33
1 Referencing (HARVARD) LCBF
1
Referencing (HARVARD)
LCBF
2
Demonstrate use of the Harvard system of referencing. The Why, What, How of referencing.
Understand the guidelines for the submission of written work.
Referencing (HARVARD)
3
Referencing (HARVARD)
4
Referencing (HARVARD)
Why?
•Acknowledge debts to other writers.
•Demonstrate the body of knowledge upon which your assignment is based.
•Enable the reader(s) to locate your sources easily.
5
Referencing Conventions
(HARVARD)
What ?
• Citing/Citation• The way that (you) the writer refer to texts that you wish to
include in your work – example to follow.
• Can also be all of the information retrieved from a bibliographical database search.
• References • an alphabetical list describing each source that you have
used.
• Bibliography • a list of material you have used for information or inspiration
but have not referred to directly in the text.
6
A paraphrase is...
your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form.
one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source.
a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea.
What is plagiarism? Cheating! Changing into your own words doesn’t
make it your own work!‘If you misrepresent the work of
another as your own and do not acknowledge or give credit to the author, you are guilty of academic dishonesty.’
Pears and Shields, 2005, p 1
7
8
Method of citation
• Mention author(s)• Date of publication
Cole and Kelsey (2003) conclude that….
According to Cole (2001 p 25) ‘the evidence suggests these systems will not continue unless……’
9
Referencing Conventions
(HARVARD)
How ?
London:
Book Reference:
Author(s),.(Date) Title.Edition. Place: Publisher.
Nicklin, P., and Kenworthy, N. eds., (2000)
Teaching and Assessing in Nursing Practice. 3rd ed.
Baillière Tindall.
Journal Reference:
Nicklin, P. (2001) Safety Conscious.
Health Management. 5 (5), 24-25.
10
Referencing Conventions
(HARVARD)
• prepare citation in text (check spelling and date!)
• Write the reference (or a prompt note) and insert (alphabetically) into reference page
• when ‘proof reading’ check each citation in the reference list
• keep your references for ‘re-cycling’
How to do it
In text citations
11
Just the author or authors’ surnames, NEVER their initials!!! OR just the name of the organisation.
Just the year, NEVER the date, volume/issue number, journal name, WHATEVER!!!
ONLY use page numbers with direct quotations, ie. the exact words that were written on the page
Examples in text citations
12
Since the 1950s, the number of women who smoke has increased dramatically (Action on Smoking and Health, 2005).
An imperative in wound care is the avoidance of tissue necrosis (Chambers, 1999).
Improvement of critical care has been an important focus for government policy (Department of Health, 2000).
Seconded student nurses felt a greater pressure to perform than their non-seconded peers (Roberts, 2006).
Nurse education abounds with models of care and practice (Seedhouse, 2004).
Obesity is a major contributory factor to the onset of type two diabetes (Williams and Pickup, 2004).
In text citation, further examples
13
According to figures from Action on Smoking and Health (2005), the number of women who smoke has increased dramatically since the 1950s.
Chambers (1999) states that an imperative in wound care is the avoidance of tissue necrosis.
The Department of Health (2000) maintain that improvement of critical care has been an important focus for government policy.
Roberts (2006) discovered that seconded student nurses felt a greater pressure to perform than their non-seconded peers.
Seedhouse (2004) cautions prospective students that nurse education abounds with models of care and practice.
According to Williams and Pickup (2004), obesity is a major contributory factor to the onset of type two diabetes.
Direct quotation and page numbers
14
Douglas (1999, p.330) describes how critical incident analysis of significant events in practice ‘dissects the event into a snapshot in time’.
Douglas (1999, p.322) discusses how easy it is not to reflect on our practice:
It is all too easy to coast along in our practice, frequently oblivious to the need
for minor adjustments or changes. Left unchecked, presumptive and
anticipatory action can follow.
15
Kolb (1984, cited in Knowles et al, 2005) proposed a reflective cycle as the basis of learning from experience.
OR The four steps of the learning cycle (Kolb,
1984, cited in Knowles et al, 2005) are described as concrete experience, observation and reflection, formation of abstract concepts and generalisation, and testing of concepts in new situations.
Secondary citation in text
16
ONLY cite the book you have read – not the original author’s work. So for the citation above, you would only have the following reference:
Knowles, M.S., Holton, E.F. and Swanson, R.A. (2005) The Adult Learner. 5th edn. London: Heinemann.
Secondary references in the reference list
17
Referencing Exercise
Practice at writing references
18
Referencing Exercise
Journal:Author Surname, Author Initial. (Date) Article title. Journal Title, Volume (part), pages.
Burnham, J.F.(1994) Information management education for students in the health care professions: a coordinated, integrated plan. Medical Reference Services Quarterly. 13(2):45-62.
19
Referencing Exercise
Journal:Author Surname, Author Initial(s). (Date) Article title. Journal Title, Volume (part), pages.
Blythe, J., and Royle, J.A. (1993) Assessing nurses' information needs in the work environment. Bulletin of the Medical Library Association. 81(4), p433-5.
20
Referencing ExerciseJournal - Online:
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Date) Article title. [format] Journal Title, Place of Publication: Publisher: Available at: <URL> [ Accessed Date].
Drury, R.M. (1997) Considerations in planning a computer learning lab for nursing students. [online] On-Line Journal of Nursing Informatics. Available at: http://cac.psu.edu/~dxm12/OJNI.html [Accessed 25 March 2003]
21
Referencing Exercise
Journal:Author Surname, Author Initial. (Date) Article title. Journal Title, Volume (part), pages.
Birx, E., Castleberry, K. and Perry, K. (1996) Integration of laptop computer technology into an undergraduate nursing course. Computers in Nursing. 14(2), p108-12.
22
Exercise
Look at the reference elements belowand put them into the correct order:
Handbook of Diabetes/ Williams, G/ Blackwell Publishing/ 3rd edn/ Pickup, J.C./ (2004)/ and/ Oxford
Did you get it right?Williams, G. and Pickup, J.C. (2004) Handbook
ofDiabetes. 3rd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Look closely at the punctuation and italics.
Williams, G. and Pickup, J.C. (2004) Handbook of
Diabetes. 3rd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
23
These are the missing punctuation marks:
: : . . . . , , ( )
Seedhouse D 2004 Health Promotion Philosophy
Prejudice and Practice 2nd edn Chichester Wiley
24
Now, put the correct punctuation into the reference below
Did you get it right?
Seedhouse, D. (2004) Health Promotion: Philosophy, Prejudice and Practice. 2nd edn. Chichester: Wiley
25
Write a reference for this chapter
26
For a chapter ‘Wound management’ (1999) Foundations of Nursing Practice Macmillan Chambers, N. pp. 240-266 Basingstoke Hogston, R. and Simpson, P.M. (eds) in
Write a reference for this journal
27
For a journal article Nursing Standard Roberts, D. ‘Learning experiences of seconded pre-registration
nursing students’ 20 (36) (2006) pp. 41-45
answer
ChapterChambers, N. (1999) ‘Wound
management’, in Hogston, R. and Simpson, P.M. (eds) Foundations
of Nursing Practice. Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 240-266.
28
answer
Journal articleRoberts, D. (2006) ‘Learning
experiences of seconded pre-registration nursing students’, Nursing Standard, 20 (36),
pp. 41-45.
29
Write a reference for this official document
30
Document Comprehensive Critical Care: a review of adult
Critical Care services Department of Health (2000) London Department of Health Publications
Write a reference from the internet site
31
Internet site www.ash.org.uk/html/factsheets/basic01.htm (2005) Action on Smoking and Health (Accessed: 5 June 2006) Available at: Basic Facts One: Smoking Statistics
answer
Official DocumentDepartment of Health. (2000)
Comprehensive Critical Care: a review of adult Critical Care
services. London: Department of Health Publications.
32
answer
Internet siteAction on Smoking and Health.
(2005) Basic Facts One: Smoking Statistics. Available at: http://www.ash.org.uk. (Accessed: 5 June 2006).
33
