism?’)

Are the sources referenced correctly or are they plagiarised?

Answers will be emailed to you later

Examine the ‘Examples of poor referencing or plagiarism’ worksheet

Spot the referencing errors students made in their writing

Have you made the same mistakes?

.

Web-based Plagiarism Coursehttp://logos.herts.ac.uk/libqdp/plagiarism/start.htmlAccess is restricted to on-campus or through VPN.

Helps understand how to avoid plagiarism, including how to reference sources correctly. The course includes a video, interactive quizzes, useful links and resources.

47ASU, 2009.

Other Help Available …IH Consultants - Help you search for sources:Mike Mylles: m.mylles@herts.ac.ukJane Bilson: j.bilson@herts.ac.uk

Click on ‘Learning Resources’, then ‘Business’

English Language / Business Communication help: Mary Martala-Lockett Email: m.martala-lockett@herts.ac.uk

48ASU, 2009.

References*Charles Darwin University (n.d.) Plagiarism. Available at: http://www.cdu.edu.au/division/studserv/learning/plagiarism/plagiarism.pdf

iParadigms (2008) Types of Plagiarism. Available at: http://writecheck.turnitin.com/static/citation_help/types_of_plagiarism.html [Accessed: 6 March, 2009].

*Troyka (1987)

UH UPRs (2008) Academic Regulations for Undergraduate and Taught Postgraduate Programmes. University of Hertfordshire Higher Education Corporation

*Note: Unable to locate exact reference

49ASU, 2009.