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Digital Re-print -May | June 2014

High feedstuffs costs: Improving nutritionalvalue of swine diets by processing conditions

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Grain & Feed Milling Technology is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom. All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis ofinformation published.Copyright 2014 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any formor by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1466-3872

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Pig production costs have increasedmore than 10 percent duringthe last five years, primari-

ly due to higher feedstuff prices.

Feed costs contribute more than 60percent of total pig production costs (in

the USA and Brazil even as high as 70-75percent, respectively (LEI, 2013)).

As feed milling affects the dietary nutri- tional value and feed efficiency of pigs,profit over feeds costs can be improved byoptimising the feed milling process.

The effects of processing of feed on itsnutritional value are highly underestimated.Profit of animal production in the end isdetermined by both feed production costsand animal performance. Both should bothbe optimised to get the highest return oninvestment, as the highest feed mill through-put will probably not result in the best

technical quality of the feed.On the other hand the best technical

quality might not be needed for maximisednutritional value or optimal pig performance.

Feed millers have a very large tool box tooptimise technical quality of the feed.

Here, attention is paid to grinding andcompacting (or pelleting), which are the

tools that have the higher impact on nutri- tional quality of feed, assuming that dosingand mixing will be done with the rightaccuracy.

Grinding for optimal particle sizeIn pigs it is consistently shown, oppo-

sitely to broiler production, that reduction ofdietary particle size improves daily gain andfeed conversion rate (FCR).

Goodband et al. (1993) reported thatFCR improved by more than five per-cent when reducing feed particle size from767m to 634m (dgw, dry sieving) of cornin meal diets and Rojas et al. (2013) dem-onstrated that reducing particle size of corn-

based diets improves nutrient digestibilityand energy value of feedstuffs by increasingsurface area (see Figure 2).

The type and intensity of grinding (rollermills verses hammer mills) has an impact notonly on particle size distribution, but also onparticle shape, bulk density and surface area.These are additional criteria to considerwhen evaluating the impact of grinding pro-cess on digestibility and animal performance.

At this point, it is important to realize that, although optimal feed particle sizeranges from 500-700m, there is no singleoptimum value as the optimum depends on

type of raw material (for example, type ofcereals, soybean meal, DDGS), feed form(mash verses pellet), age of the animal(piglet, growing/finishing pig, sow) and healthstatus.

Despite the linear increase in feedingvalue by reduced feed particle size (seeFigure 2), too small particles are disadvanta-geous as they might cause gastric ulcers.

In addition, fine grinding requires highenergy inputs.

Effects of cereal type and feed form onpig performance were studied by Gidley et

al. (2012). They showed that particle size,especially the coarser fractions, had largerimpact than feed form in barley and sorghumdiets (see Figure 3).

From grinding to pelletingGrinding and pelleting are tools that

interact: At one side grinding affects pel-let quality and on the other side pelletingreduces particle size further. The effects ofgrinding on pellet quality are discussed atend of this paper.

The pelleting step is considered a sec-ondary grinding. It has been shown that the

percentage of coarse fraction (> 1.4mm)is reduced by 15 percent in coarse mealdiets after pelleting, and the fine fraction(

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by more than five percent, com-pared to meal diets, as shownboth in nursery pigs and in grow-ing-finishing pigs.

This effect, however, isdependent on the conditioning

time and temperature and shearforces during pelleting.

There is little consensus about the reason for increased per-formance in pigs fed pelleteddiets. Some argue it is becauseof increased bulk density andpalatability, which is not in agree-ment with decreased feed intakeobserved in some cases. Othersclaim that a higher growth is due

to higher nutrient digestibility due to starch gelatinisation and pro- tein denaturation.

Crumbled pellets, conditionedat 90C improved feed efficiencyby 5.2 percent compared to mealdiets in five weeks-slaughter pigs

fed wheat-barley-corn baseddiets, whereas expandate feed(120C) resulted in lower benefitover mash and crumbled pellet(Millet et al., 2012).

In nursery pigs, total tractdigestibility of protein and energyimproves when feeds are condi-

tioned and pelleted or extruded.Lundblad et al. (2011) showed

that there was no additional ben-efit of expanding over steam pel-

leting at 47C or 90C on feedefficiency.

However, extrusion in spiteof having reduced feed intake,probably caused by low bulkdensity, resulted in increasedpiglets performance, due tohigher nutrient digestibilities.

Pellet quality (PDI) has alarge impact on production per-formance of pigs.

When percent finesexceeds more than 20 percentat feeder, benefits of pelletingwill be much smaller. Main fac-

tors affecting PDI and their rel-evance are indicated in Figure 5.

Formulation-size-specification

Diet formulation: Experiencednutritionists and feed millersknow that wheat-based dietsresult in better PDI compared

to corn-based diets; increasingprotein content improves PDI,and specific protein sources, suchas soybean isolates have largereffect (Briggs et al., 1999).

Different fiber can haveopposite results: adding fivepercent of cellulose may havepositive effect, whereas ligninat same amount has detrimen-

tal effect (Buchanan & Moritz,2009).

Figure 2: The metabolise energy (Kcal ME/kg DM) increase byreduction of particle size in corn-based diets fed as meal inbarrows (29kg BW) (Source: Modified from Rojas et al., 2013)

Figure 3: Effect of grain type, feed particle size (regrindingof particles with size >1.8mm or >0.9mm in barley andsorghum respectively) and feed form (mash verses pellet)on FCR in growing pigs

May - June 2014 | 43GRAIN& FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY F

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DDGs have variable effect on PDI,depending on particle size, fiber and proteincontent. Several authors (Feoli, 2008 andKnauer et al., 2013) found that adding 30percent DDGs increased PDI, whereasother studies show a decreased pelletdurability when increasing inclusion level in

the diets (Fahrenholz et al., 2013, Loar etal., 2010).

Particle size: Reduction of particle sizeimproves pellet quality (PDI) as has beenshown in some studies: in corn-soy diets,reduction from 1000m to 400m improvedPDI from 79 to 86 percent/m (Wondra etal., 1995) and from 543m to 233m thePDI improvement was up to 99 percent(Stark, 1994).

Similar results were found by Knauer

et al. (2013)when reducing particle size of soybean meal

to 450m.In the case of DDGS, it has not been

shown clear improvement of PDI by reduc-ing particle size whereas it seems there isa benefit of when DDGS have been previ-

ously pelleted in origin and re-grinded in thefeedmill.

Conditioning and die specifications: con-sidering a range of particle size of the mashbetween 500-700m, the conditioning tem-perature should range between 60C to 80C

to achieve good PDI (fines 10 percent).In general, pig diets are pelleted at 4mm,

but hole length varies considerably amongregions and feedmillers, from 4x40 up to4x60/70.

The selection of the die (diameter andactive hole lengths) is upon diet formula-

tion and target PDI. It seems obvious that when hole length is increased, PDIis improved but production (tonne/hour)is decreased and energy consumptionincreased. The economical optimum atfeed mill may not fit with the optimum foranimal production.

Take home messages- Profit over feeds costs can be improved

by optimising the feed milling process.Optimising nutrient utilisation by theanimal has a tremendous impact in pigproduction costs

- The optimal feed particle size rangesbetween 500-700m (dgw), butdepends on type of raw material, feedform, age of the animal and healthstatus

- Particle size and feed form affect feedintake and feed efficiency. Bulk densityand percent fines or PDI should be

accounted for to optimise animalperformance

- Pelleting improves feed efficiency bymore than five percent compared tomeal diets, providing a good pelletquality The benefit of more intense thermal

treatment, such as expansion is not clear.Extrusion process may increase digestibil-

ity of nutrients in nursery pigs but attention to feed intake should be paid.

Figure 4: Effect of feed structure on performanceof growing-finishing (five weeks-slaughter) pigs fedwheat-barley-maize-soya diets.

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