Ho]i7 gful/s / dfgj clwsf/ · Ho]i7 gful/s / dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx¿ cWoIf dfggLo...

Ho]i7 gful/s / dfgj clwsf/

Ho]i7

gful/s /

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lwsf/


cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx¿

cWoIf

dfggLo s]bf/gfy pkfWofo

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dfggLo /fdglugf l;+x

dfggLo uf}/L k|wfg

dfggLo 8f= nLnf kf7s

dfggLo 8f s]= aL= /f]sfof

sf=d'= ;lrj

j]bk|;fb e§/fO{

/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u

xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/

k|sfzg ldlt M efb|, @)&)

;+:s/0f M klxnf]

k|lt M @)))

k|sfzg g+= M !^( s]= sf=

;jf{lwsf/ M /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u

n]cfp6÷cfj/0f M ;'af]w kf]v/]n

k|sfzg ;xof]u M dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Dj4{g tyf zflGt k|lqmofdf

of]ubfg kl/of]hgf

af}l4s tyf z}lIfs k|of]hgfy{ ;|f]t v'nfO{{ o; k':tssf Pjd\ o;sf c+zx¿

;fef/ u/L k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsg]5 . o;afx]s cfof]usf] k"j{ :jLs[ltljgf

Jofkfl/s jf cGo k|of]hgsf nflu k'gM pTkfbg Pjd\ d'b|0f ug]{ u/L ;ª\u|x ug{

jf s'g} klg dfWodaf6 k|of]udf Nofpg kfOg] 5}g .

o; Kf':tssf] bf];|f] efudf k|sflzt ;fdu|L ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7gsf] Ho]i7

gful/ssf] x]/rfx / /f]u;DaGwL k|sfzgsf] g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/L Ho]i7

gful/ssf] k':ts ljifos @)^* ;fndf k|sflzt 5qaxfb'/ k|wfgåf/f cg"lbt

k':tsaf6 k|sfzs tyf cg'jfbssf] ;xdltdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] xf]. o;df

k|sflzt ;fdu|Lx¿df JoQm ljrf/x¿n] cfof]usf] cflwsfl/s wf/0ffsf]

k|ltlglwTj ub{}g .

k':tssf ;DaGwdf /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g tyf

To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] l:yltnfO{{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ;Gbe{df cfˆgf]

:yfkgfsfnb]lv g} ljleGg tj/n] sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf ljljw

ljifo / ;jfnx¿nfO{{ ;dli6ut ¿kdf x]bf{ sltko ljlzi6 clwsf/x¿sf]

pkef]uaf6 jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf dflg;x¿sf nflu dfgj clwsf/sf] ljifo uf}0f

aGg ghfcf];\ eGg] p2]Zosf ;fy} cfof]u :jod\sf] cfTd;dLIff / efjL sfo{–

of]hgfx¿df ;d]t kl/dfh{g Pjd\ kl/is/0fsf nflu of] Kf':ts k|sfzg ug]{ hdsf]{

ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ nfUg] /f]ux¿sf ;DaGwdf ;d]t hfgsf/L

u/fpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .Ho]i7 gful/ssf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf lgldQ Ho]i7 gful/s

;DalGw P]g, @)^# df ;+zf]wg ug{ sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] cWoog u/L k'g/fjnf]sgsf

nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{ u/]sf] l;kmfl/; k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; Kf':tsdf g]kfndf

Ho]i7 gful/ssf clwsf/sf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro, cj:yf, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o

k|lta4tf, o; ;DaGwdf cfof]un] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsf Pjd\ Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{

nfUg] /f]usf ;DaGwdf k|sfz kfg]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} cfof]un] k|bfg ug]{

;]jfx¿, cfof]usf k|sfzgx¿ Pjd\ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf ljleGg

lgsfox¿;Fu u/]sf ;xsfo{nufotsf kIfnfO{{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

o; Kf':tssf] bf];|f] efudf k|sflzt ;fdu|L ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7gsf] Ho]i7

gful/ssf] x]/rfx / /f]u;DaGwL k|sfzgsf] g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/L Ho]i7 gful/ssf]

k':ts ljifos @)^* ;fndf k|sflzt 5qaxfb'/ k|wfgåf/f cg"lbt k':tsaf6

k|sfzs tyf cg'jfbssf] ;xdltdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5. Ho]i7 gful/ssf] x]/rfx

ug{] Joltm / :jod\ Ho]i7 gful/ssf nflu klg of] k':ts clt pkof]uL x'g] ePsfn]]

j[4 gful/s ;]jf ;dfh, rfalxnsf] cg'/f]wdf lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ug{] u/L k|sflzt

;f] k':tsaf6 ;fef/ u/L ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5. o;af6 Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

cGTodf, of] Kf':ts tof/Lsf qmddf ljz]if ;xof]u ug]{ j[4 gful/s ;]jf ;dfh,

rfalxn, sf7df8f}Fsf 5qaxfb'/ k|wfgnufot k|ToIf / k/f]If ¿kdf ;xof]u

k'¥ofpg] cfof]usf s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo / pkIf]qLo sfof{nosf ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx¿ ljz]if

wGojfbsf kfq 5g\ . cfzf 5, o; ljifodf rf;f] /fVg'x'g] ;a} dxfg'efjx¿sf

nflu of] k|sfzg Ps pkof]uL ;fdu|L x'g]5 .

/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u

dGtJo

dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, ;g\ !($* n] x/]s JolQmsf]

e]befj/lxt 9Ën] dof{lbt hLjg afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . pQm

b:tfj]hn] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf dfgj clwsf/ l;4fGt / d"No dfGotfsf cfwf/df

gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cg'aGw, ;g\ !(^^ Pjd\ cfly{s,

;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw,;g\ !(^^ nufot dfgj

clwsf/;DaGwL ljleGg dxf;lGwx¿ klg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n] th'{df ul/;s]sf] 5 .

ljsf;sf] clwsf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq,;g\ !(*^ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] ;QfO; jif{

eO;Sbf klg ljsf;nfO{{ dfgjLo ljsf;;Fu hf]8]/ ;f]xL cg's"n JolQmsf] cfly{s,

;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs clwsf/sf] Jofjxfl/s ;'lglZrttf sfod ug{sf nflu cem}

k|z:t sfd ug'{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] cu'jfOdf ljZjsf /fi6«x¿n] ;x;|fAbL nIo tf]sL sfof{Gjog

ug]{ k|lta¢tf JoQm eO{ cfPtfklg g]kfnnufot clt sd ljsl;t b]zx¿ ;f]

nIok|flKtdf cem} w]/} 6f9f /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn gf} 7"nf dxf;lGwx¿dWo] ;ftj6f

k|d'v dxf;lGwx¿sf] kIf/fi6« eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL k|d'v

dxf;lGwsf] kIf eP/ cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf JoQm u/] tfklg dfgj clwsf/sf

If]qdf k|z:t r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] /fli6«o

dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf¿kdf :yflkt u/L dfgj clwsf/

;+/If0f ;+j4{g / To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ st{Jo tf]s]sf]

5 . Ho]i7 gful/ssf] dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ub}{ cfPsf]

o; cfof]un] Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL P]g, @)^# tyf Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL

lgodfjnL, @)^* nfO{{ clwsf/d'vL agfpgsf nflu ;+zf]wg ug{ cfjZos

b]lvPsfn] ;+zf]wgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 .

;+ljwfg / P]gk|bQ bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{ qmddf cfof]un] ;/sf/, u}/;/sf/L

;ª\3;+:yfnufot ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;+jfb, ;fem]bf/L / ;xsfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

o;}qmddf dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{sf nflu cfof]un] ;do;dodf

cfjZostfg';f/ lgb]{lzsfx¿;d]t hf/L ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df cfof]un] xfn}

dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)^( tyf ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo;DaGwL

lgb]{lzsf, @)^( sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . cfof]un] dfgj clwsf/, ljsf; /

;fdflhs Gofosf If]qdf k|ToIf cyjf ck|ToIf ¿kdf sfd

ul//x]sf;ª\3;+:yfx¿;Fu ub}{cfPsf] ;xsfo{sf] lg/Gt/tf:j¿kj[4 gful/s ;]jf

;dfh;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf Ho]i7 gful/s/ dfgj clwsf/ gfds of] k':ts k|sfzgdf

Nofpg kfPsfdf v';L nfu]sf] 5 .

k|:t't k':tsn] :yfgLo:t/df dfgjclwsf/, ;fdflhs Gofo / ljsf;sf If]qdf

sfo{/t JolQmx¿, /fi6«;]js tyf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs / ;fdflhs cleoGtfx¿nfO{{

1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ sfo{df yf]/} dfq eP klg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sg]5

eGg] ck]Iff ub{5' .

cGTodf o; k':tssf] tof/L tyf ;Dkfbg sfo{df ;+nUg cfof]usf ;fd"lxs

clwsf/ dxfzfvfsf ;'o{axfb'/ b]phf, cg'jfbs 5qaxfb'/ k|wfg Tfyf j[4 gful/s

;]jf ;dfh sf7df8f}Fsf cWoIf tf/f k|wfg nufot ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{{

;d]t wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

/fdglugf l;+x

;b:o,/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u

dGtJo hGd lnPsf] afnsn] ;fdflhs aGwg / lgoddf af “lwb} ljleGg cj:yfx¿ kf/

u5{ . g]kfnsf] dfGotf cg';f/ ;f7L jif{ kf/ u/]kl5 p;nfO{{ Ho]i7 gful/ssf

¿kdf lrlgG5 . dflg;n] kf/ ug]{ ljleGg cj:yf; “u} p;df ljleGg lsl;dsf

zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s kl/jt{gx¿ b]lvG5g\ . o;/L b]lvg] zf/Ll/s kl/jt{g; “u} p;sf] :jf:ydf klg kl/jt{g x'G5 . dflg;sf] :jf:Yo afNofj:yfdf / j[4

cj:yfdf a9L ;+j]bgzLn dflgG5 . oL cj:yfdf :jf:Yosf If]qdf ul/g] ;fdfGo

x]nr]q\mofOn] klg uDeL/¿k lng k'U5 . To;}n] Ho]i7 gful/ssf] x]/rfx ug]{

JolQmnfO{{ pgLx¿sf] x]/rfx ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ ;fjwfgLx¿sf] 1fg x'g cTofjZos

5 . o:tf] ePdf cgfjZos ¿kdf Aoxf]g'{kg]{ :jf:Yo;DaGwL emGem6af6 yf]/}

dfqfdf eP klg d2t ldN5 . ;fdfGo c1fgtfsf sf/0fn] ePsf] Ifltsf] kl/0ffd

bb{gfs ePsf 36gfx¿ xfdL ;a}n] b]v]s} 5f}F .

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] x]/rfx ug]{ JolQmsf nflu g]kfndf g t s'g} j}1flgs /

dfGotfk|fKt tflnd pknJw 5 g s'g} pko'Qm kf7\o;fdu|L g} kfOG5 . o;n] ubf{

pgLx¿ 7"nf] cGof}ndf /x]sf] xfdL ;a}n] dx;'; u/]s} ljifo xf] . oxL dx;'; u/]s}

kl/0ffd :j¿k >L 5qaxfb'/ k|wfgHo"n] cfk"mn] kfPsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3sf]

j]j;fO8sf] cWoog u/L Ho]i7 gful/ssf] x]/rfx ug'{kg]{ s]xL s'/fx¿df ;fIf/

g]kfnLx¿n] ;d]t 1fg xfl;n u¿g\ eGg] kljq p2]Zosf ;fy pQm j]j;fO8df

/x]sf] cª\u|]hL efiffsf] pkof]uL ljj/0fnfO{{ g]kfnLdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L k|sfzg ug]{

cToGt} k|z+;gLo sfd ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxf “sf] of] sfo{ clwsf+z JolQm tyf ;ª\3–

;+:yfx¿sf nflu k|z+;gLo ljifo;d]t ag]sf] 5 . pQm k':tssf] bf];|f] ;+:s/0f

k|sfzgsf nflu cfjZos vr{;lxt k|sfzg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lng] /fli6«o dfgj

clwsf/ cfof]u / o;sf nflu ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf v]Ng] >L 5qaxfb'/ k|wfg /

klxnf] k|sfzgsf] lhDd]jf/L lng] j[4 gful/s ;]jf ;dfh, rfalxnnfO{{ xflb{s awfO{

lbg rfxG5' . o; kljq sfo{n] g]kfndf ;~rfngdf /x]sf Ho]i7 gful/ssf]

;jfndf sfd ug]{ ljleGg ;ª\3–;+:yf tyf JolQmx¿nfO{{ cfjZos 7"nf] ;xof]u

k'u]s} sf/0f k':tsn] bf];|f] ;+:s/0f 5kfOsf nflu rf;f] b]vfPsf] xf]nf eGg] d]/f]

7x/ 5 .o;sf cltl/Qm o; k':tssf] cWoogn] Ho]i7 gful/s :jod\n] klg cfˆgf]

:jf:Yo tGb'?:t /fVgsf nflu cfˆg} tkm{af6 uxg e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

;du|df eGg'kbf{ klxnf] ;+:s/0fn] Ho]i7 gful/ssf] :jf:Yo / x]/rfxsf nflu

dxTTjk"0f{ ;fdu|Lsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] cg'ej ;a}n] u/]sf] x'g'k5{ / of] b];|f]

;+:s/0f cem k|efjsf/L x'g]5 eGg] d}n] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . k':tssf] ;kmntfsf

nflu xflb{s awfO{ tyf z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' .

xfn M Pj/l8g, :s6NofG8 8f= k|;GgrGb| uf}td

;+o'Qm clw/fHo MBBS, FRCPE, FRCPG jl/i7 h]l/ofl6«l;og

dGtJo dflg;nfO{{ a'9\of}nL nfu]kl5 cg]s k|sf/sf ;d:ofx¿ cfOkb{5g\ . pgLx¿

Zff/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ljleGg :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿af6 u|l;t x'G5g\ . t;y{, pgLx¿sf]

:ofxf/–;';f/ ug{] JolQmx¿nfO{{ pko'Qm hfgsf/L x'g' clt cfjZos dflgG5 .

k|:t't k|sfzg h]i7 gful/ssf] clwsf/, dfgj clwsf/ cof]un] u/]sf sfo{x? tyf

:ofxf/stf{n] hfGg'kg]{ ljleGg 1fg kl:sOPsf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] o;

k':ts k|sfzgdf u/]sf] ;xof]u k|z+;gLo 5 . cfzf 5, of] k':ts ;j} j[4f>d,

lbjf ;]jfs]Gb| / kl/jf/x¿df ;d]t j[4j[4fx¿sf] :ofxf/ ug{]x¿sf nflu cToGt

pkof]uL x'g]5 .

o; k':tssf] bf];|f] efudf nfdf] cjlw;Ddsf] cfˆgf] ;'/Iff;]jfsf] cg'ej / ;+o'Qm

/fi6« ;ª\3åf/f cª\u|]hL efiffdf k|sflzt ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3sf] UN Website:http://

www.un.org df /flvPsf cª\u|]hL ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{{ g]kfnL efiffdf efjfg'jfb

ul/Psf] 5 . ;Dk"0f{ ;fIf/g]kfnLx¿n] ;d]t ;xh¿kdf k9\g / a'‰g ;Sg] u/L

5qaxfb'/ k|wfgn] tof/ kf/]sf] kf08'lnlknfO{{ k':tsfsf/df k|sfzg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L

xfdLnfO{{ lbg'ePsfn] xfdL pxfFnfO{{ x[bob]lv g} wGojfb lbG5f}F . Ho]i7 gful/ssf]

;]jf ug'{k5{ eGg] efjgf ;a} g]kfnLx¿df hfuf];\ eGg] xfd|f] d"n dGq xf] . oxL d"n

dGqnfO{{ cfTd;ft\\ u/L j[4j[4fsf nflu s]xL /fxtsf sfo{qmdx¿ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf]

o; ;+:yfn] Ho]i7 gful/ssf] :jf:Yosf nflu o:tf] pko'Qm / dxTTjk"0f{ k':ts

k|sfzgsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] ;xof]u kfPsf]df

xfdLn] uf}/jsf] cg'e"lt u/]sf 5f}F . cfufdL lbgdf klg o;k|sf/sf cj;/x¿

kfpg] cfzfsf ;fy /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u tyf efjfg'jfbsnfO{{ k'gM

x[bob]lv g} wGojfb lbG5f}F .

tf/f k|wfg

cWoIf, j[4 gful/s ;]jf ;dfh, rfalxn

ljifo;"rL

k[i7;ª\Vof efu M !

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] clwsf/ !

!=! k[i7e"ld.................................................................................................... !

!=@= g]kfndf Ho]i7gful/ssf] clwsf/sf] cj:yf ......................................... @

!=#= /fli6«o k|lta4tf ...................................................................................... @

!=$= cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf .............................................................................. $

!=%= cfof]usf] e"ldsf ..................................................................................... ̂

!=^= cfof]usf ultljlwx¿ ............................................................................. &

!=&= Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL cfof]un] u/]sf] l;kmfl/; ................................. !*

efu M @

Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ nfUg] /f]ux¿ / x]/rfx @(

@=! Ho]i7 gful/ssf ;DaGwdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n] k|:t't

u/]sf l;4fGtx¿ .................................................................................... #!

@=@ Ho]i7 gful/sx¿n] :j:y /xgsf nflu Wofglbg'kg{] s'/fx¿ ............. #@

@=# j[4 cj:yfdf nfUg] /f]ux¿ ...................................................................$#

@=$ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] x]/rfx ubf{ Vofn /fVg'kg]{ dxTTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿........&(

@=% Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ 3/df x]/rfx ug]{ ;xof]uLsf nflu lgb]{lzsf......... *@

cg";rLx¿

cg";'rL – !

Ho]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# .............................................................. !)^

cg";'rL – @

/fli6«o Ho]i7 gful/s dxf;+3sf] ;+:yfks ;+:yfx? ................................ !!%

1

efu – ! Ho]i7 gful/ssf] clwsf/

!=!= k[i7e"ld

g]kfn ax'efifL, ax'hftLo tyf ax'wfld{s ;d'bfosf] b]zsf ¿kdf kl/lrt 5 .

g]kfnsf ;a} gful/sx¿nfO{{ ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf / cfTd;Ddfgh:tf dfgj

clwsf/;DaGwL ljifosf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, /fli6«o

sfg'gx¿ tyf g]kfnkIf ePsf dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿

pNn]vgLo /x]sf 5g\ . @!cf}F ztfJbLdf klg Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ lg?T;flxt ug'{ tyf

/fHosf] ;|f]t–;fwg, ;]jf / ;'ljwfsf] kx'Fraf6 jl~rt kfl/g' lj8Dagfsf] ljifo xf] .

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf nflu ;d'lrt P]g, sfg'g tyf

;+oGq lgdf{0f u/L cem ;sf/fTds kxnx¿ x'g' cfjZos 5 .

dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, ;g\ !($* n] x/]s JolQmsf]

e]befj/lxt 9Ën] dof{lbt hLjg afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . pQm

b:tfj]hn] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf dfgj clwsf/ l;4fGt / d"No–dfGotfsf cfwf/df

gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cg'aGw, ;g\ !(^^ Pjd\ cfly{s,

;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, ;g\ !(^^ nufot dfgj

clwsf/;DaGwL ljleGg dxf;lGwx¿ klg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n] th'{df ul/;s]sf]

5 .

g]kfn gf} 7"nf dxf;lGwx¿dWo] ;ftj6f k|d'v dxf;lGwx¿sf] kIf/fi6« eO;s]sf]

5 . g]kfnn] dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL k|d'v dxf;lGwsf] kIf eP/ cGt/f{li6«o

k|lta4tf JoQm u/] tfklg dfgj clwsf/sf If]qdf k|z:t r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf

5g\ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{{

;+j}wflgs lgsfosf ¿kdf :yflkt u/L dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;+j4{g / To;sf]

k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ st{Jo tf]s]sf] 5 .;fy} Ho]i7

gful/s;DaGwL P]g, @)^# tyf Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^* ;d]t

th'{df eO;s]sf] 5 .


2

!=@= g]kfndf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] clwsf/sf] cj:yf

Ho]i7 gful/s x'gnfO{{ Ho]i7 gful/s P]g, @)^# df pNn]v ePcg';f/ ;f7L jif{

pd]/ k'u]sf] x'g'kb5{ .

Hfgu0fgfn] k|sfzg u/]sf] tYofÍcg';f/ g]kfndf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] cj:yf

@)#* ;fndf – ;f7L jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf JolQm –*,%^,)^!

@)$* ;fndf – ;f7L jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf JolQm –!)&#$*&

@)%* ;fndf – ;f7L jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf JolQm –!$&)#&(

@)^* ;fndf – ;f7L jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf JolQm –@$^()))

g]kfndf cfd hg;d'bfosf] hg;ª\Vofdf j[l4b/ @=!Ü 5 eg] Ho]i7 gful/ssf]

hg;ª\Vofj[l4b/ #=$Ü n] eO/x]sf] 5 . Ho]i7 gful/ssf] hg;ª\Vofj[l4b/ o;}

cg'kftdf xF'b} uof] eg] @)&* ;Dd Ho]i7 gful/ssf] hg;ª\Vof !#,@*,&&@ yk

eO{ #&,(&,&&@ ;Dd k'Ug ;Sg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff

eQfsf] /sd klg ;f]xL cg'kftdf a9\b} hfG5 .

o;f]] x'g'sf] d"n sf/0f d[To'b/ / hGdb/ 36]sf],hLjg k4ltdf kl/j{tg cfPsf],

:jf:Yok|lt ;r]tgf j[l4 ePsf] tyf :jf:Yo pkrf/df kx'Fr a9]sf] cflb xf]] .

tyflk, ljZj:t/df g} Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;ª\Vof a9L /x]sf] 5 . ljsl;t /fi6«df

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] hg3gTj ;x/df a9L eO/x]sf] 5 eg] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf Ho]i7

gful/ssf] hg3gTj ufFplt/ a9L /x]sf] 5 . xfn} ePsf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ u|fdL0f

If]qdf *#Ü hg3gTj b]lvPsf] 5 .

!=#= /fli6«o k|lta4tf

!=#=!= /fli6«o sfg'g

Ho]i7gful/s ;DaGwL P]g, @)^#

Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL P]g clwsf/d'vL geP/ k/f]ksf/L ePsfn]] k|:t't P]gn] Ho]i7

gful/ssf] clwsf/sf] k|efjsf/L ;+/If0f ug{ g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . Ho]i7 gful/ssf]

clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf lgldQ Ho]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# df Joj:yf u/]sf] 5

h;df czQm Ho]i7 gful/s eGgfn] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kn] czQm Ho]i7

gful/s ;Demg'k5{ egL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;Ddfg, kfng kf]if0f

/ x]/rfxdf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ 5'6 / ;'ljwf lbg]h:tf Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .

Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ leIff dfUg nufpg gx'g], Ho]i7 gful/sn] ph'/L lbg ;Sg], d'2f

dfldnfdf k|fyldstf / k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] eP tfklg pNnª\3gdf s8f

efu ! – Ho]i7 gful/ssf] clwsf/

3

sf/afxLsf] Joj:yf gePsf]b]lvG5 . Ho]i7 gful/sn] clxn];Dd clwsf/sf ¿kdf

k|ltdlxgf ?= %)).– -kfFr ;o dfq_ eQf kfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ .

!=#=@ /fli6«o ;+oGqx¿

Ho]i7gful/ssf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+j4{gsf nflu 5'6\6} lgsfo g/x]sf] eP

klg /fli6«o ¿kdf /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, /fli6«o blnt cfof]u, /fli6«o dlxnf

cfof]unufot /fli6«o cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg k|lti7fg h:tf ;+oGqx¿sf]

:yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . Ho]i7 gful/ssf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu dlxnf,

afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnon] x]g]{ u/L Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf dfgjclwsf/sf If]qdf ;+j}wflgs x}l;otk|fKt cfof]u, Goflos lgsfox¿,

ljleGg Joj:yfksLo ;ldltx¿, ;/sf/åf/f ul7t ljleGg cfof]ux¿ / /fli6«o tyf

:yfgLo:t/sf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ .

!=#=# /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u

;z:q åGåsf sf/0f b]zdf a9\b} uPsf] dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gsf 36gfx¿nfO{{

;Daf]wg ug{ dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%# cg';f/ /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/

cfof]usf] :yfkgf ePsf]] xf] . cfof]usf] :yfkgfdf gful/s ;dfh /

dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;+:yfx¿sf] bjfjn] klg dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] cfof]unfO{{ ;+j}wflgs x}l;ot k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

;+ljwfgdf cfof]usf] d'Vo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/x¿sf af/]df b]xfoadf]lhd

Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M

JolQmnfO{{ cfof]u;dIf pkl:yt u/fO{ hfgsf/L jf aofg lng], askq

u/fpg], k|df0f a'‰g] ;DaGwdf cbfntnfO{{ eP;/xsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{,

uDeL/ dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g x'g nfu]sf] jf eO/s]sf] ;"rgf cfof]un]

kfPdf ljgf;"rgf vfgtnf;L lng] / k|df0f sAhfdf lng],

dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g eO/x]sf] hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df p4f/ ug]{,

kLl8t JolQmnfO{{ Ifltk"lt{sf] cfb]z lbg],

dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g;DaGwL 36gfx¿sf] 5fglag, cg';Gwfg /

bf]ifLpk/ sf/afxL ug{ l;kmfl/; ug]{,

cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ l;kmfl/; ug]{,

cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] kIf aGg'kg]{ ePdf To;sf] sf/0f;lxt

g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{ l;kmfl/; ug]{

dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gstf{sf] ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug]{ .


4

cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg /fi6«klt;dIf k]; ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . xfn dfgj clwsf/

cfof]u P]g, @)%# vf/]h eO{ /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)^* nfu"ePsf] 5

h;n] ;+ljwfgdf n]lvPsf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ ;DaGwdf cem lj:t[t

Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . Ho]i7 gful/ssf] dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g jf To;sf] b'?T;fxg

ePsfdf kLl8t JolQm cfk}+mn] jf lghsf] tkm{af6 s;}n] cfof]u;dIf ph'/L lbg

;S5 .

!=#=$ gLlt tyf sfo{qmd

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] dfgj clwsf/ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfåf/f ;d]l6Psf ljifox¿df

ckfËtf, Ho]i7 gful/s, dlxnf clwsf/ tyf ;fdflhs Gofo, afn clwsf/ tyf

ljsf;, of}lgs tyf n}lËs cNk;ª\Vossf ;DaGwdf ;d]l6Psf] b]lvG5 .

Gf]kfn ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] lqjifL{o dfgj clwsf/ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf

cf=j=@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&) df Ho]i7 gful/ssf nflu ul/g] sfo{sf af/]df th'{df

ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .

lqjifL{o dfgj clwsf/ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf cf=j=@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷)&)

qm=;+= p2]Zox¿ k|d'v

sfo{ sfo{x¿

lhDd]jf/, ;xof]u ug]{

lgsfo

sfof{Gojg

;do Hff]lvd

! Ho]i7 gful/sx¿s]f

hLjg :t/df ;'wf/

/ ;'/Iff

cfly{s

;xof]u

!= b/vf:t ;Íng ug]{

@= ;dflhs ;'/IffeQf

pknAw u/fpg]

#= ax' pkof]uL kl/rokqsf]

ljsf; u/L ljt/0f ug]{

$= ;/n / ;xh ¿kdf eQf

ljt/0f ug]{

%= ;"rgf k|sfzg ug]{

^= kl/rokq gjLs/0f ug]{

&= gofF kl/rokq hf/L ug]{

!= :yfgLo dGqfno

@= dlxnf afnaflnsf

tyf ;dfh

sNof0f dGqfno

lg/Gt/ kof{Kt

/sdsf]

Joj:yf

ePdf .

!=$= cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf

dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, ;g\ !($* sf] wf/f @% dfj[4 cj:yfdf

;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ pNn]v ePsf] 5.cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts

clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw,;g\ !(^^ sf] wf/f # n] klg x/]s JolQmsf]

;fjlws ladfnufot ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/sf af/]df pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

dlxnflj?¢ x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw wf/f !! -!_ -ª_

:ki6 ¿kdf dlxnf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿n] kfpg] ;'ljwfx¿df e]befj ug{ gx'g] egL


5

pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwn] pd]/sf

cfwf/df x'g] u/]sf]h:tf lje]b;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿sf af/]df pNn]v ub}{ o:tf

k"jf{u|xx¿, Gfsf/fTds wf/0ffx¿tyf xfgLsf/s k|rngx¿nfO{{ pGd"ng u/L Gofodf

kx'Fr clej[l¢ cyjf zf]if0f, lx+;f / b'Jo{jxf/lj?4 ;+/If0f ug{ /fHosf] bfloTj

pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn gf} 7"nf dxf;lGwx¿dWo] ;ftj6f k|d'v dxf;lGwx¿sf]

kIf/fi6« eO;s]sf] 5 .

o; l;4fGtsf cwf/df dfgj clwsf/sf ;a} ljifonfO{{ ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{

b'O{j6f k|lt1fkq ;g\ !(^^ df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n] kfl/t u/L ;g\ !(&@ b]lv nfu"

x'g] lg0f{o u¥of] . oL b'j} k|lt1fkqnfO{{ g]kfnn] !$ dO{ ;g\ !((! Dff cg'df]bg

u/]sf] 5 .

!=$=! gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL k|lt1fkq, !(^^

Wff/f–^ M afFRg kfpg] clwsf/– o; wf/fdf ;a} dflg;x¿n] dof{lbt / ;Ddflgt

hLjg JotLt ug{nfO{{ Go"gtd cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ x'g} kb{5 . dfgj

clwsf/sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf nflu ufF;, af;, sk8f, lzIff, :jf:Yo,

k|b"if0f/lxt xfjf / kfgL clgjfo{ x'G5 . afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ lagf dflg; dof{lbt

¿kdf cfkmgf] hLjg JotLt ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 .

!=$=@ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts k|lt1fkq, !(^^

Wff/f !!–-!_ vfgf, sk8f / cfjf;sf] clwsf/

Wff/f !@ –-!_ :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/

;fdflhs clwsf/ leq M–

-!_ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/

-@_ vfgf, sk8f / cfjf;sf] clwsf/

-#_ :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/

-$_ lzIffsf] clwsf/

!=$=# Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfo{of]hgf

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ljifoj:t'nfO{{ Wofgdf /fvL ljZj:t/df g} ljleGg 7fpFdf a}7s

u/L ;g\ @))@ df Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfo{of]hgf kfl/t ePsf] 5 .

o;eGbf k"j{ ;g\ !((! Dff Ho]i7 gful/ssf] xslxt ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]Zon]

ljZj:t/df nfu" x'g] u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3af6 l;4fGtx¿ Kffl/t ePsf 5g\, Hf;df

lgDg s'/fx¿ pNn]v ePsf] 5 .


6

-!_ :jtGqtf

-@_ ;xeflutf

-#_ x]/ljrf/

-$_ cfTd kl/k"lt{

-%_ ;Ddfg

oL cfwf/x¿df ljZj:t/df g} ;a} kIf/fi6«n] Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf nflu sfo{ ug'{–

u/fpg'kg]{ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n] dfgj clwsf/sf] juL{s/0f

u/L hf]lvddf k/]sf ;d"xx¿sf] dfgj clwsf/ (Vulnerable Groups of Human

Rights) sf] >]0fLleq Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ /fv]sf] 5 .

!=% cfof]usf] e"ldsf

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] cfof]unfO{{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g /

k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{sf lgldQ uxg lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@

cGtu{t /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] sfd,st{Jo / clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf pNn]v

ub}{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g tyf To;sf] k|efjsf/L

sfof{GjognfO{{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g]5 egL

pNn]v ePsf] 5 . o:tf sfo{x¿sf nflu cfof]un] gful/s ;dfh, ljleGg

u};;x¿, g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljb]zL ;ª\3;+:yfx¿;Fu ;d]t ;xsfo{, 5nkmn jf

k/fdz{ u/L cfˆgf] ;'emfj tyf k/fdz{ pknJw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . cfof]unfO{{

;+ljwfg tyf P]gk|bQ sfd–st{Jo k"/f ug{sf nflu cfof]un] ug'{kg]{ sfd tyf

clwsf/nfO{{ b]xfoadf]lhd ;ª\If]kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M

!= cfof]un] dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3gsf ;DaGwdf u/]sf] l;kmfl/;, cfb]z jf

lgb]{zgsf]] hfgL–hfgL kfngf jf sfof{Gjog gug]{ kbflwsf/L, JolQm jf

lgsfosf] gfd dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gstf{sf ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ug{] .

@= dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwcGtu{t s'g} lgsfodf k|ltj]bg

k7fpg'kg]{ bfloTj ePsf] ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|ltj]bg k7fpg'cl3 /fosf

nflu cfof]u;dIf n]vL k7fpg] .

#= cfof]un] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} ljifodf

cfjZostfcg';f/ s'g} lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] .

$= dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g, k|j4{g tyf sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf

cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{ .


7

%= dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g tyf k|j4{gsf nflu cfjZos / plrt

7fg]sf cGo sfo{ ug]{ jf u/fpg] .

^= cfof]udf k|fKt ph'/L jf hfgsf/L jf cfof]un]:jljj]sdf 5fglag tyf

cg';Gwfg u/]sf] ljifo tYoxLg nfu]df jf ;f] ljifo cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/leq

kg]{ gb]lvPdf cfof]un] ;f]sf] sf/0f v'nfO{{ To:tf] ph'/L, hfgsf/L jf ljifo

h'g;'s} ;dodf vf/]h ug{ jf tfd]nLdf /fVg ;Sg] .

&= cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gadf]lhd dfgj clwsf/ tyf dfgjLo sfg'gsf] uDeL/

pNnª\3g dflgg] ljifo jf k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd ldnfkq x'g g;Sg]

ljifodf afx]s cfof]udf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] s'g} ph'/Lsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt

kIfx¿n] d]nldnfk u/fOkfpg ;+o'Qm lgj]bg lbPdf cfof]un] tf]lsPadf]lhd

d]nldnfk u/fOlbg ;Sg] .

o;k|sf/ cfof]usf] ;+ljwfg tyf P]g–k|bQ sfdst{Josf] ;du| ¿kdf ljZn]if0f ubf{

cfof]unfO{{ dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0ffTds sfo{, dfgj clwsf/ ;+j4{gfTds sfo{ Pjd\

dfgj clwsf/sf] jsfnt u/L tLgj6f k|d'v lhDd]jf/Lx¿ k|bfg ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

!=^=cfof]usf ultljlwx¿ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / dfgj clwsf/

cfof]u P]g, @)^* adf]lhd cfof]un] dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / kfngfsf

lglDt cfˆgf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . k]l/; l;4fGtcg'¿k cfof]un]

k|fKt u/]sf] :jtGq ;+:yfsf] x}l;otn] cfof]u :yfkgfsf] cf7 dlxgfleq} /fli6«o

dfgj clwsf/ ;+:yfx¿ (National Huan Rights Institutions) sf] cGt/f{li6«o

;dGjo ;ldlt (International Co-ordination Committee-ICC) af6 cfof]unfO{{ A

:t/sf] x}l;ot k|fKt x'gfsf ;fy} xfn;Dd klg A :t/d} sfod /xg ;kmn ePsf]

5 . cfof]un] cfˆgf ultljlwx¿nfO{{ lgDgfg';f/ s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5M

!=^=!= ph'/L u|x0f

cfof]un] lgDg dfWodx¿af6 ph'/L u|x0f ub{5 M

lnlvt jf df}lvs lgj]bgaf6,

6]lnkmf]g jf ôfS;af6,

x'nfs, 8fs, 6]nLu|fd, Od]n jf lnlvt clen]v /fVg ;lsg] cGo

;~rf/dfWodaf6 /

:jljj]sLo clwsf/ k|of]u u/L cfk}mF ph'/L u|x0f u/L .


8

o:tf ph'/Lx¿df ;fdfGotof ph'/L ug]{ / kLl8t JolQmx¿sf] ;s];Dd lj:t[t

ljj/0f pNn]v ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . ph'/Lsf] ljifo, pNnª\3g ePsf] dfgj clwsf/,

36gfsf] ljj/0f, dfubfaL k'li6 x'g] k|df0fx¿, dfu u/]sf] pkrf/, cGo

;ª\3;+:yfdf ph'/ u/]sf] eP ;f];d]t v'nfpg'kb{5 . o;/L k|fKt ePsf ph'/Lx¿sf]

cg';GwfgkZrft\\ lg0f{o u/L lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfof]un] g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf

l;kmfl/; ub{5 .

!=^=@ cg'udg tyf cg';Gwfg

Dffgjclwsf/;DaGwL /fli6«o ;+:yfx¿sf k|d'v sfo{x¿dWo] cg';Gwfg k|d'v sfo{

xf] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)^* cg';f/

cfof]un] dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g ePsf] egL cfof]udf btf{ x'g cfPsf] ph'/Lsf]

cg';Gwfg u/L cfof]u;dIf k|ltj]bg k]; ub{5 . /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u

P]g, @)^* tyf /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u -ph'/L, sf/afxL tyf Ifltk"lt{

lgwf{/0f_ lgodfjnL @)^( df Ifltk"lt{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfwf/x¿ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

cfof]un] ;DalGwt dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g ePsf] JolQmnfO{{ Ifltk"lt{ pknJw

u/fpg / dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gstf{nfO{{ sfg'gadf]lhd sf/afxLug{ l;kfl/;

ub{5 .

Ho]i7gful/s;DaGwL ph'/Lx¿nfO{{ k|fyldstf lbO{ ;/sf/, k|zf;lgs lgsfo,

/fhg}lts bn tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf ;ª\3;:yfx¿;Fu cGt/lqmof 5nkmnsf dfWodaf6

lje]bsf] Go"gLs/0fsf nflu sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 eg] cfof]udf k/]sf ph'/Lx¿sf]

k|s[lt tyf uDeL/tfnfO{{ Wofgdf /fv]/ cfjZostfcg';f/ cg'udg tyf cg';Gwfg

ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .

o; jif{ ;DkGg Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] dfgj clwsf/ cj:yfsf] cg'udg;DaGwL

ultljlwx¿ tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

dfggLo ;b:o >L /fdguLgf l;+xsf] g]t[Tjdf uPsf] cfof]usf clws[tx¿

Zofdafa' sfˆn], jf;'b]j ahufO{+, ch'{g sf]O/fnf tyf ;xfos /fhLj s0f{nufotsf

sd{rf/Lx¿ ;lDdlnt cg'udg 6f]nLn] lgDgadf]lhdsf j[4f>dx¿sf] :ynut

cg'udg u/]sf] lyof] M

-!_ ;dfhsNof0f s]Gb| j[4f>d, kz'kltgfy, sf7df8f}F

-@_ cfdf 3/, snÍL, sf7df8f}F

-#_ l;l4 zflnu|fd :d[lt j[4f>d, eQmk'/

-$_ s?0ff cf>d, eQmk'/


9

-%_ ;fxf/f x]/rfx s]Gb|, eQmk'/

-^_ jf}4 j[4f>d, sfe|]knfGrf]s

-&_ b]j3f6 ;dfh sNof0f s]Gb| j[4f>d, b]j3f6 tgx'F

-*_ b]j3f6 Pg=cf/=Pg= j[4f>d, b]j3f6, lrtjg

-(_ /f]6/L s?0ffno j[4f>d, b]j3f6, lrtjg

-!)_lj>flGt dlGb/ j[4f>d, wgs'6f

pko'{Qm cg'udg ul/Psf j[4f>dx¿dWo];/sf/af6 ;~rfng ul/Psf b'O6f j[4f>d

/ ToxfF a;f]af; ug]{ Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] ;ª\Vof lgDgadf]lhd 5 M

qm=;+

j[4f>dsf] gfd j[4f>ddf a:g] Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] ;ª\Vof

Gffd 7]ufgf dlxnf k'?if hDdf s}lkmot

1= ;dfh sNof0f

s]Gb| j[4f>d

kz'klt,

sf7df8f}F !@% !)) @@%

;a}eGbf a9L

pd]/ (^ jif{

2=

b]j3f6 ;dfh

sNof0f s]Gb|

j[4f>d

b]j3f6,

tgx'F @@ & @(

;a}eGbf a9L

pd]/ !)$ jif{

hDdf !$& !)& @%$

cg'udgsf qmddf ;dfh sNof0f j[4f>d kz'kltdf @@% hgf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿n]

cf>o lnO/x]sf] / ltgdf dlxnf !@% / k'?if !)) hgf /x]sf] kfOof] . pQm

j[4f>ddf @#) hgf;Dd /fVg ;lsg] hfgsf/L j[4f>d k|zf;gn] u/fPsf] lyof] .

b]j3f6 ;dfh sNof0f s]Gb| j[4f>ddf @( hgf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿n] cf>o

lnO/x]sfdf dlxnf @@ hgf / k'?if & hgf /x]sf lyP . plNnlvt tflnsfl:yt

tYofÍsf] cWoog ubf{ j[4f>ddf a:g] Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] s'n ;ª\VofdWo] dlxnf

Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] ;ª\Vof %&=&* k|ltzt / k'?if Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] ;ª\Vof

$@=!# k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 ;/sf/af6 ;~rflnt j[4f>ddf a:g]

k'?ifeGbf dlxnf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9L ePsf] b]lvG5 .

o;}u/L kz'kltl:yt j[4f>ddf /x]sf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L pd]/ (^

jif{ / clwsf+z %&–() pd]/ ;d"xsf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿ /x]sf eGg] a'lemof] .

b]j3f6j[4f>ddf a:g]dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L pd]/ !)$ jif{;Dd /x]sf]] kfOof] .


10

j[4f>dx¿sf] cg'udgaf6 k|fKt tYox¿ M

1_ ;/sf/af6 ;~rflnt j[4f>dx¿df Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ x]/rfx ug]{

kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ sf]xL klg gePsf JolQmx¿ dfq a:g ;Sg] k|fjwfg

/x]sf] kfOof] . ctM o:tf j[4f>dx¿df cljjflxt ePsf] jf cGo s'g}

sf/0fn] ;Gtfg gePsf jf ;Gtfgsf] d[To' ePsf JolQmx¿ a;f]af; ug]{

u/]sf] kfOof] . s]xL cj:yfdf cfkm"n] hGdfPsf ;Gtfgn] k"0f{ ¿kdf

a]jf:tf u/L cf>oxLg ePsf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿ klg a:g] u/]sf] kfOof] .

2_ ;/sf/L j[4f>ddf a:gsf nflu ^% jif{ k"/f u/]sf], cfkmGt 5f]/f–5f]/L

ePsf], rn–crn ;DklQ gePsf] s'/fsf] l;kmfl/; cfjZos kg]{ k|fjwfg

/flvPsf] /x]5 .

3_ kz'klt ;dfh sNof0f s]Gb| j[4f>d lj=;+= !(#* ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf]

/x]5 / @)#$ ;fndf o;sf] j[4f>d gfds/0f ul/Psf] /x]5 . b]j3f6

;dfh sNof0f s]Gb| j[4f>d @)%@ ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf] /x]5 .

4_ cfkmGt sf]xL klg gePsf egL j[4f>ddf a:g cfpg] Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf

5f]/f5f]/L ePsf] yfxf kfPdf pgLx¿nfO{{ cfˆgf ;Gtfgsf] lhDdf nufpg]

ul/Psf] /x]5 .

5_ kz'kltgfyl:yt ;dfh sNof0f s]Gb|sf] j[4f>d /x]sf] ejg k'/fgf] ePsf] /

a:gsf nflu dfgjf]lrt ;d]t g/x]sf] kfOof] . pQm ejg k'/ftflTTjs

dxTTjsf] ePsf] / ljZj ;Dkbf;"rLdf k/]sf] kz'kltgfy If]qleq kg]{

ePsfn]] ef}lts ;+/rgf kl/jt{g ;d]t ug{ g;lsg] /x]5 . Ho]i7

gful/sx¿ a:g] 3/df cfFvL‰ofnx¿ ePsf] / kof{Kt dfqfdf k|sfz /

xfjf l5g]{ cj:yf g/x]sf] kfOof] . 3/sf] e¥ofª w]/} 7f8f] ePsf sf/0f

zf/Ll/s ¿kdf sdhf]/ ePsf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ cfjt–hfjt ug{

sl7g x'g] u/]sf] kfOof] . pQm e¥ofªaf6 Ho]i7 gful/sx¿ n8]/ b'3{6gfdf

k/]sf] ;d]t a'lemof] .

6_ pQm j[4f>ddf zf}rfnosf nflu Ho]i7 gful/sx¿ sl/a $)) dL6/

6f9f;Dd hfg'kg]{ u/]sf] b]lvof] .

7_ ;dfh sNof0f s]Gb| j[4f>d kz'kltdf ckfËtf ePsf Ho]i7

gful/sx¿nfO{{ /fVgsf nflu 5'§} 6x/f k|of]u ul/Psf] /x]5 . lXjn

lro/;d]tsf] ;'ljwf eP klg h:tfsf] 5fgf] ePsf] pQm 6x/fdf kfgL


11

r'lxg] ;d:of ePsfn]] ckfËtf ePsf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ a:g cToGt

sl7gfO ePsf] kfOof] . h:tfsf] 5fgf] ePsf] 6x/fdf udL{ ;dosf

dlxgfx¿df h:tf tft]/ a9L udL{ x'g] tyf hf8f] ofddf a9L hf8f] x'g]

;d]tsf sf/0fx¿n] pQm 6x/f Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ /fVgsf nflu pko'Qm

b]lvPg .

8_ b]j3f6 ;dfh sNof0f s]Gb|sf] j[4f>d eg] e'OFtNNffdf dfq ;Lldt ePsf]

/ ef}lts ;+/rgf klg j[4d}qL g} /x]sf] kfOof] .

9_ pQm b'a} j[4f>dx¿df cfjf;Lo ;/;kmfO / JolQmut ;/;kmfO ;d]t

;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] kfOof] . kof{Kt hgzlQmsf] cefjdf ;/;kmfO / Ho]i7

gful/sx¿nfO{{ :ofxf/ ug]{ sfo{ ;Gtf]ifhgs g/x]sf] kfOof] .

10_ j[4f>dx¿df bftfx¿n] vfBfGg, sk8f tyf cfly{s ;xof]u u/]/ of]ubfg

lbPsf] kfOof] . o;sf ;fy} ljleGg ;+:yf tyf JolQmut ¿kdf

:jo+;]jsdfkm{t klg Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] :ofx/ Pjd\ :jf:Yo k/LIf0fdf

;xof]u k|fKt eO/x]sf] kfOof] . o:tf ;xof]ux¿ cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t

gePsf] / j[4f>dx¿n] To;nfO{{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;d]t g;s]sf] kfOof] .

11_ ;/sf/åf/f ;~rflnt j[4f>dx¿df Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ x]/rfx/ /

:ofxf/ ug]{ hgzlQm ck"0f{ /x]sf] kfOof] .

12_ pQm b'a} j[4f>dx¿df ;/sf/n] 8fS6/af6 lgoldt ¿kdf :jfYo k/LIf0f

ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] /x]g5 . a9Ldf :6fkm g;{af6 :jf:Yo ;]jf lbg] ul/Psf]

a'lemof] . kz'kltsf] j[4f>ddf xKtfsf] tLgk6s :jo+;]jssf ¿kdf 8fS6/

cfO{ :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 . b'a} j[4f>dx¿df la/fdLx¿sf]

pkrf/sf nflu kof{Kt ah]6 Joj:yf /x]g5 . lj/fdLx¿sf] pkrf/sf nflu

cfjZostfcg';f/ glhssf c:ktfnx¿df n}hfg] ul/Psf] / ;/sf/L

c:ktfndf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ sfg'gadf]lhd lbOg] ;x'lnot lbg] u/]sf]

eGg] a'lemof] .

13_ cg'udg ul/Psf j[4f>dx¿df ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] kfOof] .

sltko cj:yfdf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿ x/fpg] / kl5 vf]h]/ e]6]kl5 k'gM

Nofpg] u/]sf] ;d]t a'lemof] .


12

14_ To;}u/L s'g} la/fdLnufot cfsl:dstf cfOk/]sf] v08df To;sf nflu

kof{Kt Joj:yfkg gePsf] kfOof] . oftfoftsf] ;fwg;d]t gx'Fbf

la/fdLx¿nfO{{ c:ktfn n}hfg ;d]t 7"nf] ;d:of /x]sf] kfOof] .

15_ cf>ddf a:g] clwsfFz Ho]i7 gful/s?sf] gful/stf gePsf] /

ePsfx¿sf] klg a;fOF ;/fO gePsf sf/0f clwsf+zn] ;/sf/n] k|bfg ug]{

j[4eQf gkfPsf] a'lemof] .

16_ j[4f>ddf a:g] Ho]i7 gful/ssf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf kz'kltsf]

j[4f>ddf u'7Ln] clGtd ;+:sf/ ug]{ / jif{sf] Psk6s d/]sfx¿sf]

;Demgfdf j]bkf7;d]t u/]/ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ;Demg] u/]sf] a'lemof] .

;+:yfut ¿kdf ;~rflnt j[4f>d

;DalGwt lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf ;+:yf btf{ u/L b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFdf ;+:yfut

j[4f>dx¿ ;~rfng eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . j[4f>d ;~rfnsx¿n] ;dfh ;]jfsf]

efjgfn] pTk|]l/t eP/ o; lsl;dsf ;]jfd"ns sfo{x¿ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . cfof]usf

tkm{af6 o;;DaGwL k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf qmddf ;+:yfut ¿kdf ;~rflnt cf7j6f

j[4f>dx¿sf] :ynut cg'udg ul/Psf] lyof] . cg'udg ul/Psf j[4f>dx¿ /

ltgdf a:g] Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] ;ª\Vof lgDgadf]lhd 5 M

qm=;+

j[4f>dsf] gfd j[4f>ddf a:g] Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf]

;ª\Vof


1= cfdf 3/ snÍL,

sf7df8f}F #( ! $)

2= l;l4 zflnu|fd

:d[lt j[4f>d eQmk'/ @# ( #@

lbjf;]jf

s]Gb|df yk

!#) hgf

3= s?0ff cf>d eQmk'/ % # *

4= ;fxf/f x]/rfx

s]Gb| eQmk'/ ( # !@

5= jf}4 j[4f>d

ag]kf,

sfe|]knfG

rf]s

! @ #


13

qm=;+

j[4f>dsf] gfd j[4f>ddf a:g] Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf]

;ª\Vof


6=

b]j3f6

Pg=cf/=Pg=

j[4f>d

b]j3f6,

lrtjg @& #! %*

7= /f]6/L s?0ffno

j[4f>d

b]j3f6,

lrtjg @) !) #)

8= lj>flGt dlGb/

j[4f>d wgs'6f !$ @# #&

hDdf !#* *@ @@)

plNnlvt tflnsfsf] tYofÍsf] cWoog ubf{ j[4f>ddf a:g] Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf]

s'n ;ª\VofdWo] dlxnf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] ;ª\Vof ^@=&@ k|ltzt / k'?if Ho]i7

gful/sx¿sf] ;ª\Vof #&=@& k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 ;/sf/af6 ;~rflnt

j[4f>ddf h:t} ;+:yfut ¿kdf ;~rflnt j[4f>ddf a:g] k'?ifeGbf dlxnf Ho]i7

gful/sx¿sf] ;ª\Vof g} a9L ePsf] b]lvG5 .

;+:yfut ¿kdf ;~rflnt j[4f>dx¿sf] cg'udgaf6 k|fKt tYox¿ M

1_ ;+:yfut ¿kdf ;~rflnt j[4f>dx¿df Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ kl/jf/sf

;b:ox¿n] x]/rfx gu/]sf] jf ug{ grfx]sf], x]nf u/]sf] jf ljb]zdf

a;f]af; ul//x]sf], kl/jf/df sf]xL gePsf] h:tf ;d:ofx¿sf sf/0fn]

j[4f>ddf a:g uPsf] kfOof] . ;+:yfut j[4f>dx¿df 5f]/f5f]/Lnufot

kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] g} Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ nu]/ /fVg] u/]sf a'lemof] .

2_ j[4f>ddf a:g] clwsf+z Ho]i7 gful/sx¿n] cfˆgf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿

ljb]z uPsf] jf x]/rfx gu/]sf]n] jfWotfj; j[4f>ddf a;]sf] atfPsf

lyP . cfˆg} v';Ln] j[4f>ddf a:g cfPsf] atfpg]sf] ;ª \Vof cToGt Go"g

lyof] .

3_ ;+:yfut j[4f>dcGtu{t snÍLsf] cfdf 3/df eg] kl/jf/sf sf]xL ;b:o

gePsf a];fxf/f, kl/jf/af6 5'6]/ cnkqdf k/]sf tyf 3/kl/jf/af6

a]jf:tf ul/Psf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ ;d]t cf>o lbOPsf] kfOof] .


14

4_ o:tf j[4f>dx¿df s'g} Ho]i7 gful/s a:g rfx]df gful/stf;lxt

kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] tf]lsPsf] kmf/d e/L tf]lsPsf] z'Ns a'emfP/ /fVg

;lsg] /x]5 . j[4f>dx¿n] ;'?df w/f}6L;lxt s]xL z'Ns lnP/ dfl;s

¿kdf z'Ns lnO{ /fVg] ul/Psf] kfOof] . b]j3f6sf] Pgcf/Pg j[4f>ddf eg]

Psd'i6 jflif{s jf cfhLjg z'Ns lng] ul/Psf] /x]5 . sf7df8f}Fsf] cfdf

3/df Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ lgMz'Ns /fVg] Joj:yf /x]5 . ;+:yfut

j[4f>dx¿n] lng] z'Nsdf eg] Ps¿ktf kfOPg . sltko j[4f>dx¿n]

Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] jf lghsf kl/jf/sf] cfly{s cj:yf x]/]/ ;d]t z'Ns

lng] u/]sf] ;d]t hgfP . o;/L lng] z'Ns dfl;s ¿kdf tLg ;ob]lv b;

xhf/;Dd /x]sf] kfOof] .

5_ sf7df8fF}sf] cfdf 3/sf] ef}lts ;+/rgf Ho]i7 gful/sd}qL geP klg

j[4f>d ;~rfngsf nflu csf]{ ejg lgdf{0ffwLg /x]sf] a'lemof] . cGo

j[4f>dx¿sf] ef}lts ;+/rgf cf};t ¿kdf j[4d}qL g} /x]sf] kfOof] .

;a}eGbf /fd|f] ef}lts ;+/rgf eQmk'/sf l;l4 zflnu|fd :d[lt cf>dsf]

kfOof] eg] b]j3f6sf] Pgcf/Pg j[4f>dsf] ef}lts ;+/rgf klg

;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] lyof] . o:tf j[4f>dx¿df 5'§} efG5fsf]7fsf] Joj:yf

x'g'sf ;fy} Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ ;xh x'g] :yfgdf zf}rfnox¿ agfOPsf]

/x]5 . eQmk'/sf] l;l4 cf>d / ;fxf/f x]/rfx s]Gb|df sf]7fdf g} zf}rfno

(Attached Toilet) ;d]t /x]sf sf]7fx¿;d]t /x]sf] kfOof] .

6_ cg'udg ul/Psf j[4f>dx¿df ;/;kmfO / JolQmut ;/;kmfO

;Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] kfOof] .

7_ j[4f>dx¿df bftfx¿n] vfBfGg, sk8f tyf cfly{s ;xof]u u/]/

pNn]vgLo of]ubfg lbPsf] kfOof] . o;sf ;fy} ljleGg ;+:yf tyf

JolQmut ¿kdf :jo+;]jsdfkm{t ;d]t Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] :ofx/ Pjd\

:jf:Yo k/LIf0fdf ;xof]u k|fKt eO/x]sf] kfOof] .

8_ j[4f>ddf a:g] Ho]i7 gful/sx¿ d"n ¿kdf cNhfOd/, pRr /Qmrfk,

;'u/, hf]gL{ b'Vg], d[uf}nf;DaGwL /f]u, l8k|];g, cfFvf sdhf]/ x'g] nufotsf

/f]ux¿af6 kLl8t ePsf] kfOof] . la/fdL ePsf JolQmx¿sf] pkrf/sf

nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ glhssf c:ktfnx¿df n}hfg] ul/Psf] / ;/sf/L

c:ktfndf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ sfg'gadf]lhd lbOg] ;x'lnot lbg] u/]sf]

eGg] a'lemof] . sf7df8f}Fsf] cfdf3/afx]s ;a} j[4f>dx¿df ;fdfGotof


15

;fwf/0f cf}ifwLafx]s :jf:Yof]krf/sf nflu nfUg] ;a} vr{ kl/jf/sf

;b:ox¿n] Joxf]g'{kg]{ /x]5 .

9_ b]j3f6 If]qdf sl/a b; xhf/sf] ;ª\Vofdf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿ a;f]af; ug]{

eP klg ToxfF Pp6f PDa'n]G; ;d]t gePsf] / pQm If]qdf Pp6f c:ktfn

/ PDa'n]G; cTofjZos /x]sf] s'/f clwsf+z Ho]i7 gful/s tyf j[4f>d

;~rfnsx¿n] atfPsf lyP .

10_ eQmk'/sf] l;l4 zflnu|fd j[4f>d;+u} c:ktfn klg ePsf] / To;sf]

ef}lts Pjd\ hgzlQmsf] ;xof]u klg ePsf] cj:yfafx]s cg'udg ul/Psf

j[4f>dx¿df s'g} la/fdLnufotsf cfsl:dstf cfOk/]sf] v08df To;sf

nflu kof{Kt Joj:yfkg gePsf] kfOof] . oftfoftsf] ;fwg ;d]t gx'Fbf

la/fdLx¿nfO{{ c:ktfn n}hfg;d]t 7"nf] ;d:of /x]sf] kfOof] .

11_ eQmk'/sf] ;fxf/f x]/rfx s]Gb|df vf;u/L ckfËtf ePsf Ho]i7

gful/sx¿n] cf>o lnPsf] kfOof] . ltgdf clwsf+z Kof/fnfOl;;sf] /f]u

/x]sf] kfOof] .

12_ cg'udg ul/Psf j[4f>dx¿df 5'§} ;'/Iffuf8{sf] Joj:yf /x]g5 . o;af6

sltko cj:yfdf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿ x/fpg] / kl5 vf]h]/ e]l6g] u/]sf]

;d]t a'lemof] . clwsf+z j[4f>dsf ;~rfnsx¿n] clwsf+z ;do d"nu]6

aGb ug]{ / cfjZos kg]{ ;dodf dfq vf]n]/ ;'/Iff k|aGw ldnfPsf]

kfOof] .

13_ j[4f>ddf a:g] clwsf+z Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] gful/stf ePsf] / Ho]i7

gful/s eQf;d]t a'lem/x]sf] kfOof] . sf7df8f}Fsf] cfdf 3/df eg] Ho]i7

gful/sx¿n] gful/stf tyf a;fOF ;/fO gePsf sf/0f clwsf+zn]

;/sf/n] k|bfg ug]{ j[4eQf gkfPsf] a'lemof] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|wfgdGqLn]

;d]t cfdf 3/sf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ gful/stf lbg] k|lta4tf hgfPsf]

eP klg xfn;Dd gful/stf k|bfg gul/Psf] a'lemof] .

14_ clwsf+z j[4f>dx¿n] lgoldt ¿kdf ehg, sLt{g, k|jrgnfuotsf

wfld{s lqmofsnfkx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg] u/]sf] kfOof] .

sltko j[4f>dx¿n] of]ufEo;;d]t u/fpg] u/]sf] a'lemof] .


16

15_ j[4f>ddf a:g] Ho]i7 gful/ssf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf k|x/LnfO{{ hfgsf/L

u/fpg] / kl/jf/sf] glhssf] cfkmGtnfO{{ hfgsf/L u/fP/ bfx ;+:sf/

Pjd\ sfhlqmofsf nflu zj a'emfpg] ul/Psf] kfOof] .

16_ cfdf 3/df a:g] Ho]i7 gful/ssf] d[To' ePdf pgLx¿sf] sfhlqmof cfdf

3/ ;~rfns :jod\n] ug]{ u/]sf] eGg] a'lemof] .

cg'udgaf6 k|fKt tYox¿sf cfwf/df lgDg ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

1= g]kfn ;/sf/n] j[4f>d ;~rfng;DaGwL dfkb08 agfO{ To;sf] sfof{Gjog

ug'{kb{5 .

2= ;/sf/åf/f ;~rflnt j[4f>dnfO{{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos

ah]6 / ;|f]t ;fwgx¿ pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .

3= ;dfh sNof0f s]Gb| j[4f>d kz'kltsf] ef}lts ;+/rgf Ho]i7 gful/sd}qL

gePsfn]] To;nfO{{ pko'Qm :yfgdf :yfgfGt/0f u/L ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 .

4= x/]s j[4f>ddf lrlsT;såf/f Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] lgoldt :jf:Yo

k/LIf0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 .

5= g]kfn ;/sf/n] lrtjg / tgx'F lhNnfsf] l;dfgfdf kg]{ b]j3f6 If]qdf

sl/a b; xhf/ Ho]i7 gful/sx¿ a;f]af; ul//x]sf] tYo;d]tnfO{{

dWogh/ u/L pQm If]qdf c:ktfn lgdf{0f u/L lrlsT;såf/f :jf:Yo

k/LIf0f ug]{ Jof:yf ldnfpg / pQm If]qdf /xg] u/L tTsfn PDa'n]G;sf]

Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 .

6= g]kfn ;/sf/n] j[4f>ddf a:g] x/]s g]kfnL gful/sn] gful/stf kfpg]

s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ / pgLx¿n] j[4f>ddf g} ;fdflhs ;'/IffeQf kfpg]

/ Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf oftfoft Pjd\ :jf:Yo If]qsf]

;fdflhs ;'/Iffafktsf] 5'6;lxtsf] ;]jf kfpg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf

ug'{kb{5 .

7= j[4f>dx¿df bftfx¿n] lbg] ;xof]unfO{{ kf/bzL{ Pjd\ cfjZostfd'vL

agfpg j[4f>d ;~rfnsx¿n] kxn ug'{kb{5 .


17

!=^=# Ho]i7 gful/ssf clwsf/;DaGwL ;+j4{gfTds ultljlwx¿

cfof]un]Ho]i7 gful/ssf clwsf/;DaGwL ;+j4{gfTds ultljlwx¿ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .

o; jif{ ;DkGg s]xL ;+j4{gfTds ultljlwx¿ tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

Ho]i7 gful/ssf clwsf/ / ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] e"ldsf ljifos ljrf/ uf]i7L /fli6«o

dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cfof]hgf, k/f;Ll:yt sfg'g cGj]if0f tyf ;|f]t ljsf;

s]Gb|-;]n8{_ ;+:yfsf] ;dGjogdf ldlt @)&) ;fn c;f/ !^ ut] gjnk/f;Lsf]

e'dxLdf Ho]i7 gful/ssf clwsf/ / ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] e"ldsf ljifodf ljrf/ uf]i7L

;DkGg eof] . /fdgu/ uflj;sf Ho]i7 gful/s >L r"8fdl0f e§/fO{sf] cWoIftfdf

ePsf] pQm cgf}krfl/s sfo{qmddf /fdgu/ uflj;sf uflj; ;lrj >L uf]s'n

lu/Lnufot gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf sl/j b;j6f uflj;df ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk s]Gb|

;d]tdf sfd ug]{ ;fdflhs cu'jf Pjd\ :jo+ Ho]i7 gful/sx¿;d]t u/L sl/a

aofnL; hgfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] uf]i7Ldf Ho]i7 gful/ssf ;DaGwdf ljBdfg P]g

sfg'gx¿,Ho]i7 gful/ssf xfnsf] cj:yf / /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] ;f]

;DaGwdf s] ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] ljifodf rrf{ ul/Psf] lyof] .

Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] cj:yf laifos cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd

@)&).)#.)@ ut]sf lbgdf wgu9Ldf cfof]usf dfggLo ;b:o >L /fdglugf

l;+xHo"sf] ;d'kl:yltdf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] dfgj clwsf/sf] cj:yf ljifos Ps

cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] ./fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf],

dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+jw{g ug]{ ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg'gL bfloTj klg xf] .

cfof]usf] o; ;+j}wflgs bfloTjcGtu{t ljleGg ljifo / If]qsf ;d:of tyf

;jfnx¿nfO{{ cGt/lqmof, 5nkmn Pjd\ ljleGGf ;+jfbsf dfWodaf6 k|fKt

;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;DalGwt lgsfox¿nfO{{ cfjZos l;kmfl/;;lxt ;'emfj

lbg] cxd\ bfloTj /x]sf] ljifodf rrf{ ul/Psf] lyof] .

Ho]i7 gful/s b'Jo{jxf/ lj?¢ ;r]tgf lbj; sfo{qmd

Ho]i7 gful/ssf xslxt ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{, ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{,

lghx¿df /x]sf] 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf / cg'ej ;b'kof]u ug]{ ;Gb]z lbg @)&) cfiff9

! ut] Ho]i7 gful/s b'Jo{jxf/ lj?¢ ;r]tgf lbj; sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . pQm

sfo{qmddf Ho]i7 gful/s ;ª\3÷;:yfsf k|ltlgwLx¿, clwjQmfx¿, kqsf/x¿ tyf

cfof]usf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .


18

!=& Ho]i7 gful/s ;DaGwdf cfof]un] u/]sf] l;kmfl/;

/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{ cfjZos /fo;'emfj lbg], k|rlnt

sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] cWoog u/L k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{ l;kmfl/;

ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL P]g clwsf/d'vL geP/ k/f]ksf/L h:tf]

ePsfn]] k|:t't P]gn] Ho]i7 gful/ssf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ g;s]sf] x'Fbf Ho]i7

gful/ssf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf lgldQ Ho]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# df

b]xfoadf]lhdsf] ;+zf]wg ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsfn] b]xfoadf]lhd ;+zf]wgsf nflu

k|:tfljt u/]sf] 5 . Ho]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] d"n kf7nfO{ cg';"rLdf

;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5.

Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL P]g k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{ u/]sf] l;kmfl/;

xfnsf] Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf nlfu k|:tfljt Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf] sf/0f

k|:tfjgf M Ho]i7 gful/ssf]

;+/If0f / ;dflhs ;'/Iff

ug,]{ lghx¿df /x]sf] 1fg,

;Lk, Ifdtf / cg'ejsf]

;b'kof]u u/L lghx¿k|lt

>4f, cfb/ tyf ;b\efjsf]

clej[l4 ug]{ ;DaGwdf

tTsfn Joj:yf ug{

jf~5gLo ePsfn]],

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] xs clwsf/

;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{, ;dflhs

;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{,

lghx¿df /x]sf] 1fg, ;Lk,

Ifdtf / cg'ej ;b'kof]u ug{

:yfgLob]lv s]Gb|;Dd

Ifdtfcg';f/sf] cfod"ns

sfo{df k'g:yf{kgf u/L

lghx¿k|lt cfb/, ;Ddfg /

;b\efj clej[l4 ug{ jf~5gLo

ePsfn] Ho]i7 gful/s P]g,

@)^# df ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] 5 .

xfn axfndf /x]sf] Ho]i7

gful/s;DaGwL P]g

clwsf/d'vL geO{

sNof0fsf/L ePsfn]]

P]gnfO{{ k|:tfjgfaf6}

clwsf/d'vL agfpgsf

nflu .

bkmf @ kl/efiff M

-u_ czQm Ho]i7 gful/s

eGgfn] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s

¿kn] czQm Ho]i7 gful/s

;Demg'k5{ .

-u_ ! yk u/L Psn Ho]i7

gful/s eGgfn] ljwjf, ljw'/ jf

cljjflxt jf j}jflxs

;DaGwljR5]b ePsf Ho]i7

gful/s ;Demg'k5{ .

kl/efiff v08sf] bkmf @ df -ª_

! / -ª _ @ yk ul/Psf] 5 .

-ª_ ! æcfod"ns sfo{qmdÆ

eGgfn] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{

k'g:yflkt ug{ ;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t cfocfh{g ug]{

sfo{qmdnfO{{ hgfp+Fb5 .

-ª_ @= æ;]jf s]Gb|Æ eGgfn]

:yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, @)%% /

Zff/Ll/s cj:yf /

;dflhs cj:yf km/s

x'g] ePsfn]] kl/efiffn] g}

o;nfO{{ ;d]6\g'kg]{

ePsfn]] .


19

xfnsf] Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf nlfu k|:tfljt Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf] sf/0f

-`_ æsf]ifÆ eGgfn] bkmf !&

adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] Ho]i7

gful/s sNof0f sf]if

;Demg'k5{ .

lgodfjnL @)%^ adf]lhd Ho]i7

gful/snfO{{ x]/rfx, ;+/If0f,

;+j4{g ug{ cfod"ns sfo{qmd

;~rfng ug{ k|To]s uflj;,

gu/kflnsf, pkdxfgu/kflnsf

/ dxfgu/kflnsfdf vf]lng] ;]jf

s]Gb| ;Demg'k5{ .

-`_ æsf]ifÆ eGgfn] bkmf !&

adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] Ho]i7

gful/s clwsf/ ;+/If0f sf]if

;Demg'k5{ .

bkmf $ Ho]i7 gful/ssf]

kfng kf]if0f tyf x]/rfx

o; bkmfsf] pkbkmf % kl5

pkbkmf ^ yk ul/Psf] 5 .

-^_ Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ kl/jf/sf]

s'g} ;b:o, gft]bf/ jf

xsjfnfn] kfngkf]if0f jf

x]/rfx gu/]s]f cj:yfdf

To:tf] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{

cj:yfcg';f/ x]/rfx

s]Gb| jf Ho]i7 gful/s

u|fd jf Ho]i7 gful/s

cf/f]Uo cf>ddf /fvL

kfng kf]if0f tyf x]/rfx

ug'{kg]{5 .

Gfful/s tyf /fhg}lts

clwsf/;DaGwL

cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw, ;g\

!(^^ sf] wf/f ^ /

cfly{s ;dflhs tyf

/fhg}lts clwsf/;DaGwL

cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw, ;g\

!(^^ sf] wf/f !!-!_,

wf/f !@-!_ cg's"n

Joj:yf x'gsf nflu .

bkmf % sf] pkbkmf *

pkbkmf pkbkmf -#_ jf

-^_ adf]lhdsf] cfb]zsf]

kfngf ;DalGwt JolQmn]

ug'{kg]{5 . lghn] To:tf]

cfb]zsf] kfngf gu/]df

k|rlnt sfg'gdf h'g;'s} s'/f

n]lvPsf] eP tfklg To:tf]

JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} klg

ljifosf] l;kmfl/; ug{ j8f

cWoIf, ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf]

cWoIf jf gu/kflnsfsf]

k|d'v afWo x'g] 5}g .

pkbkmf # jf ^ adf]lhdsf]

cfb]z ;DalGwt JolQmn] kfngf

ug'{kg]{5 . lghn] To:tf] cfb]z

kfngf gu/]df k|rlnt sfg'gdf

h'g;'s} Joxf]/f n]lvPsf] eP

tfklg Ho]i7 gful/ssf] gfpFdf

/x]sf] rncrn ;DklQ pkef]u

ug{ To:tf] JolQmnfO{{ uflj;

cWoIf, gu/kflnsfsf k|d'vn]

k|ltaGw nufpg ;Sg]5 . /,

;DklQ pkef]u ug{ k|ltaGwdf

k/]sf xsjfnfafx]ssf cGo

xsjfnfnfO{{ x]/rfx ug{ lhDdf

tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .

pkbkmf * kl5 pkbkmf ( yk

ul/Psf] 5 pkbkmf $ / % df

n]lvPcg';f/sf] Joj:yf

xsjfnfn] gldnfPdf To:tf]

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] xs

clwsf/ ;+/If0fdf

k|efjsfl/tf Nofpgsf

nflu . ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf]

wf/f !*

-@_ cg's"n agfpgsf

nflu .


20

xfnsf] Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf nlfu k|:tfljt Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf] sf/0f Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ cj:yfcg';f/

x]/rfx s]Gb| jf Ho]i7 gful/s

u|fd jf Ho]i7 gful/s cf/f]Uo

cf>d jf k|To]s uflj; / ;a}

txsf gfu/kflnsf;d]tdf Ho]i7

gful/s ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L–

u/fO{ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] /]vb]v,

cf}ifwLpkrf/ ug]{ Joj:yf pQm

s]Gbn] ug'{kg]{5 .

pkbkmf ( kl5 pkbkmf !) yk

ul/Psf] 5 .

-!)_ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] b]v/]v,

cf}ifwf]krf/ ug{ Joj:yf

ldnfPkl5 To:tf] Ho]i7

gful/ssf] ;DklQsf]

cfo:tf ;f]xL ;+:yfn]

pkef]u ug{ kfpg]5 .

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] d[To'kl5

hftLo l/ltcg';f/

d[tssf] sfhlqmof ug]{–

u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L klg

;f]xL ;+:yfsf] x'g]5 .

sfhlqmof ;DkGg ePkl5

afFsL /x]sf] ;DklQ

d[tssf] xsjfnfn]

kfpg]5 .

pkbkmf !) kl5 pkbkmf !! yk

ul/Psf] 5 .

-!!_ rn–crn ;DklQ gx'g]

Ho]i7 gful/ssf af/]df

tf]lsPcg';f/ 5fglag

u/L Aoxf]/f ;fFrf] eP

cf}ifwL pkrf/ u/L–

u/fOlbg pQm s]Gb|n]

l;kmfl/; ug]{5 .

l;kmfl/; eO{

cfPcg';f/sf] sfo{ g]kfn

;/sf/n] ul/lbg'kg]{5 .

pkbkmf !! kl5 pkbkmf !@

yk ul/Psf] 5 .

-!@_ lghdftL ;]jf jf cGo


21

xfnsf] Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf nlfu k|:tfljt Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf] sf/0f ;/sf/L ;]jf jf s'g}

lsl;dsf] u}/;/sf/L

;]jfdf sfo{/t Ho]i7

gful/ssf ;Gtfg jf

xsjfnfn] kfpg]

tnaeQfaf6 k|ltdlxgf

b; k|ltzt s§f u/L

Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ k|bfg

ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]

sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L ;a}

;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{{ lgb]{zg

hf/L ug'kg]{5 .

bkmf * leIff dfUg nufpg

gx'g] M -!_ s;}n] klg Ho]i7

gful/snfO{{ leIff dfUg

nufpg

x'Fb}g .

-@_ Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ lghsf]

OR5fljk/Lt ;Gof;L, leIf'

jf kmls/ agfpg' xF'b}g .

-#_ s;}n] pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_

ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ u/]df lghn]

o; adf]lhdsf] s;'/ u/]sf]

dflgg]5 .

bkmf * leIff dfUg, s'g} klg

tl/sfn] b'Jo{jxf/ jf

ckdfg ug{ u/fpg gx'g] M

-!_ s;}n] klg Ho]i7

gful/snfO{{ leIff dfUg

nufpg x'Fb}g jf leIff dfuL

Nofpg pTk|]l/t ug'{ xF'b}+g .

-@_ Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ lghsf]

OR5fljk/Lt ;Gof;L,

leIf' jf kmls/, of]uL

agfpg' jf aGg pTk|]l/t

ug'{ x'b}g .

-#_ Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ q"m/ jf

cGo s'g} tl/sfn]

b'Jo{jxf/, ckdfg jf

oftgf lbg' x'Fb}g

-$_ Ho]i7 gful/ssf gfddf

/x]sf rncrn ;DklQ

lng]–vfg] p2]Zon] jf s'g}

klg tl/sfn] bafj lbO{

;DklQ lng jf cfˆgf]

gfpFdf u/fpg x'Fb}g .

-%_ s;}n] pkbkmf ! b]lv

pkbkmf $ ;Ddsf] sfo{

u/]–u/fPdf jf b'?T;fxg

u/]df o; P]gadf]lhdsf]

s;'/ u/]sf] dflgg]5 .

cdfgjLo Jojxf/df /f]s

nufpgsf nflu .

bkmf (5'6 / ;'ljwf M sf]

pkbkmf -%_ vfg]kfgL,

lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]gnufot

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg ug]{

pkbkmf -%_ vfg]kfgL, lah'nL,

6]lnkmf]gnufot ;fj{hlgs ;]jf

k|bfg ug]{ To:tf] ;+:yfn] ;]jf

k|bfg ug{ Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f

!*-@_ cg's"n j[4j[4fnfO{{

;fdflhs ;'/Iff


22

xfnsf] Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf nlfu k|:tfljt Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf] sf/0f cGo ;+:yfn] ;]jf k|bfg ubf{

Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ k|fyldstf

lbg'kg]{5 .

k|fyldstf lbg'sf ;fy} nfUg]

z'Nsdf %) k|ltzt 5'6 lbg'kg]{5

. ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfo ;/sf/L

lgsfoafx]s cGo ;j} lgsfonfO{{

To:tf] ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf]

/]s8{cg';f/ To; ;+:yfn]

a'emfpg'kg]{ cfos/ /sddf

tf]lsPadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n]

5'6 lbg'kg]{5 .

bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf ^ kl5 pkbkmf -

&_ yk ul/Psf] 5 .

-&_ s'g} Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{

uDeL/ lsl;dsf] /f]u

nfu]df cfly{s sf/0fn]

ubf{ lghsf] kl/jf/n]

pkrf/ ug{ c;dy{ /x]sf]

5fglagaf6 k'li6 ePdf

To:tf] Ho]i7 gful/ssf]

pkrf/ u/fOlbg

uflj;÷gu/kflnsfn]

l;kmfl/; u/]df g]kfn

;/sf/n] pkrf/

u/fOlbg'kg]{5 .

lbnfpgsf nflu .

bkmf !# s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7

gful/s sNof0f ;ldltsf]

u7g M

bkmf !# pkbkmf -!_ sf]

-8_ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] lxt

;+/If0f ug{sf nlfu ;~rflnt

;+:yfx¿dWo]af6 g]kfn

;/sf/n] dgf]gog u/]sf] Ps

hgf dlxnf ;d]t b'O{ hgf

k|ltlglw ==== ;b:o

-9_ wfld{s tyf ;dflhs

sfo{df ;+nUg

JolQmx¿dWo]af6 g]kfn

;/sf/n] dgf]gLt u/]sf] Ps

hgf dlxnf ;d]t b'O{ hgf

===== ;b:o

bkmf !# s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7 gful/s

clwsf/ ;+/If0f tyf ;+j4{g

;ldltsf] u7g M

-8_ Ho]i7 gful/s dxf;ª\3sf

cWoIf / dxf;lrj=======

kb]g ;b:o

-9_ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] xslxt

;+/If0f ug{sf nflu

;~rflnt

;+:yfx¿dWo]af6 Ho]i7

gful/snfO{{ k|ToIf ¿kdf

pNn]Vo ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf

;+:yfdWo]af6 g]kfn

;/sf/n] dgf]gog u/]sf]

Ps hgf dlxnf;d]t b'O{

hgf k|ltlglw == ;b:o

Ho]i7 gful/ssf]

;xeflutf a9fpg tyf

P]gnfO{{ clwsf/d'vL

agfpgsf nflu .


23

xfnsf] Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf nlfu k|:tfljt Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf] sf/0f -0f_ dxf;lrj, dlxnf

afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh

sNof0f dGqfno -;DalGwt

dxfzfvf x]g]{

bkmf !% lhNnf Ho]i7

gful/s sNof0f ;ldltsf]

u7g M pkbkmf -!_ sf] -8_

bkmf !% lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s

clwsf/ ;+/If0f tyf

;Dj4{g ;ldlt u7g

-ª_ / -9_ cg';f/ Joj:yf

ldnfpg'kg]{5 .

bkmf !& Ho]i7 gful/s

sNof0f sf]if M

bkmf !& Ho]i7 gful/s clwsf/

;+/If0f sf]if M cGt{ut

bkmf !& -s_ !& -v_ /

!& -u_ yk ul/Psf] 5 .

bkmf !& -s_ != Ho]i7 gful/ssf

nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t cfod"ns

sfo{qmd uflj; / ;a} txsf

gu/kflnsfdf vf]lnPsf] Ho]i7

gful/s ;]jf s]Gb|n]

ug]{5 .

-@_ To;sf nflu rflxg] sf]ifsf]

Joj:yf b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 .

-s_ Ho]i7 gful/s clwsf/

;+/If0f sf]ifn] k|bfg

u/]sf] /sd

-v_ uflj;n] k|bfg u/]sf]

/sd

-u_ ;a} txsf gul/kflnsfn]

k|bfg u/]sf] /sd

-3_ lhlj;n] k|bfg u/]sf]

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] cfˆg}

;Lksf] pkof]u u/L

dof{lbt / ;Ddfgk"0f{

Joj:yfsf nflu cfˆg}

yftynf]df a;L

cfod"ns sfo{qmdsf

nflu k'g:yf{lkt ug{nfO{{ .


24

xfnsf] Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf nlfu k|:tfljt Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf] sf/0f /sd

-ª_ cGo ;|f]taf6 k|fKt

ePsf] /sd .

-#_ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t

sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf]

/sdsf] ljt/0f Ho]i7 gful/s

;]jf s]Gb|df a:g] Ho]i7

gful/saLr tf]lsPadf]lhd

ljt/0f ul/g]5 .

bkmf !& -v_ -!_uflj; / ;a}

txsf gfu/kflnsfdf vf]lnPsf]

Ho]i7 gful/s ;]jf s]Gb|n]

;~rfng u/]sf] sfo{qmdsf nflu

k|fKt ePsf] /sd, cfod"ns

sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ k|fKt x'g]

cfoJoo / Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ ;f]

;]jf s]Gb|n] ljt/0f u/]sf] /sd /

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;DklQaf6 k|fKt

cfo:tfsf] cfo oo d"n P]gsf]

bkmf !* cg';f/ n]vf /fvL k/LIf0f

u/fO{ ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{5 .

-@_ Ho]i7 gful/s;Fu x'g] u/]sf]

b'Jo{jxf/sf] /]vb]v, cg'udg ;f]xL

;]jf s]Gb|n] u/L cfjZos

sf/jfxLsf nflu ;DalGwt

lgsfodf k7fpg'kg]{5 . b'Jo{jxf/

ug]{ JolQmdfly ;DalGwt lgsfon]

sf/jfxL u/L lbg'kg]{5 .

bkmf !& -u_ -!_ uflj; / ;a}

gu/kflnsfx¿df u7g ePsf

Ho]i7 gful/s ;]jf s]Gb|n] Ho]i7

gful/ssf nflu ;~rfng u/]sf

cfod"ns sfo{qmd ;xL 9Ën]

;~rfng u/]–gu/]sf], Ho]i7

gful/snfO{{ b'Jo{jxf/, ckdfg,

otfgf lbPsf] ljifodf 5fgljg

u/L /f]syfd ug]{, sf/jfxL u/]–

gu/]sf] cg'udg ug{

b]xfoadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n]

u7g u/]sf] ;ldltn] ug]{5 .

-!_ lhNnf ljsf;

clwsf/L========= ;+of]hs

cfod"ns sfo{qmd ;xL

9Ën] ;~rfng ug{–

u/fpg, Ho]i7 gful/sk|lt

x'g] u/]sf] b'Jo{jxf/

/f]syfdsf nflu .

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] Gofodf

kx'Fr a9fpg / l56f]–


25

xfnsf] Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf nlfu k|:tfljt Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf] sf/0f -@_ Ho]i7 gful/s dxf;ª\3sf]

zfvf sfof{nosf]

cWoIf=========== kb]g ;b:o

-#_ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] xslxt

;+/If0f / k|a{4g ug{

pNn]Vo ¿kdf sfo{ u/]sf

;+:yfx¿dWo]af6 g]kfn

;/sf/n] dgf]gog u/]sf

Ps hgf dlxnf ;lxt b'O{

hgf k|ltlglw ===== ;b:o

-$_ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf

;xfos k|d'v lhNnf

clwsf/L =======

=============;b:o ;lrj

bkmf !& -u_ -#_ pk–bkmf -@_

adf]lhd ul7t ;ldltn] lbPsf]

k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df k|d'v

lhNnf clwsf/Ln] ;ª\lIfKt

sfo{ljlw P]gcg';f/ l5§}

cfjZos sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{5 .

5l/tf] tl/sfaf6 Gofo

lbnfpg .

P]gsf] bkmf @@ cGTo]li6 M

x]/rfx s]Gb|df s'g} Ho]i7

gful/ssf] d[To' ePdf To:tf]

gful/ssf] ;dflhs

k/Dk/fcg';f/ jf lghn]

OR5fPsf] wfld{s

k/Dk/fcg';f/ lghsf]

cGTo]li6 u/fpg] Joj:yf

;DalGwt x]/rfx s]Gb|n]

ug'{kg]{5 .

bkmf @# ;DklQ;DaGwL

Joj:yf -!_ bkmf @) sf]

pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd x]/rfx

s]Gb|df a:g] Ho]i7 gful/ssf]

d[To' ePdf k|rlnt

sfg'gadf]lhd h'g;'s} s'/f

n]lvPsf] eP tfklg To:tf]

d[tssf] afFsL ;DklQ

;DalGwt x]/rfx s]Gb|sf]

x'g]5 .

-@_ bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -^_

bkmf @@ / bkmf @# df ul/Psf]

Joj:yf k|:tfljt ;+zf]wg

ug'{kg]{ bkmf % sf] pkbkmf !)

;Fu ldnfO{Psfn] o;nfO{{

x6fpg'kg]{ .

;flas P]g -d"n P]g_ df

ePsf] bkmf @@ / @# sf]

Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf nflu

k|:tfljt d:of}bfsf] bkmf

% sf] pkbkmf !) df

;d]l6Psfn] .


26

xfnsf] Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf nlfu k|:tfljt Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf] sf/0f adf]lhd x]/rfx s]Gb|df

/fv]sf] Ho]i7 gful/ssf] d[To'

ePdf To:tf] x]/rfx s]Gb|n]

lghsf] x]/rfx u/]afkt nfUg]

vr{ s6fO{ afFsL /sd

kl/jf/sf] ;b:o jf gft]bf/

jf xsjfnfnfO{{ lkmtf{

lbg'kg]{5 .

bkmf @^ b08 ;hfo M

pkbkmf -%_ k|rlnt

sfg'gdf h'g;'s} s'/f

n]lvPsf] eP klg s;}n]

czQm Ho]i7 gful/s jf

krxQ/ jif{ k"/f gu/]sf]

Ho]i7 gful/slj?4 k|rlnt

sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePsf]

;hfodf kRrL; k|ltzt yk

;hfo

x'g]5 .

bkmf @^ -%_ kl5 pkbkmf @^ -^_

/ -&_ yk ul/Psf]

bkmf @^-^_ Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{

ckdflgt ug]{, b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{,

3fpvt kfg]{ JolQmaf6 s;'/sf]

uDeL/tfnfO{{ x]/L tLg dlxgf;Dd

s}b jf kRrL; xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd

hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . ;fy}

pko'Qm /sd Ifltk"lt{afkt

e/fOlbg'kg]{5 / 3fpvt nfu]sf]

eP To;sf] pkrf/vr{;d]t

e/fOlbg'kg]{5 .

bkmf @^-&_ s;}n] Ho]i7

gful/ssf gfddf /x]sf] rn jf

crn ;DklQ lng] vfg] p2]Zon]

s'g} klg tl/sfn] bafj lbO{

;DklQ lng jf cfˆgf] gfpFdf btf{

u/fpg' xF'b}g .

o:tf] sfo{ u/]–u/fPdf P]gsf]

bkmf @^ -@_ adf]lhdsf] ;hfo

x'g]5 / pQm ;DklQ ;f]xL Ho]i7

gful/ssf] gfp+Fdf lkmtf{ x'g]5 .

ckdfgsf] Ifltk"lt{sf]

Joj:yf h?/L

ePsfn] .


27

Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^* nfO{{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ g]kfn

;/sf/nfO{{ u/]sf] l;kmfl/;

xfnsf] Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf nflu k|:tfljt Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf] sf/0f

clen]v tof/ ug'{kg]{ M

-!_ lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s

sNof0f ;ldltn] cfˆgf]

lhNnfleqsf Ho]i7

gful/ssf] nut ;Íng u/L

lghx¿sf] JolQmut ljj/0f,

kfl/jfl/s l:ylt, z}lIfs

of]Uotf, k];fut bIftf /

cg'ej;d]t v'Ng] u/L

cg';"rL ! adf]lhdsf]

9fFrfdf clen]v /fVg'kg]{5 .

-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd

/flvPsf] clen]vnfO{{ x/]s

jif{ cBfjlws ul//fVg'

kg]{5 .

#_ d"n lgodfjnLsf] lgod *

df ;+zf]wg M

-!_ lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s

clwsf/ ;+/If0f tyf ;Da{4g

;ldltn ] cfˆgf] lhNnfleqsf

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] nut ;Íng

u/L lghx¿sf] JolQmut ljj/0f,

kfl/jfl/s l:ylt, z}lIfs of]Uotf,

k];fut bIftf / cg'ej;d]t

v'Ng] u/L cg';"rL ! adf]lhdsf]

9fFrfdf clen]v /fVg'kg]{5 .

d"n lgodfjnLsf] lgod

*-@_ kl5 b]xfosf] pk lgod -#_

-$_ yk ul/Psf] 5 .

-#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd tof/

ePsf] clen]v s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7

gful/s clwsf/ ;+/If0f tyf

;+j4{g ;ldltdf k]; ug'{kg]{5 .

-$_ pklgod *-!_ sf]

clen]vsf cfwf/df lhNnf tyf

s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7 gful/s clwsf/

;+/If0f tyf ;+j4{g ;ldltn]

cfˆgf] of]hgf, ;dflhs ;'/Iff

sfo{qmd nfu" ug]{5 .

clen]vcg';f/ sfo{ ug{

;xhtfsf nflu .

bkmf !$ Ho]i7 gful/ssf]

juL{s/0f M

-!_ P]gsf] bkmf @$ sf]

k|of]hgsf nflu b]xfosf

cfwf/df Ho]i7 gful/s,

c;xfo Ho]i7 gful/s /

czQm Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{

juL{s/0f ul/g]5 M–

-s_ ;Q/L jif{ pd]/ k"/f

gu/]sf] Ho]i7 gful/s,

-v_ ;Q/L jif{ k"/f u/]sf]

jl/i7 Ho]i7 gful/s,

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] juL{s/0f M -!_

P]gsf] bkmf @$ sf] k|of]hgsf

nflu b]xfosf] cfwf/df Ho]i7

gful/s, c;xfo Ho]i7 gful/s

/ czQm Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{

juL{s/0f ul/g]5 M–

-s_ ;f7L jif{ k"/f u/]sf] Ho]i7

gful/s,

-v_ c;xfo Ho]i7 gful/s,

-u_ czQm Ho]i7 gful/s,

-3_ Psn Ho]i7 gful/s

P]g;Fu Ps¿ktf sfod

ug{ .


28

-u_ c;xfo Ho]i7 gful/s,

-3_ czQm Ho]i7 gful/s,

-ª_ Psn Ho]i7 gful/s

bkmf !% Ho]i7 gful/ssf]

kl/rokq M

-!_ dGqfnon] tf]s]sf]

lgsfodfkm{t Ho]i7

gful/snfO{{ cg';"rL – #

adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf Ho]i7

gful/s kl/rokq pknAw

u/fOg]5 .

-@_ pklgod-!_ adf]lhd

pknAw u/fOg] kl/rokq

lgod !$ sf] juL{s/0fsf

cfwf/df km/skm/s x'g

;Sg]5 .

pklgod -#_ / -$_ yk ul/Psf]

5 .

pklgod -#_ cg';"rL – #

adf]lhdsf] kl/rokqsf]

cfwf/df P]gsf] bkmf @$

af]lhdsf] eQf jf ;'ljwf

pknAw u/fOg]5 .

pklgod -$_ Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{

eQf jf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpFbf

g]kfn /fHoleq pd]/sf] xb Pp6}

sfod ul/g]5 . t/ ljz]if If]qsf]

klxrfg u/L eQf kfpg] pd]/sf]

xbaf/] ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ o;

lgoddf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn]

c;/ kfg]{ 5}g .

pd]/sf] xbdf Ps¿ktf

sfod ug{ .

bkmf !* tLyf{6g u/fpg'kg]{

M x]/rfx s]Gb| jf lbjf ;]jf

s]Gb|n] To:tf] s]Gb|df /x]sf

Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ jif{sf]

sDtLdf Psk6s tLyf{6g /

b'O{k6s ljleGg :yfgsf]

b[Zofjnf]sg u/fpg] Joj:yf

u/fpg'kg]{5 .

bkmf !* kl5 bkmf !* -s_ -v_

/ -u_= yk ulPsf] 5 .

!* -s_ :jf:Yo ;]jf kl/ro kq

-sf8{ x]Ny s]o/ sf8{sf]_ Joj:yf

M Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ :jf:Yo ;]jf

kl/ro kq pknAw

u/fOg]5 . ;f]xL kl/rokqsf]

cfwf/df :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg

ul/g]5 .

!* -v_ /f;g ;'ljwf kl/ro

kq;DaGwL Joj:yf M Ho]i7

gful/snfO{{ /f;g ;'ljwf kl/ro

kq pknAw u/fOg]5 .

!*=-u_ x]/rfx s]Gb| jf cf/f]Uo

cf>ddf a:g] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{

lghx¿sf] zf/Ll/s

Ifdtfcg';f/sf] cfod"ns

sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L

k'g:y{fkgf ul/g]5 .

Pg]sf] Joj:yf sfof{Gjog

ug{ .

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] 1fg /

;Lksf] pkof]u u/L

;Ddfgk"0f{ hLjg ofkg

ug{sf nflu .

29

efu – @ Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ nfUg] /f]ux¿ / x]/rfx

o; efudf k|sflzt ;fdu|L cg'jfbsåf/f ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7gsf] Ho]i7 gful/ssf]

x]/rfx / /f]u;DaGwL k|sfzgsf] g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/L Ho]i7 gful/ssf] k':ts

ljifos @)^* ;fndf k|sflzt 5qaxfb'/ k|wfgåf/f cg"lbt k':tsaf6 k|sfzs

tyf cg'jfbssf] :jLs[tLdf ;fef/ ul/Psf] xf] .

cg'jfbssf s'/f

dflg;n] ls k9]/ hfGb5 ls k/]/ .

g]kfnL ;dfh / ;+:s[ltdf k|rngdf /x]sf o:tf pvfg–6'Ssfx¿n] g]kfnL jfª\do

;d[4 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{{ k|:6\ofpF5 . olt ;d[4 efiffleq ;ª\u[xLt o;k|sf/sf

jf0fLx¿nfO{{ s]jn pvfg–6'Ssfsf ¿kdf dfq glnP/ g]kfnL o'jfx¿n] cfˆgf]

hLjgk4ltdf nfu" ug]{ xf] eg] pgLx¿sf] l;sfOk|lqmofdf 7"nf] ;xof]u k'U5 eGg

;lsG5 . t/ cfk"m, cfˆgf]] ;dfh, /fi6« jf cfˆgf jl/kl/ /x]sf j:t' hlt;'s} cd"No

eP klg To;nfO{{ cjd"Nog ug]{ / cln 6f9f jf cGoqsf hlt;'s} g/fd|f j:t'nfO{{


30

klg cd"No agfOlbg] k|rngn] xfdLnfO{{ cToGt g/fd|f]; “u uf“lh;s]sf] 5 . ca o;

k|j[lQaf6 pGd'lQm kfpgsf nflu xfdLn] 7"n} ;ª\3if{ ug'{kg]{ eO;s]sf] 5 . o;

lsl;dsf xfd|f afgL / Jojxf/nfO{{ cfk"m;“u} ePsf] dl0fnfO{{ lrGg g;s]/ dl0fsf]

vf]hLdf ef} “tfl/Psf] dl0f/fhsf] syf; “u hf]8]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 .

dflg; hlGdPkl5 afns, lszf]/, o'jf / jo:s cj:yf kf/ ub}{ j[4 x'G5 / cGTodf

p;sf] d[To' x'G5 . of] s;}n] gsfg{ / 6fg{ g;Sg] ;[li6sf] zfZjt lgod xf] . wtL{df

hGd lnP/ ljleGg cj:yfx¿ kf/ ug]{ qmddf dflg;n] cgluGtL cg'ejx¿

a6'n]sf] x'G5 . o:tf cg'ej ;dfh / ;+:s[ltcg';f/ km/skm/s x'g;S5g\ . o;/L

km/skm/s JolQmleq /x]sf cg'ejx¿ ;Íng u/]/ k|sfzg ug]{ / To;nfO{{

eljiosf ;Gtltn] cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf cfOkg]{ clwsf+z

cj/f]wx¿ Go"g jf z"Godf emfg{{ ;lsG5 .

ljZjdf clxn];Dd lj1fg / k|ljlwn] To:tf] j:t'sf] cfljisf/ ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g

h;n] d[To'nfO{{ /f]sf];\ . t/, lj1fg / k|ljlwn] /f]u, kL8f / czQmtfnfO{{ sd ug{sf

nflu ljleGg cf}ifwLx¿sf] cfljisf/ eg] u/]sf] 5 . oxL czQmtfsf] ;xof]usf

nflu ljZjdf sfo{/t ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] Ho]i7 gful/ssf] x]/rfx ug]{ JolQmnfO{{

;xof]u k'uf];\ eGg] p2]Zosf ;fy :jf:Yo;DaGwL ljleGg n]v/rgf / k':ts

k|sflzt u/]sf 5g\ . oxL p2]Zosf ;fy ;++o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n] klg cfˆgf] j]a ;fO6df

o:tf dxTTjk"0f{ / ;Gb]zd"ns ;fdu|L /fv]sf] 5 . cª\u|]hL efiffdf /x]sf] pQm

;fdu|LnfO{{ xfdLn] g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb u/]/ ;a} ;fIf/ g]kfnLn] k9\g / a'‰g

;Sg] u/L s]xL ;do klxn] k|sfzg u/]sf lyof} “ .cª\u|]hL efiffnfO{{ g]kfnLdf cg'jfb

ubf{ sltko cª\u|]hL zAbsf] ldNbf] / rngrNtLdf /x]sf] g]kfnL zAb kfpg sl7g

xF'bfxF'b} klg cª\u|]hL / g]kfnL efiffdf leGg cj:yfdf /xg] stf{, sd{ / sf/s

cflbnfO{{ ;s];Dd ldnfpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5' . d]/f] of] k|of; sltko cj:yfdf ck"0f{

x'g ;S5 .

of] k':ts Ho]i7 gful/ssf] xsdf pkof]uL x'g] ePsf] tyf k':tssf] dfu cToflws

ePsf]n] / ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ k':tnfO{ k'gM k|sfzg ug{ sl7gfO{ pTkGg x'g

uPsfn] k':tssf] k'gM k|sfzg ul/lbgsf] nflu /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u;Fu

j[4 gful/s ;]jf ;dfhsf cWoIf / d ;d]tn] cg'/f]w ubf{ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/

cfof]un] xfd|f] cg'/f]wnfO{ ;xif{ :jLsf/ u/]sf]n] o; k':tssf] bf];|f] ;+:s/0f

k|sfzg ug{ ;Dej x'g uPsf] xf] h;sf nflu /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]uk|lt

xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5' .

5qaxfb'/ k|wfg

cg'jfbs

efu @ – Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ nfUg] /f]ux? / x]/rfx

31

@=! Ho]i7 gful/ssf ;DaGwdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n] k|:t't u/]sf l;4fGtx¿

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] !^ l8;]Da/ ;g\ !((! df oL l;4fGtx¿sf]

3f]if0ff u/]sf] xf] . oL l;4fGtnfO{{ kfFr lsl;ddf afFl8Psf] 5 M

!= :jtGqtf

cfDbfgL, kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfosf] ;xfotfsf] Joj:yfåf/f :jfjnDag

sfo{qmdsf dfWodaf6 kof{Kt dfqfdf vfgf, kfgL, cfjf;, sk8f,

:jf:Yo;]jf cflbsf] Joj:yf ug]{,

sfd ug]{ cyjf cfo–cfh{gsf c¿ cj;/sf] df}sf lbg],

slxn] / s'gs'g ultdf >dzlQm x6fOG5 eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{odf ;xeflutf

hgfpg],

plrt k|sf/sf] lzIff tyf tflnd ;~rfng ug]{,

JolQmut ?lr / ablnFbf zlQmcg';f/ ;'/lIft tyf dgkbf{ jftfj/0fdf

hLjg latfpg],

;s];Dd 3/d} /xg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

@= ;xeflutf

;dfh;Fu ldn]/ /xg], cfˆgf] enfOsf nflu k|ToIf ¿kdf k|efj kfg]{

gLltx¿sf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf ;lqmo ¿kdf ;xefuL x'g] / cfkm"kl5sf

k':tfsf] 1fg / ;Lk a9fpg ;xefuL x'g],

cfˆgf] ?lr / Ifdtfcg';f/ pko'Qm x'g] u/L :jo+;]jL eO{ ;d'bfonfO{{ ;]jf

k'¥ofpg cj;/x¿sf] vf]hL / ljsf; ug{],

j[4x¿sf nflu ;Ë7g tof/ ug]{ / k|rf/–k|;f/ ug{] .

#= x]/rfx

x/]s ;dfhsf] ;f:+s[lts d"Nosf] kl/kf6Lcg';f/ kfl/jfl/s tyf

;fd'bflos x]/rfx tyf ;+/If0faf6 kmfObf p7fpg],

/f]u nfUb} 5 eg] To;nfO{{ l9nf] u/fpg] tyf x'g} glbg zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s

Pjd\efjgfTds enfOsf] pRrtd cj:yf sfod /fVg] / ;xfotf rfxg]nfO{{{

;3fpg :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kxF'r a9fpg],

Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] :jfoQtfsf] ;+/If0f, ljsf; tyf x]/rfx ug{sf nflu

;fdflhs / sfg'gL ;]jfx¿ k'¥ofpg],

Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ dfgjLo tyf ;'/lIft jftfj/0fdf ;+/If0f,

k'gM:yfkgf, ;fdflhs / dfgl;s k|]/0ff k|bfg ug{ ;+:yfut x]/rfxsf]

pko'Qm txsf] pkof]u ug]{,


32

cfˆgf] OHht, ljZjf;, cfjZostf, uf]kgLotf, cfˆgf] hLjgsf] x]/rfx

tyf u'0f:t/Lotfaf/] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/df k"0f{ ;Ddfg x'g'kg]{ Pjd\ s'g}

klg cfjf;, x]/rfx / pkrf/ ;'ljwfdf /xFbf dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns

:jtGqtfsf] pkof]u ug{ kfpg'kg]{ .

$= cfk}m+df k"0f{tf

cfˆgf] zlQmsf] k"0f{ ljsf;sf nflu cj;/x¿ vf]Hg Ho]i7 gful/sx¿

;Ifd x'g'kg]{,

Ho]i7 gful/sx¿n] ;dfhdf ePsf z}lIfs, ;f+:s[lts, cfWoflTds tyf

dgf]/~hgsf ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg'kg{] .

%= k|lti7f

Ho]i7 gful/sx¿n] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s zf]if0faf6 d'Qm eO{ k|ltli7t tyf

;'/lIft jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg'kg]{,

h'g;'s} pd]/, lnË, hflt, wd{, ;Dk|bfo tyf czQm, ckfË jf cGo

h:tf];'s} cj:yfsf] eP klg Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ lagfe]befj ;dfhdf afFRg

kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/g'kg]{ .

@=@ Ho]i7 gful/sx¿n] :j:y /xgsf nflu Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/fx¿

Ho]i7 gful/s xfd|f] ;dfhsf uxgf x'g\ . pgLx¿sf] ;Ddfg ug'{ k|To]s ;Gtfgsf]

klxnf] bfloTj xf] eg] xfd|f] ;dfhdf ePsf bLgxLg, c;xfo, czQm, cgfy clg

a'9\of}nLn] ;tfPsf JolQmsf] :ofxf/;';f/ ug'{ x/]s gful/ssf] bfloTjleq kg]{ s'/f

xf] . cfˆgf cu|hsf] ;Ddfg ug'{ eg]sf] cfˆgf efjL ;GtltnfO{{ cfk"meGbf 7"nfsf]

;Ddfg ug'{k5{ eg]/ l;sfpg' klg xf] . xfdLn] xfd|f 3/kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhsf Ho]i7

gful/ssf] ;]jf u/]gf}F / ltgLx¿nfO{{ x]nfxfF;f]df p8fof}+ eg] xfd|f ;Gtltn] klg

ToxL kf7 l;Sg]5g\ .

Ho]i7 gful/s x/]s gofF k':tfsf nflu 1fg, ;Lk / k|]/0ffsf d'xfg x'g\ . pgLx¿n]

hLjge/ xfl;n u/]sf cg'ej / cg'e"lt clg 1fg tyf ;Lk xfdLn] pgLx¿sf]

;]jf u/]/ pgLx¿af6 k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5f}+, h'g xfd|f] ;'vb hLjgsf nflu dxTTjk"0f{

;fljt x'G5 . xfdLn] k"jL{o bz{gdf jl0f{t>j0fs'df/sf] syf t k9]s} 5f}+F t/ To;sf]

dxQf / ul/dfnfO{{ :jR5 x[bon] dgg ug{ ;ls/x]sf gx'g ;S5f}+ . t;y{, dflyNnf]

k':tfsf s'g} klg Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;]jf u/]/ pgLx¿sf] cfzLjf{b :j¿k pgLx¿df

ljBdfg hLjg / hut\;DaGwL cyfx 1fg u|x0f u/f}+F. To;sf nflu hLjgsf ofjt\

sd{ ubf{ub}{ clnslt ;do lgsfn]/ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;]jf u/f}F .

;lsG5 eg] ;dfhsf kfsf dflg;sf] ;]jf / pgLx¿sf] ;Ddfg u/f}+Ù olb ;lsFb}g

eg] klg cfˆgf] 3/kl/jf/sf j[4sf] ;]jf u/]/ pgLx¿nfO{{ xfF;LxfF;L hLjgnLnf

;dfKt kfg{ ;xof]u u/f}F . olb Tolt klg ;lsFb}g eg] sDtLdf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{

g?jfcf}F . Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;]jf g} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;dfh;]jf xf] .


33

:j:y /xg Ho]i7 gful/sx¿n] ug{ ;Sg] s'/fx¿

!= cf gf] cjsfzk|fKt hLjgdf /dfpg'xf];\

cjsfzkl5sf jif{x¿ hLjgsf ;a}eGbf

c;n jif{x¿ x'g ;S5g\ . olb oL

jif{x¿nfO{{ /fd|/L latfpg hflgof] eg] x/]s

JolQmsf] afFsL hLjg jf:tjd} cfgGbdo /

cy{k"0f{ x'g

k'U5 .kl/jf/sf nflu w]/} jif{;Dd s8f

ldlxg]t ul/;s]kl5 cjsfzk|fKt hLjg

cK7\of/f sfdx¿ / uxg lhDd]jf/Lx¿af6 5'6sf/f kfpg] ;do xf] . o;

cj:yfdf aNn tkfOF{F cfkm"n] klxn] slxNo} ug{ gEofPsf / gu/]sf sfdx¿ ug{

kfpg'x'g]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf tkfOF{Fsf cfˆgf of]hgfx¿ / cfk"mn] vf]Hg rfx]sf

s'/fx¿ eg] oyfy{l;t ldNg] x'g'kg{]5 . tkfOF{F cfˆg} Ifdtfdf ljrf/ ug'{xf];\

clg cfˆgf cjsfzsf jif{x¿nfO{{ ;f]rljrf/sf ;fy of]hgf u/]/ hlt ;Sof]

cfgGbdo / kmnbfoL agfpg'xf];\ .

cfkm" sfo{/t jf ;lqmo /xFbf/xFb} j[4fj:yfsf nflu of]hgf ;'? ug'{xf];\ .

cfkm"nfO{{ ug{ dg nfu]sf t/ ug{ ;do geP/ afFsL /x]sf

lqmofsnfkx¿af/] ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'xf];\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu tkfOFF{nfO{{

au}rfsf] x]/rfx dg kb{5 eg]tkfOF{n] ;do gkfP/ v]/ uO/x]sf] au}FrfnfO{{

ljsf; ug{ / k'gM:yfkgf ug{ of]hgf agfpg ;Sg'x'g]5 . tkfOF{n] sf7sf]

sfd, l;nfO–s6fOh:tf ;f}v, cWoog, cfkm"n] rfx]sf / slxNo} gb]v]sf

ljleÌ 7fFpx¿ 3'Dg]nufot s'/fx¿df tof/L ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .

k9\g]h:tf sd afwf kg]{ sfo{x¿ yfNg'xf];\Ù h;n] ubf{ cfo–cfh{gdf klg

;xof]u k'U5Ù cyjf l;nfOa'gfO, k'ikv]tL, hl8a'6L, s/];faf/L, ufO{a:t'–

kfng, vfgf ksfpg], 3/}df k9fpg]nufotsf sfdx¿ ug'{xf];\ .

cfˆgf ;lqmo jif{x¿df cfkm" ;+nUg /xg ;Sg] ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkx¿df

;xefuL x'g'xf];\ / cjsfzkl5 klg ltgLx¿nfO{{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'xf];\ . ;fy} o:tf

lqmofsnfkx¿df cfˆgf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{{ klg ;+nUg u/fpg'xf];\ .

@= ;lqmo ;fdflhs hLjgdf /dfpg'xf];\ M

j[4x'g' hLjgsf] jf:tljstf xf] . tkfOF{ hjfg}

/xFbftkfOF{ j[4 x'g rfxg'x'G5 / k|f}9h:t} Jojxf/

ug{ rfxg'x'G5 . t/,tkfOF{ ha j[4 'g'x'G5ÙtkfOF{nfO{{

slxn]sfxLF km]l/ o'jf x'g dg nfUb5 . slxn]sfxLF,

d a"9f] x'Fb}5' eÌ] s'/fn] dflg;x¿nfO{{ PSnf] 5'

eGg] af]w x'G5 . pgLx¿ cfkm"n] hjfgLdf u/]sf s'/fx¿ ;Demg rfxG5g\ /


34

ug{ afFsL s'/fx¿ k"/f ug{ rfxG5g\ . sf]xLsf]xL t ;fdflhs hLjgaf6 cnu

x'g klg rfxG5g\ . o;f] lsg ug'{k/]sf] t < j[4fx¿ cfˆgf hLjgdf ;a}eGbf

/fd|f] cj:yfsf] hLjg afFlr/x]sf x'G5g\ . dflg;x¿n] j[4x¿af6 / cfk"mj[4

ePkl5 w]/} s'/f l;Sg'kg]{ x'G5Ù kQf nufpg'kg]{ x'G5 / c¿x¿;Fu cfbfg–k|bfg

ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . csf]{ cy{df cfkm" o'jf x'Fbf jf:tf gu/]sf jf ug{ gEofPsf

sltko sfdx¿ ug]{ of] csf]{ cj;/ klg xf] .

To:t} j[4x¿ ;fdflhs ;lqmo hLjgaf6 kms{g rfxG5g\ / :j:y /x]sf

cGox¿;Fu ;dfhdf ldn]/ /xg rfxG5g\ eGg] klg ;a}nfO{{ yfxf ePs} s'/f

xf] . dfgl;s ¿kdf ;lqmo /xg]x¿ klg a9L :j:y x'G5g\ .

tkfOFF{n] yfxf kfpg'kg{] s'/fx¿ M

;lqmo ;fdflhs hLjgn] tkfOF{sf zf/Ll/s k|0ffnLx¿nfO{{ lg/Gt/tf lbG5 .

tkfOF{nfO{{ hLjGt /fVg o;n] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s xfFsx¿ lbO/x]sf] x'G5 .

alnof] / :j:y /xgsf nflu xfd|f] z/L/nfO{{ ;lqmolqmofsnfksf] klg

cfjZostf kb{5 .

dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL xf]Ù To;}n] cfˆg} jl/kl/sf] ;fdflhs hLjgl;t

ldNbf] u/L cfkm" /xg'k5{ . ;lqmo ;fdflhs hLjg latfO/x]sfx¿ zf/Ll/s

/ dfgl;s ¿kdf :j:y x'G5g\ .

cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf cGo JolQmx¿sf] ;Dks{df /lx/xg'xf];\ / ;dfg ?lrsf

;d"xx¿nfO{{ e]nf ug{'x]f;\ .

o'jf /xFbf cfkm"n] ug{ rfx]sf] t/ k"/f ug{sf nflu ;do jf cGo sf/0fn]

gEofPsf sfdx¿ ug{] gofF ;Lkx¿ l;Sg] / cWoog ug]{ s'/fdf j[4

cj:yfsf] cj;/nfO{{ ;b'kof]u ug{'xf];\ .

#= ultzLn /xg'xf];\

j[4x¿sf nflu lxF88'n ug'{ ;a}eGbf /fd|f] Jofofd xf] . lxF8]/ k'Ug g;lsg]

7fFpx¿df ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwgx¿ g} k|of]u u/]/ hfg'xf];\ . ;Dej 5 eg]

tkfO{Fn] lghL uf8Lsf] klg k|of]u ug{;Sg'x'G5 .

;'/lIft ofqf ug{'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M

cfkm" st} hfg'k¥of] jf s'g} ;xof]usf] cfjZostf k¥of] eg] cfˆgf] kl/jf/,

;fyLefO jf l5d]sLnfO{{ eGg'xf];\ .

k}bn ofqf ubf{ af6f] sf6\g] 7fFpaf6 dfq} ;8s kf/ ug{] ug{'xf];\ .

crfgs cfkb\ljkb\ k/]df ;xof]usf nflu glhssf] k|x/L jf cfkmGtnfO{{

;xof]usf nflu va/ ug{'xf];\ .


35

$= j[4fj:yfsf]] ;fdfGo kl/jt{gnfO{{ :jLsf/ ug'{xf];\

tkfOF{sf pd]/sf] hLjg cfsif{s x'g ;Sb5 . jf:tjdf, cfkm" hjfg 5Fbf cfkm"n]

ub}{ cfPsf] ;a} k|sf/sf sfd ug{ j[4fj:yf tkfOF{nfO{{ ufx|f] nfUg ;Sb5 . t/,

;f]Rg] s'/fdf tkfOF{ hjfgx¿h:t} ;f]Rg ;Sg'x'g]5 -Tof]eGbf /fd|f] geP klg_ .

Tolt a]nf tkfOF{n] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu cfˆgf cg'ejx¿sf] k|of]u ug{

;Sg'x'G5 . hLjgsf] o; cjlwdf klg cGo cjlwdf h:t} tkfOF{sf] z/L/df klg

kl/jt{g b]vf kb{5g\ . tkfOF{FnfO{{ cK7]/f] cg'ej eP, tkfOF{Fsf lqmofsnfkx¿

;Lldt x'g yfn], PsfPs km/s eg'ej jf cj:yf b]vf kg{ yfn] ljz]if1sf]

;Nnfx lng'xf];\ . cfkmGt jf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿;Fu tkfOF{ cfˆgf zf/Ll/s

tyf dfgl;s kl/jt{gsf cg'ejx¿ ;f6\g ;Sg'x'G5 . o;n] tkfOF{nfO{{ ;xh

jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ub{5 .

:j:y /xg ;a}n] lgDgcg';f/sf lqmofsnfkx¿ Pjd\ lgodsf] kfngf ug'{kb{5 M

tkfOF{n] tfhf kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/Lx¿ -ljz]if u/L xl/of ;fukft_ h:tf

;Gt'lnt ef]hg vfg'ePsf] 5 ls 5}g <tkfOF{n] slt dfqfdf u'lnof], g'g,

d;nf, lrof jf skmL vfg] ug{'ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf ljrf/ ug{'xf];\ .

cfˆgf] ef]snfO{{ a9fpg lgoldt Jofofd ug'{xf];\ / zf/Ll/s ¿kdf :j:y

/xg'xf];\ . Jofofdn] tkfOF{sf] lbSbf/L, ysfg tyf kL8f x6fpFb5 / tkfOF{

zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ¿kdf ;'vL / v';L /xg ;Sg'x'G5 .

w'd|kfg k"/} TofUg'xf];\ / dBkfg ;s];Dd gug{'xf];\ . olb ug{] afgL 5 eg]

klg ;s];Dd sd lng'xf];\ .

%= :jf:Yo pkrf/af/] plrt ;Nnfx lng'xf];\

:jf:Yo j[4 jf o'jf ;a}nfO{{ plts}

cfjZos 5 . t/ klg, dflg;x¿ cfˆgf]

z/L/k|lt hlt;'s} ;r]t eP klg lj/fdL

eOxflnG5 . cg]s k|sf/sf /f]u j[4

cj:yf;Fu hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . cfˆgf 8fS6/

jf lrlsT;s;Fu lgoldt ;Nnfx lng'eof]

eg] tkfOF{n] /f]udfly lgoGq0f ug{ / /f]u\

nfUg} glbg ;Sg'x'g]5 .

;fdfGo /f]ux¿sf] t ;lhn} pkrf/ ug{

;lsG5 . logLx¿nfO{{ tkfOF{F cf/fd u/]/ jf

ljz]if vfg]s'/f vfP/ jf k/Dk/fut cf}ifwL

;]jg u/]/ cfkm}F+ klg pkrf/ ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .

a9L uDeL/ k|sf/sf /f]ux¿sf] pkrf/ eg]

g;{ jf 8fS6/x¿af6 ug{' cfjZos x'G5 .


36

pgLx¿n] tkfOF{FnfO{{ ljz]if k|sf/sf] cf}ifwL k|bfg ug]{5g\\ . t/, b'ef{Uojz

cf}ifwLx¿ 3/df nfk/afxLk"j{s ;]jg ubf{ cyjf la/fdLafx]s c? s;}n] pQm

cf}ifwL ;]jg ubf{ v/fa c;/ kg{;S5 . o;sf nflu lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿

Vofn ug{'xf];\ M

tkfOF{Fn] ;fdfGo ?3fvf]sLh:tf s'/fx¿sf] pkrf/ cfkm}++g} ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .

To;a]nf tkfOF{FnfO{{ cf}ifwL xf]Og kof{Kt cf/fd, kof{Kt tfhf kmnkm"n,

t/sf/Lx¿ tyf t/n kbfy{sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

tkfOF{Fsf lrlsT;sn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] cf}ifwL / To;sf] ;]jg ug]{ tl/sfaf/]

/fd|f];Fu hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ . cfjZostfcg';f/ yk hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ /

To; cf}ifwLn] s'g} g/fd|f] k|ltlqmof klg u5{ ls eg]/

a'‰g'xf];\ .

ljleGg lsl;dsf cf}ifwLsf rSsLx¿ Pp6} efF8fdf g/fVg'xf];\ .

tkfOF{FnfO{{ wªwªL jf rSs/ nfu]sf] cj:yfdf 8fS6/;Fu ;Dks{ ug'{xf];\ .

cfˆgf] /Qmrfk, b[li6, >j0f tyf /utdf lrgLsf] dfqf cflbsf] lgoldt

hfFr u/fpg'xf];\ .

^= cf}ifwL k|of]u ubf{ ;ts{ /xg'xf];\

cf/fd gePsf] h:tf] nfUbf k|foM dflg;

cf}ifwL ;]jg ug{ rfxG5g\ . pgLx¿ ToxL

cf}ifwL ;]jg u5{g\\, h'g p:t} /f]usf]

a]nfdf cfˆgf kl/jf/hg jf l5d]sLn]

k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf x'G5g\ . o:tf s'g}–s'g}

cf}ifwL t 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfxlagf g}

glhs}sf] cf}ifwL k;naf6 NofP/ k|of]u

ug]{ ul/G5 . olb x/]s dflg;n] o:t}

k|sf/n] cf}ifwL k|of]u ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] afgLsf ¿kdf of] ljsl;t x'G5 cyf{t\

cfbtsf ¿kdf ljsl;t x'G5 . clg, log} cf}ifwL lng}kg]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g

hfG5 . cf}ifwL klg g;f aG5 . s'g} klg k|sf/sf] g;f vt/gfs aGg hfG5 .

pbfx/0fsf nflu kL8f sd ug]{ -k]glsn/_ cTolws ;]jg ubf{ /Qmrfk pRr

x'g hfG5Ù d[uf}nf tyf k]6;DaGwL ;d:of / Plgldof -/utsf] sdL_ b]vf

kb{5 . cf}ifwLsf] unt k|of]un] /f]]u emg\ lau]|/ hfG5 . clwsf+z cf}ifwLx¿sf]

gsf/fTds c;/ -;fO8–Okm]S6_ /xG5, h;n] z/L/df /x]sf cTofjZos kf}li6s

s'/fx¿nfO{{ gi6 ub{5 / z/L/df pgLx¿sf] pkof]unfO{{ /f]Sb5ÙtkfOF{Fsf]

of}gb'a{ntf a9fpF5 / ysfpF5 . s'g} l;kmfl/; jf ljz]if1sf] ;Nnfxlagf g}

cf}ifwLsf] ;]jg ugf{n] uDeL/ k|sf/sf] dfgl;s tyf zf/Ll/s ;d:of klg

pTkGg x'g ;S5 .


37

&= ;fd'bflos lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL aGg'xf];\

cjsfz kfO;s]kl5 cfˆgf] ;do s;/L latfpg] eGg] s'/fdf tkfOF{F;Fu w]/}

/f]Hg ;lsg] ljifox¿ x'G5g\ . pQm ;do tkfOF{F cfˆgf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug]{

sfo{df pkof]u ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 . tkfOF{n] cjsfz k|fKt ub}{df tkfOF{Fsf

cfjZostfx¿df kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf] x'Fb}g . ;'/Iff, c?x¿af6 klxrfg,

ckgTjsf] efjgf, cfTd cleJolQm tyf ;fxl;s sfo{h:tf cfjZostf

cfhLjg cljl5Gg /xG5g\ . ;fd'bflos ;]jfx¿ tyf :jo+;]jL sfo{x¿n]

tkfOF{Fsf o:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ k"/f ug{ ;xof]u ub{5g\ . To;a]nfdf tkfOF{Fn]

c?x¿nfO{{ dfq} ;xof]u ug]{ xf]Og, cfkm}+nfO{{ klg ;3fO/xg'ePsf] x'G5 . oL

lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg eP/ tkfOF{F tnaL sfddf jf cGo k];f tyf Joj;folt/

klg nfUg ;Sg''x'g]5 . tkfOF{F lgliqmo /xg'eof] eg] tkfOF{FnfO{{ :jf:Yodf ;d:of

cfpg ;S5ÙtkfOF{FnfO{{ vfgfdf c?rL x'g]h:tf ;d:of b]vf kg{ yfN5g\ . To;}n]

;fd'bflos sfo{x¿ ;'? ubf{ tkfOF{Fn] ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ s]xL sfd lgDgk|sf/sf 5g\M

cfˆgf cfjZostfx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\ . tkfOF{F cfˆgf] ljz]if of]UotfnfO{{

c?;Fu jfF8\g rfxg''x'G5 ls x'Gg o:tf] s'/f atfpFbf tkfOF{FnfO{{ ;Gt'li6

ldNb5 ls ldNb}g < cyjf tkfOF{F bf];|f] k];f cFufn]/ yk cfo j[l4 ug{

rfxg'x'G5 ls x'Gg cyjf cfjZostf kb{5 ls kb}{g < cyjf tkfOF{Fn]

slxn]sfxLF dfq} aflx/ uP/ c?nfO{{ ;xof]u ug]{ kf] xf] ls < To;kl5 dfq

tkfOF{F ;d'bfosf w]/} ;Ë7gdWo] cfˆgf] dgn] vfPsf] s'g}nfO{{ 5fGg'xf];\ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu c;xfo, afnaflnsf tyf k|f}9x¿sf nflu w]/} cf>dx¿

v'n]sf 5g\, ltgLx¿nfO{{ k|]d tyf :ofxf/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

tkfOF{F cfˆgf] ldlxg]t tyf ;do o'jf Sna, v]ns'b, ljBfno, czQm tyf

dfgl;s la/fdLx¿sf] ;xof]u, dlGb/, dl:hb, rr{, u'Daf tyf c:ktfn

cflbdf latfpg ;Sg'x'g]5 . w]/} ;Ë7gx¿nfO{{ tkfOF{Fsf] ;xof]usf]

cfjZostf kb{5 .

s;};Fu uP/ :jo+;]jL sfo{af/] hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ .

tkfOF{F sfd ;'? ug]{lalQs} c?sf] ;xof]u ug{d} cfˆgf] k|lta4tf JoQm

ug'{xf];\ .

*= ;dfGo Jofofd klg ug'{xf];\

slxn]sfxLF j[4x¿ cfˆgf] pd]/ lgs} 9ln;s]sfn]

Jofofd ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf x'Fb}gg\Ù Jofofd eGg]

s'/f t o'jfn] dfq} ug]{ xf] eGg] ;f]Rt5g\ t/ Tof]

unt xf] . dfgj z/L/ / dl:tisnfO{{ lgoldt

Jofofdsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . jf:tjdf j[4x¿n]

Jofofdaf/] a9L g} ;f]Rg'kb{5Ù of]hgf agfpg'kb{5

/ To;}cg';f/ Jofofd klg ug'{kb{5 .


38

tkfOF{Fn] Wofg lbg'kg]{ / ug'{kg]{ w]/} s'/fx¿ 5g\ M

sDtLdf xKtfsf] tLgk6s lbgsf] cfwf 306f lxF8\g] Jofofd lgoldt

ug'{xf];\ .

cfˆg} 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ol;t cyjf ;fyLl;t ;Fu} lxF8\gfn] zf/Ll/s /

dfgl;s Jofofd /fd|/L x'G5 .

lstfa k9\g] / o;af/] ;fyLx¿;Fu 5nkmn ug]{ cyjf cfˆgf] :d/0f Ifdtf

a9fpg r]; / cGo dfgl;s Jofofd x'g] vfnsf v]nx¿ v]Ng] ug'{xf];\ .

(= lgoldt ¿kdf bf Ft df‰g] ug'{xf]; \ bfFtx¿n] tkfOF{Fsf nflu w]/} sfd ub{5g\ . ltgn]

tkfOF{n] vfPsf s'/fnfO{{ k'm6fpg] / 6'qmfofpg]

ub{5g\ h;n] ubf{ tkfOF{n] vfPsf s'/f krfpg

;Sb5 . bfFt gePsf] cj:yfdf tkfOF{FnfO{{ af]Ng,

s'/f ug{, cem vfg]s'/f rkfP/ krfpg;d]t ufx|f]

eO{ s'kf]if0f x'g] ;Defjgf klg /xG5 . bfFt /xg]

klg ;do x'G5 . tkfOF{Fsf bfFtx¿ :j:Yf 5g\ ls 5}gg\, tkfOF{Fsf bfFt c8\ofpg]

luhf g/d / u'nfaL 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg]af/] Vofn ug'{xf];\ . tkfOF{F cfˆgf bfFt /

luhfnfO{{ slt /fd|f];Fu x]/rfx ug'{x'G5, To;}df bfFtsf] cfo' e/ kb{5 . u'lnof

k]o tyf u'lnof ld7fOx¿ gvfg'xf];\ . o:tf s'/fn]tkfOF{Fsf bfFt / luhfnfO{{

sdhf]/ kfb{5g\ .

vfg]s'/f vfO;s]kl5 jf ;'Tg'cufl8 bfFt df‰g]

ug'{xf];\ . laxfgsf] vfhf vfO;s]kl5 lbpF;f]sf]

ef]hgkl5 / a]n'sfsf] ef]hgkl5 klg bfFt ;kmf

ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . bfFtsf aLraLrdf /x]sf

vfg]s'/fsf c+zx¿nfO{{ x6fpg jf ;kmf ug{sf

nflu 8]G6n ˆn; jf l;Gsfsf] k|of]u ug'{ /fd|f]

x'G5 . :d/0f /xf];\, hLjf0f'x¿ kmf]x/ 7fpFdf g}

/xg] ub{5g\ . To;}n] vfPsf s'/fnfO{{ bfFtx¿df

;8\g lbg' x'Fb}g .

cfˆgf] bfFtsf] :jf:Yoaf/] hfgsf/L lng x/]s 5 dlxgfdf bGt ljz]if1sxfF hfg]

ug{'xf];\ .

!)= w'd|kfg TofUg'xf];\

s]xL o:tf s'/fx¿ 5g\, h'g vt/gfs ePsfn]

To:tf sfd, s'/f / afgL tkfOF{Fn] cfˆg} enfOsf

nflu TofUg} kg]{ x'G5 . tLdWo] Ps tdfv'sf] k|of]u

klg xf] .


39

w'd|kfgsf] lj1fkg h:tf];'s} cfsif{s eP klg w'd|kfg cfkm}+df cfgGbbfos

s'/f xf]Og . w'd|kfgn] tkfOF{FnfO{{ ;fyLx¿sf] aLrdf klg nf]slk|o agfpFb}g .

r'/f]6 vfg' cjZog} g/fd|f] afgL xf] . tkfOF{Fn] s]xL lbg;Dd nuftf/ w'd|kfg ub}{

/xg'eof] eg] t of] emg} v/fa x'g yfNb5 . o;n] ubf{ tkfOF{FnfO{{ lgsf]l6gsf]

cDdnL agfpFb5 . xfdLn] yfxf kfPsf s'/fx¿df lgsf]l6g lgs} s8f ljif xf] .

cem Psk6s nfu]kl5 6fFl;Psf] 6fl;Ps} x'G5 .

w'd|kfg tkfOF{Fsf] :jf:Yosf nfludfq xfgLsf/s geO{ tkfOF{sf 5]p5fpdf a:g]

c? dflg;x¿nfO{{ ;d]t xflg ug{ k'U5 . o;n] tkfOF{sf] d'v uGxfpF5Ù ?3fvf]sL

a9fpF5 / tkfOF{sf] 5fnfnfO{{ klg c;/ ub{5 . To:t} u/L xfdLn] r'/f]6df vr{

ug]{ k};f klg v]/ uO/x]sf] x'G5 . cem of]eGbf klg dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f t

w'd|kfgaf6 tLg xhf/ k|sf/sf /;fogsf] pTkfbg x'G5, h;sf sf/0f w]/}

k|sf/sf SofG;/x¿ b]vf kb{5g\ . :d/0f /xf];\, w'd|kfgs} sf/0fn] jflif{s tL;

nfv dflg;x¿ dg]{ ub{5g\ . o:tf] b'u'{0fnfO{{ ;dod} x6fpg'xf];\ .

!!= xF;d'v /xg'xf];\

lrGtfaf6 x'g] PSsfl;sf] cf3ft hLjgsf] cleGg s'/f xf] . o;n] tkfOF{Fsf]

:jf:Yodf klg c;/ ub{5 / hLjgsf] cfo' klg 36fpFb5 . cTolws ;f]Rg'' /

cgfjZos lrGtf lng' xfd|f] hLjgsf nflu xfgLsf/s x'G5 .tkfOF{Fn] o;nfO{{

36fpg sf]l;; ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 . dflg;x¿nfO{{ xF;fpg'xf];\ / cfkm}+ klg xfF:g'xf];\ .

xfF;f]n] tkfOF{Fsf] ;d:of la;f{pg / zf/Ll/s tgfj 36fpg d2t ub{5 .

tkfOF{F j[4 xF'b} hfFbf tkfOF{Fsf lhDd]jf/L / ;fob sfd klg a9\b} hfG5g\ . t/,

Vofn ug'{kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] j[4fj:yf x'Fb} hfFbf an klg sd x'Fb} hfG5 / a9L

sfd ub}{ hfFbf tkfOF{Fsf] z/L/df tgfjaf6 x'g] kL8f klg a9\b} hfG5 .

;w}F xF;d'v / k|;Gg /xg'eof] eg] To:tf kL8fnfO{{ x6fpg ;lsG5 . v';L /

cfgGb /xFbf z/L/df tgfp sd x'G5 . xfF;f] / v';L s'g} klg k|sf/sf] g/fd|f]

c;/gx'g] Ps k|sf/sf cf}ifwL g} x'g\ .

xfF;f] / /dfOnf]n] z/L/df /f]u x'g glbg] zlQmsf] j[l4 x'g hfG5 . v';L d'b|fn]

xfdLnfO{{ pRr /Qmrfk / x[bo /f]uaf6 arfpg] sfd ub{5 . 5f]6s/Ldf eGg] xf]

eg] xfF;f] / v';Ln] :j:y /xg ;xof]u ub{5 .

tkfOF{n] ;Demg} kg]{ dxTTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ M

cfˆgf] ;d:ofaf/] w]/} lrGtf glng'xf];\ . lrGtf, l/;, 8/, cflQg] jf o:t}

cGo k|sf/sf efjgfn] /Qmrfk a9fpg] ub{5g\ . t;y{, o:tf efjgfaf6

d'Qm /xg l;Sg'xf];\ .

xfF:g'xf];\, ;w}F xfF:g'xf];\

;a} lrGtfnfO{{ xfF;f]df p8fpg'xf];\ clg :j:y x[bo / :j:y z/L/ lnO{

afFRg'xf];\ .


40

!@= vfg]s'/fx¿ a'l4 k'¥ofP/ 5fGg] ug{'xf];\

tkfOF{Fn] lsg]sf s'/fx¿ -df5f, t/sf/L, kmnkm"n

cflb_ ;kmf, tfhf, :j:ys/ tyf w]/} df]n gkg{] 5g\

ls 5}gg\ <tkfOF{F j[4 x'b} uP klg tkfOF{Fsf z/L/ /

dl:tisnfO{{ :j:y /xg c;n kf]if0fn] ;3fpF5 .

vfg]s'/f 5fGbf kf}li6stf, d"No, ;'ljwf, cfˆgf] ?lr,

To;sf] cfsif{0f / tof/ kfg]{ tl/sf jf 3/df s;/L

/flvG5 cflbaf/] tkfOF{Fn] Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

vfB;fdu|L lsGg k;ndf hfFbf Vofn /fVg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M

sDtLdf xKtf jf b'O{ xKtf;Dd k'Ug] ;fdu|Lsf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

To; ;"rLdf d'Vo vfg]s'/fx¿ k"/f 5g\ ÷5}gg\, ltgnfO{{ yKg'k5{ls eg]/

tyf ;w}F rflxg] j:t'x¿sf] sdL 5 eg] ltgsf] ;d]t k"lt{ ug{] s'/fsf]

Vofn /fVg'xf];\ .

k;ndf vfB;fdu|L lsGbf Vofn /fVg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M

tkfOF{Fsf] ;"rL x]g'{xf];\ . hf]; jf efjgfdf cfP/

vl/b ug{] s'/f 5f]8\g'xf]; t/ klg tkfOF{n] lsGbf

clns sd d"No kg{] s'/fx¿ lsÌ' /fd|f] x'G5 .

ltg} vfBfÌ lsGg'xf];\, h'g k|foM df};dcg';f/

clns sd d"No kg]{ x'G5g\ .

cfjZos k/]sf / ;lhn} cfˆgf] e08f/df

/fVg;lsg] vfBfGg dfq} lsGg'xf];\ .

p:t} u'0f:t/sf p:t} vfBfÌsf d"Nox¿ aLrdf t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .

;fdu|Lsf a§f jf af]tnsf] aflx/kl§ n]lvPsf s'/fx¿ k9\g'xf];\ . To;sf]

kf}li6s tTTj, ;ª\Vof, cfsf/, kmfObf, tof/L ljlw, ;"rL, vfg] tl/sf jf o;sf]

k|of]u ul/;Sg'kg{] clGtd ldlt;d]t Vofn ug'{xf];\ .

a6\6fdf s;/L /flvPsf] 5 jf efF8fsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5<x]g'{xf];\ .

l5§} lau|g] s'/fnfO{{ clGtddf lsGg'xf];\ .

lgs} dxFuf tyf a9L lj1fkg lbO{ xNnf dRrfOPsf ;fdfg ;se/

glsGg'xf];\ . lj1fkgdf xNnf dRrfOPsf ;fdfgx¿ glsgL ;se/ kf}li6s

/ ;:tf ;fdfg lsGg'xf];\ .


41

!#= kfgL lkpg'xf];\ / :j:y /xg'xf];\

xfd|f] z/L/sf] clwsf+z efu kfgLn] ag]sf] 5 . z/L/nfO{{ hLljt / ;lqmo

/fVgsf nflu kfgLsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . cfhef]ln k]o kbfy{sf ljljw

k|sf/x¿ 5g\, h;nfO{{ xfdLx¿n] kf]if0ftTTj le6fldg ePsf / gePsf u/L

cfˆgf] ?lrcg';f/ 5fGg ;Sb5f}F . k]o kbfy{x¿df z'4 kfgL ;a}eGbf /fd|f] xf] .

To:t} tfhf kmnkm"n tyf ;fu;AhLsf] /; tyf b"w klg z/L/sf nflu c;n

k]o x'g\ .

;+;f/sf w]/} efux¿df cg]s k|sf/sf cf}ifwL ePsf lkk/ldG6, ælk6f]–lk6f]Æ,

lhG;]Ë, Rofdf]dfO6 / ldG6 cflb nf]slk|o k]okbfy{x¿ x'G5g\Ù ltgLx¿sf] c;/

cf}ifwLem}F /xG5 . sf]xLsf]xL JolQm skmL tyf lrof dg k/fpF5g\ t/ oL b'j} k]o

a9L vfgfn] z/L/nfO{{ xfgL k'Ug ;S5 . o:tf k]on] z/L/nfO{{ pQ]lht kfg]{,

x[bodf c;/ kfg]{, /Qmrfk a9fpg], ue{jtL dlxnfdf a9L /ut aufpg] /

:jf:Yo lauf/]/ pgLx¿n] afns hGdfpg] s'/fdf g/fd|f] c;/ k'¥ofpg] ub{5g\ .

ue{jtL dlxnfsf] /Qmk|jfxdf c;/ k'Ug] ePsfn] afns sd tf}nsf] x'g]

;Defjgf /xG5 .

k]oaf/] s]xL ;Nnfxx¿ M

b}lgs 5–cf7 lunf; ;kmf kfgL vfg'xf];\ .

lrof / skmLsf] ;]jg sd ug'{xf];\ . lbgdf tLg k6seGbf a9L ltgsf]

;]jg gug'{xf];\ .

hfF8/S;L] jf cNsf]xn vfg] ug'{ePsf] 5 eg] sd ug'{xf];\ .

:jf:Yoj4{s hl8a'6L lrofsf k|sf/x¿ kQf nufpFb} hfg'xf];\ .

xNsf k]osf] ;§fdf kmnkm"nsf] /; vfg] ug'{xf];\ .

x/]s lbg Ps lunf; b"w vfg'xf];\ .

!$= 3/leq / jl/kl/ ;kmf /fVg'xf];\

kmf]x/ ePsf :yfgdf hLjf0f'x¿ /xG5g\ . g5f]lkPsf kmf]x/sf 9\jfªx¿df

cyjf rkL{df tL x'G5g\ clg dflg; jf hgfj/x¿n] xfdLdf ;f5{g\ . hLjf0f'n]

ubf{ nfUg] /f]unfO{{ lgoGq0f ug]{ / /f]syfd ug]{ pkfo eg]s} 3/leq / aflx/

;kmf /fVg' xf] .

;Demg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M

cfkm" / cfkmGtnfO{{ /f]u nfUg glbg / To;sf] c;/af6 arfpg 3/jl/kl/

;kmf ug'{xf];\ .

/f]usf sL6f0f' km}nfpg] lemFuf, d';f / ljleGg lsl;dsf sL/faf6 cnu

/fVgsf nflu kmf]x/ /fd|/L kmfNg'xf];\ .


42

dfgj ¥ofnaf6 klg /f]usf sL6f0f' km}lnG5g\ . afnsx¿ lxF8\g] jf v]Ng]

7fpFx¿df y'Sg] sfd gug'{xf];\ .

aflx/ hyfefjL lb;flk;fa gug{'xf];\ . zf}rfnodf dfq lb;flk;fa ug{'

xf];\ .

vfg]s'/f 5'g' jf vfg'cl3, kmf]xf]/ s'/f 5f]Pkl5 / zf}rfnosf] k|of]u

ul/;s]kl5 ;fa'g / ;kmf kfgLn] xft w'g'xf];\ .

!%= ;'/lIft of}g ;Dks{ /fVg'xf];\

zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf efjgfTds s'/fx¿df k'?if / dlxnfx¿ Pscsf{sf

kl/k"/s x'g\ . tLdWo] of}g g} ;a}eGbf a9L cfTdLo jf 3lgi6 lqmof xf] . of}gsf]

tLj| OR5f z/L/sf] k|fs[lts k|lqmof xf]Ù dfgl;s ;Gt'li6sf nflu To;sf]

cfjZostf kb{5Ù To;}n] zf/Ll/s rfxgf k"/f ug{nfO{{ of}g cfjZos s'/f xf] .

t/ klg, of}g zf/Ll/s rfxgfeGbf klg a9L s]xL s'/f ePsf sf/0fn] k'?if /

dlxnfn] efjgfTds ¿kdf o;eGbf a9L s]xL k|fKt ub{5g\ .

cfkm"n] sd} lrg]sf;Fu jf cGo;Fu of}g;Dks{ /fVg'kbf{ s]xL s'/fdf Wofg lbg'

lgs} cfjZos 5 . c;'/lIft of}g;Dks{sf sf/0fn] ubf{ grfx]sf] ue{ /xg

hfG5 . P8\;h:tf] k|f0f3fts /f]u;d]t nfUg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . of] o:tf] k|sf/sf]]

/f]u xf], h;n] hLjg g} ;Í6df kfl/lbG5 / lgbf]{if bDktLsf] hLjg a/afb x'g

hfG5 . t;y{, o:tf /f]ux¿af6 aRg' / arfpg' cfjZos 5 .

v';L / ;'vL hLjgsf nflu of}g ;a}eGbf cfjZos s'/f xf] . o;nfO{{ >Ldfg\ /

>LdtL b'j}n] lhDd]jf/ tl/sfn] / o;af6 x'g hfg] kl/0fltaf/] Vofn /fv]/

;'/lIft 9Ën] cFufn]df o;sf] g/fd|f] k|efjaf6 afFRg ;lsG5 .

;Demg} kg]{ s'/fx¿ M

Pshgf;Fu dfq} of}g;Dks{ /fVg] ug{'xf];\ .

tkfOF{Fsf >Ldfg\ jf >LdtLsf] of}g hLjgaf/] hfgsf/L /fVg'xf];\ .

sG8dsf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

of}gaf6 x'g] ;ª\qmfds /f]ux¿sf sf/0f / k|efjaf/] a9LeGbf a9L hfgsf/L

/fVg'xf];\ .

!^= jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f ;'/lIft /fVg'xf];\

Ho]i7 gful/sx¿df b'3{6gfaf/] a9L xf]l;of/L ePs} /fd|f] x'G5 . n8]/ jf

cfufn] kf]n]/ x'g hfg] b'3{6gfx¿ ;fdfGo x'g\ . 3/leq / 3/aflx/ hxfF klg

o:tf] x'g hfG5 . Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] v'§f, zf/Ll/s cj:yf / b[li6 klg

sdhf]/ xF'b} hfg] x'gfn] pgLx¿ b'3{6gfdf kg]{ ;Defjgf a9L g} x'G5 . nueu

$) k|ltzt Ho]i7 gful/sx¿n] jif{df sDtLdf Psk6s n8]/} ;fdfGo jf

c;fdfGo rf]6k6s nufPsf x'G5g\ . s;}s;}nfO{{ t xf8 k'm6\g] h:tf] lgs}


43

uDeL/ k|sf/sf] rf]6k6s;d]t nfu]sf] x'G5 . lrKnf] k]6L, vfN8fv'N8L k/]sf]

af6f] / ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L;fwgx¿ 3/aflx/ x'g] b'3{6gfsf sf/0fx¿ x'g \ .

3/leq eg] aQLsf] cefj, lr;f] / lrKnf] e'OF tyf o:t} cGo sf/0fn] b'3{6gf

x'g] ub{5 . s'g}s'g} b'3{6gf t /f]usf sf/0fn] klg x'g] ub{5, h;sf nflu

8fS6/nfO{{ b]vfpg' cfjZos x'G5 . s'g}s'g} cf}ifwLn] klg dflg;nfO{{ b'3{6gf

u/fpFb5Ù h:t} M 6«ØfÍ'nfOh/ -emDd kfg]{ cf}ifwL_ tyf PlG6l8k|]:ofG6 -tgfj

/ s'07fsf] cf}ifwL_ cflb . k6sk6s n8\bf uDeL/ k|sf/sf 3fprf]6x¿ nfUg

glbgnfO{{ lgDgcg';f/sf pkrf/ jf pkfo cFufNg' cfjZos x'G5 .

3/df b'3{6gfsf x'g ;Sg] 7fpFx¿, h:t} M sf]7fx¿sf aLrsf vfnL 7fpF /

e¥ofªdf pHofnf aQLx¿ /fVg'xf];\ .

e¥ofª tyf le/fnf] k/]sf 7fpFx¿df xftfx¿ /fVg'xf];\ .

3/nfO{{ 7]; nfUg] j:t'x¿af6 d'Qm /fVg'xf];\, h:t} kmf6]sf b/L / un}Frf

tyf v'nf 7fpFdf nfdf lah'nLsf tf/x¿ cflb . zf}rfno -rkL{_, sf]7f,

aLrsf] e'OF, a}7s, cGo sf]7f / efG;f cflbdf s'g} klg s'/f TolQs}

g5f]8\g'xf];\ lsgeg] tL ;fdfgdf 7]; nfu]/ n8\g ;lsG5 .

k'/fgf / ldlt k'u]sf cf}ifwLx¿ ôFflslbg'xf];\ .

tkfOF{F PSn} /x]sf a]nfdf b'3{6gfdf k/] s;nfO{{ va/ ug{] eGg]] ;f]Rg'xf];\ /

lbgx' s;} g s;}n] oL s'/f hfFRg] clgtkfOF{nfO{{ e]l6/xg] Joj:yf

ldnfpg'xf];\ .

ljB'tLo pks/0fx¿ / Uof;nfO{{ /fd|f] cj:yfdf /fVg'xf];\ .

@=# j[4 cj:yfdf nfUg] /f]ux¿

Hj/f]

z/L/sf] tfkqmd #&=% l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 jf To;eGbf a9L ePsf] cj:yfnfO{{ Hj/f]

cfPsf] cj:yf elgG5 . ;fdfGo z/L/sf] tfkqmdsf] cj:yf #& l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 g}

x'G5 . #* l8u|L jf Tof]eGbf a9L ePsf] cj:yfnfO{{ lgs} Hj/f] cfPsf] cj:yf

dflgG5 . kvfnfh:t} Hj/f]sf] sf/0fn] klg z/L/df kfgLsf] dfqf sd eO{ hn

;d:of b]vf kb{5 .

Hj/f] cfPdf s] ug]{ <

s};}nfO{{ Hj/f] cfPsf] xf] ls eGg] nfu]df t'?Gt} ydf{ld6/sf] k|of]u u/]/ tfkqmd

gfKg] ug'{kb{5 . ydf{ld6/ d'vdf jf sfvLd'lg /fv]/ tfkqmd gfKg ;lsG5 .

d'v jf sfvLsf] tfkqmd s;/L lng] <

!= klxn] t ydf{ld6/leqsf] kf/f] #% l8u|Ldf 5 ls 5}g x]g'{xf];\ . olb 5}g eg]

kf/f] #% l8u|LeGbf d'lg gcfpFbf;Dd To;nfO{{ em6\sf/]/ xNnfO/xg'xf];\ .


44

@= ydf{ld6/sf] 6'KkfnfO{{ la/fdLsf] d'vleq lha|fd'lg jf sfvLd'lg b'O{

ldg]6;Ddsf nflu /fVg'xf];\ .

#= b'O{ ldg]6kl5 ydf{ld6/nfO{{ ToxfFaf6 x6fpg'xf];\ . ydf{ld6/sf] w;f]{leq /x]sf]

kf/f]d'lg /x]sf] cª\s k9\g'xf];\ .

$= ydf{ld6/nfO{{ cNsf]xn jf ;fa'gkfgLn] lehfPsf] skf;n] ;kmf ug'{xf];\ . kf/f]

tn ghfFbf;Dd xNnfpg'xf];\ . o;nfO{{ cf}ifwL jf ;'/lIft a6\6fdf /fVg'xf];\ .

%= slt a]nfb]lv Hj/f] cfO/x]sf] 5 egL la/fdLnfO{{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .

JolQmnfO{{ ljut @$ 306feGbf sd ;do b]lv nuftf/ Hj/f] dfq} cfO/x]sf] 5 /

cGo s'g} ;d:of 5}g eg]

!= Hj/f] lg/Gt/ cfO/x\of] eg] x/]s rf/rf/ 306fdf Kof/f l;6fdf]n -%)) PdhL_

lbO/xg'xf];\ .

@= la/fdLnfO{{ ;'t]/ cf/fd ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / kof{Kt dfqfdf emf]n tyf /;flb

vfg nufpg'xf];\ . a9L kl;gf cfPdf xNsf g'g /fv]/ vfg lbg'xf];\ .

#= b'O{ lbgeGbf a9L Hj/f] cfPdf :jf:Yos]Gb| cyjf glhssf] c:ktfndf hfg /

8fS6/;Fu ;Nnfx lng nufpg'xf];\ .

$= la/fdLsf] tfkqmd lgs} pRr /x]sf] cj:yfdf lr;f] kfgLn] sk8f lehfO{

l56f]l56f] k"/} lhp k'l5lbg'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ la/fdLsf] Hj/f] 36\g uO{ :jf:Yodf

;'wf/ cfpF5 .

la/fdLnfO{{ tLg lbgb]lv nuftf/ Hj/f]

cfO/x]sf] 5 eg] la/fdLn] cfkm"nfO{{ c? s'g}

klg /f]usf] c;/ gb]lvP klg p;nfO{{

8fS6/sxfF b]vfpg'xf];\ jf c:ktfn

k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ Hj/f] 5 / tnsf nIf0fx¿ b]lvP

eg] p;nfO{{ t'?Gt} c:ktfn k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

3fF6L c//f] x'g'

c;x\o kL8f x'g'

a]xf]; x'g'

tGb|fj:yf x'g'

cfFvf kx]Fnf] b]lvg'

nuftf/ kvfnf nfUg' jf afGtf x'g'

z/L/ xlNng' jf a6fl/g' .


45

6fpsf] b'vfO

dflg;x¿sf] 6fpsf]w]/} sf/0fn] b'Vg] ub{5 . w]/} h;f] 6fpsf] b'vfO uDeL/ k|sf/sf

x'Fb}gg\ t/ klg uDeL/ k|sf/sf 6fpsf] b'vfOsf] sf/0f yfxf kfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

slt a]nf 6fpsf] b'vfO uDeL/ k|sf/sf] x'Fb}g <

la/fdLnfO{{ Hj/f] cfPsf] 5}gÙ p;sf] 3fF6L c//f] eP/ b'v]sf] 5}g jf p;n] s'g}

cgf}7f] Jojxf/ b]vfPsf] 5}g eg] To:tf] a]nfdf ePsf] 6fpsf] b'vfOnfO{{ uDeL/

k|sf/sf] 6fpsf] b'vfO dfGg ;lsFb}g . olb dfOu|]gs} cyf{t\ cfwL skfn b'v]s}

sf/0fn] /x]5 eg] of] Psb]lv b'O{ lbgdf ;Grf] eOxfNb5 . 6fpsf] b'v]sf a]nf

la/fdLn] cfkm"nfO{{ sdhf]/ 5' eGg] 7fG5Ù p;nfO{{ jfsjfsL nfUb5Ù p;n] pHofnf]

s'/flt/ x]g{ ;Sb}g jf cfFvf x]g{;d]t g;Sg] x'G5 . Kof/fl;6fdf]n, d]kmfgflds

Pl;8 jf Pl:kl/gh:tf b'vfO{ sd ug]{ cf}ifwL ;]jg ubf{ klg cfwL skfn b'vfO jf

dfOu|]g sd x'G5 .

s:tf k|sf/sf skfn b'vfOdf 8fS6/nfO{{ b]vfpg' cfjZos x'G5 <

6fpsf] b'vfO;Fu} Hj/f] cfof] / ub{gdf kL8f klg eof] eg] o;a]nf dl:tissf]

hfnL ;'lGgg] /f]u d]g]GhfOl6; ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 .

la/fdLsf] Jojxf/ cgf}7f] x'g yfNof] eg] la/fdLnfO{{ dl:tis ;'lGgg] s8f /f]u

OlG;ˆnfOl6; ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 .

clws tgfj jf pRr /Qmrfksf] sf/0fn] klg 6fpsf] b'v]sf] x'g ;Sb5 . olb

la/fdL clws tgfjdf

5 eg] plrt k|sf/sf] cf}ifwf]krf/ ug{' / lgoldt /Qmrfk hfFRg' cfjZos

x'G5 .

bL3{ /f]ux¿ M

bL3{ /f]u o:tf] /f]u xf] hf] nfdf] ;do;Dd /xG5 .

tLg dlxgfsf] cjlw;Dd klg ;Grf] gx'g] jf

cfhLjg /xg] la/fdLkgfnfO{{ bL3{ /f]u elgG5 .

dw'd]x jf lrgL /f]u -8foljl6h d]ln6;_, kmf]S;f]df

;f;k]mg{ ufx|f] kg{] /f]u tyf x[bo3ft jf dl:tisdf

3ftnfO{{ bL3{ /f]usf] ¿kdf a'‰g ;lsG5 .

bL3{ /f]ux¿n] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ lgs} nfdf]

;do;Dd c;/ k'¥ofpFb5g\ clg la/fdLsf] x]/rfx ug'{kg]{ ;d:of kl/jf/sf cGo

;b:ox¿df ylkG5 . o:tf] bL3{ /f]un] la/fdLnfO{{ hLjge/ czQm;d]t agfpg

;S5 . o;n] la/fdLnfO{{ SofG;/h:tf cg]s /f]u ylkO{ d[To';Dd u/fpg ;S5 .

To;}n] o:tf] k|sf/sf /f]unfO{{ x'g} lbg' xF'b}g . t/, kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:o la/fdL

eOg} ;s]sf] cj:yfdftkfOF{Fn] pgLx¿nfO{{ x]/ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kb{5 / yk /f]u

nfUgaf6 hf]ufpg'kb{5 .


46

bL3{ /f]usf s]xL ;ª\s]tx¿ M

z/L/ jf dgdf bL3{ /f]uaf6 kLl8t JolQm ;w}F sdhf]/ / ylst cg'ej ul//x]sf]

x'G5 / w]/}h;f] ;do cf]5\Øfgd} latfp+5 . o:tf] JolQm ;w}Fh;f] ylst / ems{+g]

:jefjsf] x'G5 . hf] JolQmx¿ k|foM sdhf]/ x'G5g\Ù l56} ylst x'G5g\Ù pgLx¿nfO{{

ynf k/]sf] eGg ;lsG5 . pgLx¿ k|foM l/;fpg] :jefjsf x'G5g\ .

pgLx¿ sdhf]/ / hL0f{ x'g] ePsfn] pgLx¿nfO{{ lxF88'n ubf{ / ;;fgf sfd ubf{

klg ;d:of cfpF5 . pgLx¿nfO{{ lxF8\bf klg c?sf] ;xfotf rflxG5 clg csf]{

7fpFdf ;bf{;d]t p7fpg'kg]{ x'G5 .

bL3{/f]u ePsf JolQmnfO{{ ug'{kg]{ ;xof]u M

!= cfjZostfcg';f/ /f]u hFrfpg / To;cg';f/sf] pkrf/ ug{sf nflu

la/fdLnfO{{ :jf:Yo s]Gb|df n}hfg kl/jf/nfO{{ ;Nnfx lbg' / ;xof]u

ug'k5{{ .

@= la/fdLnfO{{ 8fS6/;Fusf] ;Dks{df n}hfg],cfjZos k/] 8fS6/nfO{{ l;kmfl/; ug{

nufpg], cf}ifwL tf]Sg nufP/ lng] Pjd\ cfjZos k/] csf]{ 7fpFdf k'¥ofpg]

Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .

#= la/fdLnfO{{ lgoldt e]6\g'xf];\ . 8fS6/ jf g;{n] lbPsf] ;Nnfx la/fdL / p;sf]

kl/jf/n] kfngf u/]sf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ / la/fdLn] lgoldt cf}ifwL ;]jg u/]sf] 5

ls 5}g eg]/ hfFra'em ug'{k5{ .

$= bL3{sfnLg la/fdLx¿ k|foM b'MvL x'G5g\ . km';{bsf] ;dodf cyjf km';{b ldnfP/

;d"x agfO{ jf PSn} klg o:tf dflg;x¿nfO{{ e]6]/ la/fdLnfO{{ dg ;fgf]

gagfpg / b'MvL gx'g cfZjf;g lbg'k5{ . p;sf nflu k':ts jf o:t} s'g}

cGo s'/fx¿ k9]/ ;xof]u ug]{, jl/kl/sf] ;dfhdf s] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg]af/]

la/fdL;Fu s'/f ug]{, la/fdL;Fu ;'vb'Mvsf s'/f ug]{ clg la/fdLnfO{{ v';L /fVg]

k|oTg ug'{k5{ . ;s];Dd ;sf/fTds ;f]r /fVg la/fdLnfO{{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .

bL3{ /f]uaf6 u|:t JolQm lxF8\g ;Sg] ePdf

!= g'xfpg], n'uf k]mg{], lxF8\g] jf zf}rfno hfg] jf ef]hgug{] 7fpF;Dd hfg]h:tf

sfdx¿ ug{ ;Sg] bL3{ /f]uL 5 eg] p;nfO{{ b}lgs hLjgsf ;fdfGo lqmofsnfk

cfkm} ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ .

@= a9L ysfg gnfUg] vfnsf ;fdfGo sfdx¿ ug{ ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ .

#= 3/fo;L sfdx¿ klg ul//xg ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ .

$= au}Frfdf ;fdflhs e]63f6,gfrufg, k"hf;df/f]x, rf8kj{ / ljjfx cflb cj;/

tyf ljleGg wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ;fd"lxs lqmofsnfkdf pgLx¿nfO{{

lgdGq0ff ug'{xf];\ .


47

bL3{ /f]uL lxF88'n ug{ g;Sg] ePdf

8fS6/sf] ;fydf kl/jf/;Fu 5nkmn ug'{k5{ clg la/fdL cfkm}+n] rSsf nufPsf] s';L{ -

lXjn r]o/_, n¶L cflbsf] k|of]u u/]/ cfˆgf] x]/rfx cfkm}+ ug{ ;Ifd agfpg s;/L

;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ lgisif{ lgsfNg'k5{ . la/fdL bL3{ /f]uL eP klg p;nfO{{ :jtGq

/fVg s]s;f] ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ ljrf/ ul/g' /fd|f] x'G5 .

la/fdL cf]5\ofgd} ylnPsf] eP

slxn]sfxLF Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ bL3{ /f]un] sdhf]/ agfO{ cf]5\ofgd} ynf kfb{5 . To;

a]nf pgLx¿sf 5fnfdf 3fpx¿ eO;s]sf x'G5g\ . nuftf/ nfdf] ;do la5\of}gfdf

kl//x]sf sf/0fn] ubf{ pgLx¿ cfˆgf] kmf]S;faf6 skm klg lgsfn]/ ôfFSg g;Sg]

cj:yfdf x'G5g\ . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ kmf]S;f] ;'lgg] /f]u lgdf]lgofaf6 ;d]t b'Mv kfpg

;S5g\ . xft kfv'/f, v'§f, 3'F8f cflb ;a} Ps} cj:yfdf /xFbf/xFbf c//f] eO;s]sf x'G5g\

/ pgLx¿ z/L/sf cË;d]t rnfpg} g;Sg] cj:yfdf x'G5g\ .

8fS6/sf] pkl:yltdf kl/jf/;Fu s'/f u/]/ lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ M

!= la/fdL, p;sf] cf]5\ofg tyf p;n] nufpg] n'ufx¿ ;kmf /fVg'xf];\ .

@= cf]5\ofgdf la/fdLsf] l:yltnfO{{ x/]s b'O{–b'O{ 306fdf k]mg{] ug{'xf];\ . w]/}

;do;DdPp6} cj:yfdf klN6/xFbf lhpdf kmf]sf jf 3fp lg:sG5g\ . To;}

x'gfn] la/fdLnfO{{ Pp6} cj:yfdf nfdf] ;do;Dd /xg lbg' xF'b}g . w]/} ;'Tbf

kmf]sf p7\g] -a]8–;f]/_ jf kL8f x'g] cj:yfdf To:tf] efudf l;/fgL jf g/d

n'ufx¿sf] cf8 nufpg'xf];\ .

#= la/fdLnfO{{ lbgdf Ps–b'O{k6s pleg jf a:g nufpg'xf];\ .

$= xft–kfv'/f, v'§f, 3'F8f jf hf]gL{x¿ d';f/]/ rnfOlbg'xf];\ jf dfln; ul/lbg'xf];\ .

%= la/fdLn] k|z:t kfgL, t/n kbfy{ / vfg]s'/f lbgx'F vfg} kg{] lglZrt ug{'xf];\ .

pRr /Qmrfk pRr /Qmrfk jf clws tgfj klg Ps k|sf/sf] bL3{/f]u g} xf] / of] j[4 cj:yfdf

a9L b]vf kb{5 . clws tgfjdf /x]sf JolQmx¿df kIf3ft -:6«f]s_, x[bo3ft jf

d[uf}nfdf c;/ gxf]cf];\ eg]/ To;af6 arfpgsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf

ldnfO{g'k5{ . o:tf ;d:of x'g glbg' / ePdf ;dfwfg ug'{ cToGt h?/L x'G5 .

j[4j[4fx¿sf] /Qmrfksf] juL{s/0f

Systolic

BP

Diastolic

BP

Remarks

Normal Below130 <80 For less than 50 years old

High Normal 130-139 80-90 For less than 50 years old

Hypertension

Qmage I 140-159 90-99 Normal for older people

with BP of 140-159

Qmage II 140-159 100-109 Needs medication

Qmage III 140-159 110-119 Bring to the hospital

Qmage IV >210>120 140-159 Bring to the hospital


48

l;:6f]lns -/ut ;~rf/ x'Fbf slt ;Dd d'6' v'lDrG5 eGg x]g{]_

lakL -/Qmrfk_

8fo:6f]lns -/ut ;~rf/ x'bf d'6' km}lng] l:ylt_

lakL dfkg -/Qmrfksf] lg0f{o_

;fdfGo l:yltdf sDtLdf !#)

%) jif{eGbf sd JolQmx¿sf nflu Go"g ;fdfGotof *) b]lv *( ;Dd

%) jif{eGbf sd JolQmx¿sf nflu pRr ;fdfGo !#)–!#(÷*)–*(

pRr tgfj–Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf nflu

klxnf] cj:yf M j[4x¿sf nflu !$)–!%( ;Dd / Go"gtkm{ ()–((nfO{{ ;fdfGo g}

dflgG5 .

bf];|f] cj:yf M !^)–!&( ;Dd / Go"gtkm{ !))–!+)( ePsf] cj:yfdf cf}ifwL ug'{

/fd|f] x'G5 .

t];|f] cj:yf M pRrtkm{ !*)–@)( ;Dd / Go"gtkm{ !!)–!!(

ePsf] cj:yfdf c:ktfn k'¥ofpg'xf];\

rf}yf] cj:yf M pRrtkm{ @!) eGbf dfly / Go"gtkm{ !@) eGbf

a9L ePsf] cj:yfdf c:ktfn k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

/Qmrfk gfKtf d'6' v'Dr+Fbfsf] l:ylt -8fo:6f]lns_ / d'6'

gv'lDrF+bfsf] l:ylt …8fol:6f]lnsÚ u/L gflkG5 . x[bo v'DrFbf x'g]

rfknfO{{ l;:6f]lns k|];/sf ¿kdf / x[bo k'mSbf x'g] rfknfO{{

k|ltlglwTj ug{ 8fo:6f]lnssf ¿kdf gflkG5 .

JolQmsf] zf/Ll/s / cfj]ufTds cj:yfsf] cfwf/df /Qmrfk lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g

eO/xG5 . JolQmn] cf/fd lnPsf] cj:yfdf cyf{t\ e¥ofª r9]sf] lxF8]/ cfPsf]

!% ldg]6kl5 /Qmrfk gfKtf l7Ss l:ylt yfxf x'G5 .

clws tgfjnfO{{ s;/L x6fpg] <

cfˆgf kl/jf/, ;b:o jf la/fdLsf] /Qmrfk gflk/xg] afgL g} a;fNg'k5{ . /Qmrfk

nuftf/ tLgk6s a9]sf] b]lvPdf la/fdLnfO{{ clws tgfjsf] ;d:of ePsf] dfÌ

;lsG5 . t/ klg, la/fdLnfO{{ ljutdf clws tgfjsf] ;d:of /x]5 eg] klxnf]

/Qmrfk klg pRr ePsf] / cf}ifwL lnFbf klg g36]sf] cj:yfdf la/fdLnfO{{ pRr

/Qmrfksf] ;d:of ePsf] dfÌ ;lsG5 .

s'g} klg JolQm clws v';L ePsf] jf cflQPsf] cj:yfdf /Qmrfk pRr ePsf]

cj:yfnfO{{ s]xL s'/fsf] k|ltlqmof:j¿k pTkGg tgfj elgG5 . To;sf nflu cf}ifwL

;]jg ug{' kb{}g .


49

clws tgfjsf sf/0fx¿

!= k|fylds jf k|d'v clws tgfj Pp6f dfq} sf/0fn] x'Fb}g, o;sf ax'cfofd

x'G5g\ . s]xL sf/0fx¿ M

s_ la/fdL JolQmsf Ps jf b'j} cfdfafa'df clws tgfjsf] ;d:of x'g',

v_ g'lgnf] s'/f clws ;]jg ug'{,

u_ Hofbf df]6fpg',

3_ lbgdf b'O{ lunf;eGbf a9L /S;L ;]jg ug'{ ,

ª_ r'/f]6 vfg',

r_ Jofofd gug'{

@= låtLo k|sf/sf] clws tgfj

s_ of}g pQ]hgf a9fpg] rSsLx¿ vfg] ugf{n],

v_ d[uf}nfdf ;d:of x'gfn],

u_ d[uf}nfdf hf]l8Psf /QmgnLdf ;d:of ePsfn],

3_ ue{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf,

ª_ 3fF6Lsf] uf+7f] yfO/fO8 ;'lggfn],

r_ dw'd]xsf] sf/0fn] -z/L/leq clws u'lnof] kbfy{ pTkfbg eO{ /utåf/f

z/L/el/ km}ngfn]_ .

clws tgfjsf cf}ifwL s]s] x'g\ <

g/d vfnsf] tgfjsf] ;lhn} pkrf/

x'Fb}g . lrNnf], g'lgnf] tyf af];f]o'Qm

vfg]s'/f w]/} gvfO{ l7Ss dfqfdf ;]jg

ug'{kb{5 . Jofofd ug]{ tyf zf/Ll/s

tf}n 36fpg] s'/f klg pkof]uL x'G5 .

/S;L / r'/f]6 vfg' x'Fb}g .

To:tf] cj:yfdf dlxnfn] hGdlg/f]ws

rSsLx¿ lng aGb ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . s'g}

JolQmnfO{{ !)) eGbf a9L d'6'

gv'DRofpFbf x'g] 8fo:6f]lns /Qmrfk

jf !^) eGbf a9L d'6' v'Drfp+bf x'g] l;:6f]lns /Qmrfk 5 eg] 8fS6/nfO{{ b]vfpg'

/fd|f] x'G5 . o:tf JolQmx¿nfO{{ lgoldt cf}ifwf]krf/ ug'{ / lgoldt /Qmrfk hfFr

ul//xg' cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf JolQmx¿sf] lgoldt Vofn ul//xg'k5{ / ;s];Dd

ltgsf ;fyd} /xg'k5{ .


50

c:ktfn jf :jf:Yo s]Gb|df n}hfg'kg]{ cj:yf

/Qmrfk al9/x]sf] cj:yfdf lgDg nIf0f b]lvPdf t'?Gt} c:ktfn jf :jf:Yo s]Gb|df

n}hfg'k5{ .

s_ 5ftL b'Vg],

v_ sdhf]/L jf z/L/sf] s'g}s'g} cª\ux¿ nf6f] x'g],

u_ a]xf]; x'g],

3_ 6fpsf] w]/} b'Vg],

ª_ jfsjfsL nfUg],

cfFvf;DaGwL /f]u tyf b[li6 cefj

b[li6 dfgj hLjgdf clt cfjZos s'/f xf] . o;sf]

/Iffsf nflu dflg;n] x/]s s'/fdf lgs} Wofg lbg'

cfjZos x'G5 .

cfFvfnfO{{ cfFvfsf] /f]u tyf rf]6k6saf6 arfpg'k5{ .

olb nfluxfNof] eg] ;dod} pkrf/ ug'{k5{ . lsgeg]

w]/}h;f] cj:yfdf a]jf:tf ubf{ dflg;sf] b[li6 g} u'Dg

;S5 . ;dod} ljrf/ k'¥ofP/ xfdL cfFvfsf] /f]u tyf b[li6 ljxLgtfnfO{{ x6fpg

;S5f}F .

cfFvf /ftf–/ftf ePdf jf cfF;' au]df

!= lbgdf tLgk6s ;fa'g kfgLn] cfFvf / cg'xf/ w'g],

@= ;kmf sk8f jf ?dfnn] cfFvf k'5\g],

#= lbgsf] sDtLdf tLgk6s jf cfjZostfcg';f/ Tof]eGbf a9L xft w'g] /

k'5\g] .

cfFvfdf lrk|f jf lkk b]lvPdf

$= cfFvfnfO{{ dfly elgPem}+ ;kmf u/]/ nuftf/ kfFr lbg;Dd lbgsf] tLgk6s b'j}

cfFvfdf 6]6«f;fOlSng dnd nufpg'xf];\ .

%= To;sf] kfFr lbgkl5 cfFvfaf6 lkk jf lrk|f glgSn]df la/fdL lgsf] eO;s]sf]

x'g]5 . olb la/fdLnfO{{ cf/fd ePg eg] :jf:Yo s]Gb| jf c:ktfn k'¥ofpg'k5{ .

cfFvfdf /ftf] afbn nfu]df

cfFvf ;kmf /fVg'k5{, 6]6«f;fOlSng dnd nufpg'k5{ / t'?Gt} la/fdLnfO{{ c:ktfn

k'¥ofpg'k5{ .


51

crfgs cfFvf b'v]df jf cfFvf /ftf] ePdf

of] t cTofjZos jf cfkTsfnLg l:ylt -Odh]{G;L_ g} xf], t;y{ t'?Gt} la/fdLnfO{{

c:ktfn k'¥ofpg'k5{ .

df]ltof laGb'

df]ltof laGb'sf] Ps dfq} pkrf/ eg]sf] g} cfFvfsf] gfgL n]G;df ePsf] s8f s'/f

;kmf ug{ zNolqmof ug'{ xf] . ;d'bfodf k|foM …cfFvf lzlj/Ú klg ;~rfng ul/Psf]

x'G5 . o:tf sfo{qmdn] ljkÌ tyf czQmx¿nfO{{ cfˆgf] cfFvfsf] gfgL n]G;

kl/jt{g ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . j[4 cj:yfdf klg b[li6 :ki6 /xg' clt cfjZos 5 .

pgLx¿nfO{{ cfˆgf] b[li6 ;s'zn /fVg ;xof]u ug'{xf]; \ .

cfFvfsf] ;fdfGo ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg

cfFvfdf kmf]x/, afn'jf jf s'g} ;–;fgf] j:t' k:of] eg] cfFvfsf] 9sgLnfO{{ la:tf/} k'5]/

;kmf ug]{ k|of; ug'{xf];\ cyjf srf}/fsf] kfgLn] cfFvfsf] 9sgLleq ;kmf ug'{k5{ .

!= olb cfFVffdf k|j]z u/]sf] kmf]xf]/ kfgLn] cfFvf kvfn]/ klg x6fpg ;lsPg /

cfFvf b'lv/x\of] eg] la/fdLnfO{{ c:ktfn k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

@= cfFVffsf] ;txdf st} sf]l/Psf] 5 eg] cfFvfsf] 9sgLleq 6]6«f;fOlSng dnd

nufpg'xf];\ / tLg lbg;Dd cfFvfnfO{{ 5f]Kg'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ klg s'g} k|sf/sf]

;'wf/ ePg eg] la/fdLnfO{{ c:ktfn k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

#= cfuf], tfk jf s'g} /;fogn] cfFvf kf]lnPsf] cj:yfdf

kf]lnPsf] cfFvfnfO{{ t'?Gt} /fd|f];Fu ;kmf ug'{xf];\ .

6]6«f;fOlSng dnd nufOlbg'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ t'?Gt} c:ktfn k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

cfFvfsf] 9sgL s;/L vf]Ng] <

!= cfFvfsf] 9sgLnfO{{ -lrqdf b]vfPh:t} u/L_ a'9Lcf}Fnf / rf]/cf}Fnfn] ;dfP/ vf]Ng'xf];\ .

@= la:tf/} o;nfO{{ tnlt/ Nofpg'xf];\ .

#= csf]{ xftn] ;dfO/fv]sf] ;nfO{{sf] sfF6Ldfly cfFvfsf] 9sgLnfO{{ bf]Ao|fpg'xf];\ .

$= ;kmf sk8f jf ?dfnn] cfFvfdf k;]sf] s0fnfO{{ x6fpg'xf];\ .

%= cfFvfsf] 9sgLnfO{{ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf kmsf{pg'xf];\ / cfFvfdf 6]6«f;fOlSng

dnd nufpg'xf];\ .

cfFvfsf] b[li6 36]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] s;/L kQf nufpg] <

la/fdLsf] cfFvf 5f]lklbg'xf];\

la/fdLaf6 5 ld6/sf] b"/Ldf pleg'xf];\, cfˆgf] Pp6f xftsf] s'g} klg ;ª\Vofdf

cf}Fnf p7fpg'xf];\ / tkfOF{Fn] sltj6f cf}Fnf p7fpg'ePsf] 5, Tof] b]vfpg jf

eGg nufpg'xf];\ .


52

tkfOF{Fsf cf}Fnf /fd|f];Fu b]Vg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf, cfFvfsf] b[li6 sd 5 jf

g/fd|f];Fu u'ld;s]sf] 5 eGg] yfxf x'G5 .

To:tf] cj:yfdf hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] p;nfO{{ c:ktfn k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

k]6 b'Vg]

clwsf+z k]6 b'vfOx¿ kvfnf, slAhot, cfGb|fdf hLjf0f'x¿ / dlxnfx¿df

dlxgfjf/L;DaGwL ;d:ofsf sf/0fn] x'g] ub{5g\ . t/,Ho]i7 gful/ssf] k]6 c¿ g}

sf/0fn] klg b'v]sf] x'g ;S5 . ha k]6 c;fWo} b'V5 / la/fdLsf] cj:yf emg\emg\

v/fa x'Fb} hfG5 ta la/fdL sdhf]/ aGb} hfG5 . To;}n] t'?Gt} la/fdLnfO{{ c:ktfn

k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .

k]6 b'v]sf] a]nfdf ug]{ pkrf/ M

olb klxnf]k6s k]6 b'v]sf] xf] eg] la/fdLnfO{{ b'vfO sltsf] kL8fbfos 5 eg]/

;f]Wg'xf];\ . olb kL8f c;Xo 5 / klxnf]k6s k]6 b'v]sf] xf] eg] t'?Gt} p;nfO{{

c:ktfn k'¥ofOxfNg'kb{5 . Tolt a]nf la/fdLn] s]xL klg vfg' jf lkpg' x'Fb}g .

la/fdL j[4 /x]5 eg] klg la/fdLnfO{{ k]6sf] tNnf]] efudf x'g] ;fgf] cfGb|fdf nfUg]

/f]u Pk]lG8;fOl6; ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 .

zNolqmof g} ug'{kg]{ k|sf/sf k]6 b'vfOsf nIf0fx¿ M

kL8f lgs} 5 / emg} a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 eg],

la/fdL lgs} sdhf]/ b]lvG5 eg],

la/fdLn] jfGtf ul//x]sf] 5 eg],

la/fdLnfO{{ slAhotsf] ;d:of 5 eg],

la/fdLsf] k]6 ;'lÌPsf] 5 eg],

k]6 ;fx|f] 5 jf 5'Fbf b'V5 eg] .

o:tf] cj:yfdf k]6sf] zNolqmof g} ug'{kg]{ x'G5 t;y{ o; cj:yfdf ljz]if Wofg

lbg'kb{5 .

olb o:tf] kL8f ePsf] klxnf]k6s xf]Og / la/fdLnfO{{ o:tf] kL8f klxn] klg

k6sk6s ePsf] / s]xL ;do kl5 b'vfO sd x'g] u5{ eg] M

la/fdLnfO{{ cf/fd;Fu kN6g nufP/ b'O{ 306f;Dd x]g{'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ PNd'lgod xfO8«f]cS;fO8 eGg] rSsL 6\ofAn]6 vfg lbg'xf];\ .

kL8f lgsf] eof] eg] la/fdLnfO{{ 3/df k7fpg'xf];\ .

b'O{ 306feGbf a9L kL8f /x\of] eg] la/fdLnfO{{ :jf:Yo s]Gb|df k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .


53

dlxnfsf] tNnf] k]6 b'V5 / lk;fa km]bf{ c;Xo kL8f x'G5 eg]

la/fdLsf] tfkqmd lng'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ Hj/f] 5}g eg] la/fdLnfO{{ kof{Kt kfgL vfg nufpg'xf];\ / tLg

lbg;Dd x]g{'xf];\ .

cem} Hj/f] 5 eg] la/fdLnfO{{ 8fS6/sxfF n}hfg'xf];\ cyjf :jf:Yo s]Gb|df nu]/

lk;fa hfFr u/L sL6f0f'gfzs cf}ifwL PlG6afof]l6s lbg'xf];\ .

sL6f0f' dfg{] PlG6afof]l6s lbO;s]kl5 klg la/fdLnfO{{ x/]s lbg cf7–b;

lunf; kfgL vfg nufpg'xf];\ .

k'?ifsf] k]6 b'V5 / lk;fa km]l//xG5 eg]

la/fdLnfO{{ :jf:Yo s]Gb| jf c:ktfn k'¥ofP/ lk;fa;DaGwL ljz]if1

o'/f]nf]lh:6nfO{{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

;DalGwt ljz]if1sf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ pkrf/ ug'{xf];\ .

Ifo/f]u

cª\u|]hLdf 6Ø'a/Snf]l;; -l6aL_ elgg] Ifo/f]u Ps k|sf/sf] ;?jf /f]u xf] .

Ifo/f]usf] pkrf/sf nflu nfdf] ;do;Dd cf}ifwL ;]jg ug'{kb{5 / cf}ifwL dxFuf]

klg x'g ;S5 . clxn] g]kfnsf k|To]s c:ktfn, x]Ny;]G6/ / x]Nykf]:6df o; /f]usf]

cf}ifwL lgMz'Ns kfOG5 . j[4 cj:yfdf Ifo/f]un] kmf]S;fdf c;/ k'¥ofpF5 / o;n]

la/fdLnfO{{ vf]sL nufpg] / y'ls/xg'kg{] x'G5 . of] /f]u a9\b} uof] eg] v]fStf /ut

g} cfpg klg ;Sb5 . gcflQO{ ;dod} pkrf/ ul/of] eg] Ifo/f]usf] pkrf/ ug{

;lsG5 / of] /f]u k"0f{ ¿kdf lgsf] x'G5 .

Ifo/f]u s;/L nfUb5 <

xfdLn] k]mg{] ;f;af6 Ifo/f]usf sL6f0f'x¿ xfd|f] z/L/df k|j]z ub{5g \ .

vf]Qm} u/]sf] la/fdLaf6 Ifo/f]usf hLjf0f'x¿ xfjfdf km}ng k'Ub5g \ .

la/fdLn] hyfefjL y'Qmf klg y's / vsf/df ePsf hLjf0f'x¿ db}{gg \ /

xfjfdf ldl;G5g\Ù h;n] ubf{ dflg;sf] z/L/df Ifo/f]usf sL6f0f' k|j]z

ub{5g\ .

bL3{ vf]sLsf] /f]u ePsfx¿, hf] vf]ls/xG5g\ / vsf/ lgsfln/xG5g\ ltgaf6

cfk'mnfO{{ hf]ufpg'k5{ gq /f]un] ;dfTg ;S5 .

Ifo/f]usf nIf0fx¿ M

olb s;}nfO{{ nuftf/ tLg xKtfb]lv vf]sL nflu/xG5Ù vf]sLkl5sf] vsf/df /ut

b]vf kb{5Ù vsf/af6 b'u{Gw cfpF5Ù la/fdLsf] tf}n 36\t} hfG5 clg dWofGxkl5

-lbpF;f]–lbpF;f]_ Hj/f] klg cfpF5 eg] p;nfO{{ Ifo/f]u nfu]sf] x'g ;S5 .


54

s]6fs]6Lx¿ olb ;w}F ylst b]vf kb{5g\, v]Ng / vfg dg k/fpFb}gg\,

pgLx¿sf] tf}n klg 36\b} uP/ a]n'sf–a]n'sf Hj/f] klg cfpF5 eg] Ifo/f]u

nfu]sf] x'g;S5 .

s;}nfO{{ nfdf] ;dob]lv vf]sL nflu/x]sf] 5 / pm vfgL jf w'n}w'nf] ePsf]

lgdf{0f :yndf sfd u5{ eg] klg Ifo/f]u nfu]sf] x'g ;S5 .

Ifo/f]unfO{{ s;/L x6fpg]

!= ;a} gjhft lzz' tyf s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{{ If]o/f]usf sL6f0f'n] cfqmd0f gu¿g\

egL lal;hL vf]k nufpg'kb{5 .

@= olb s;}nfO{{ nuftf/ tLg xKtfb]lv vf]sL nflu/x]sf] 5 eg] p;sf] 5ftLsf]

PS;/] u/]/ vsf/ hFrfpg'kb{5 .

#= vf]sL nflu/x]sf] tyf vsf/ lgsfln/x]sf] JolQmsf] ;fd'Gg]df ga:g'xf];\ .

$= Ifo/f]u ePsf JolQmx¿n] vf]sL nfUbf cfˆgf ] d'v ?dfnn] 5f]Kg'kb{5 .

pgLx¿n] k'5\g] sk8f, ?dfn of l6:o'–k]k/ ;lhn} hnfpg jf Joj:yfkg

ug{ ;lsg] efF8f of 7fpFdf vsf/ y'Sg'kb{5 .

%= lj1 lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfx lnO{ cf}ifwL ;]jg ug'{k5{ .

hf]gL{, lk7\Ø+F, jf 3fF6Lsf] b'vfO

w]/} j[4x¿sf] xft jf v'§fsf hf]gL{, lk7ØF' jf 3fF6Ldf kL8f x'G5 . o:tf] kL8fn]

pgLx¿nfO{{ ;fdfGo vfnsf] lxF88'n ug{;d]t cK7]/f] kg]{ ub{5 . o;n] ubf{

pgLx¿nfO{{ afFRg] cfzf klg d/]/ hfG5 . j[4x¿nfO{{ z/L/df kL8f eO/x]sf] x'G5 /

pgLx¿nfO{{ o;af6 arfpg clns a9L g} x]/ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .

hf]gL{df kL8f x'g] sf/0fx¿ M

rf]6k6s

/f]usf] cfqmd0f

j[4 pd]/df hf]gL{df ePsf] kl/jt{g

x•L ;'lÌg'

PsfPs hf]gL{ afpFl8g] cj:yf -:k|]g_ df s] ug'{kb{5 <

k|fo uf]nLufF7f]g]/sf] hf]gL{ PsfPs kL8f;lxt afpFl8g]cj:yfnfO{{ :k|]g elgG5 . of]

k|foM clt b'Vg] vfnsf] x'G5 / pQm hf]gL{ jl/kl/ ;'lÌg] ;d:of;d]t /xG5 .

o;/L ;'lÌPsf] 7fpF jl/kl/ k§L afFw]/ o;nfO{{ s8f;Fu /fVg'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ kL8f

sd x'G5 . la/fdLn] kL8f ePsf] efunfO{{ cf/fd lbg'kb{5 . la/fdLn] d]k]mgflds

Pl;8 lng'kb{5 . pQm ;'lÌPsf] :yfg tLg lbg;Dd klg sd ePg eg] la/fdLnfO{{

c:ktfn nu]/ PS;/] ug{ nufpg'kb{5 .


55

j[4sf] hf]gL{ ;'lGgof] jf kf]n]h:tf] eP/ b'Vof]] eg]

;'lÌPsf] efu la;]s gx'Fbf;Dd cf/fd lng'xf];\ .

lbgsf] tLgk6s ef]hgkl5 d]km]gflds Pl;8 -%)) PdhL_ lgoldt lbg'xf];\ .

la/fdLn] ;xg ;Sg] x'Fbf;Dd pQm kL8f ePsf] hf]gL{nfO{{ lbgsf] w]/}k6s

rnfpg'xf];\, o;f] ubf{ hf]gL{ c//f] x'g kfpFb}g .

tLg lbgkl5 klg s'g} sd jf cf/fd ePg eg] 8fS6/nfO{{ ;Dks{ /fVg'xf];\ jf

c:ktfn hfg'xf];\ .

la/fdL kL8fs} sf/0fn] ;'Tg jf cf/fd ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]df

8fOkm]gf8«fdfOg Prl;Pn @% PdhLsf] ;fydf %)) PdhLsf] Kof/fl;6fdf]n

lbg'xf];\ .

lk7ØF'df kL8f ePsf] cj:yfdf

j[4x¿df kL8f x'g] w]/} sf/0fdWo] -x•L lvOg]_ cf]l:6of]kf]/f]l;; cj:yf klg Ps

xf] . s'g} k|sf/sf] rf]6–k6sa]u/ klg lk7ØF'df ePsf] x•L dfqfTds ¿kdf lvO Fb}

hfg] cj:yf cfpF5 .x8\8L lvOg] /f]u nfu]sf] JolQm s'k|f] kg{ ;S5 lsgeg] p;sf]

lk7\oF'sf xf8x¿ efFlrg ;S5g\ . lk7ØF'sf] x•L hlt a]nf lvOG5, c;Xo kL8f x'G5

t/ b'O{ xKtfhlt cf/fd ul/;s]kl5 pQm kL8f sd x'G5 .

j[4sf] x•L lvOP/ c;fWo} kL8f ePdf

kL8f sd x'g] u/L cf/fd;Fu ;'Tg],

Kof/fl;6fdf]n %)) PdhL jf cfOa|'km]g @)) PdhLh:tf b'vfO sd ug]{

cf}ifwL ;]jg ug]{,

ux|f}+ j:t'x¿ gp7fpg],

tndfly k/]sf] cyjf cUnf]xf]rf] hldgdf glxF8\g],

lbgdf Psk6s %)) PdhLsf] SoflN;od rSsL vfg],

;s];Dd rfF8f] 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx lng] jf c:ktfn hfg] .

3fF6L jf sfFwdf kL8f ePdf

kL8fnfO{{ a9fpg] lsl;dn] xnrn gug]{,

sfd ug]{ cjl:ylt abNg] / ;Dej eP;Dd xft jf kfv'/fnfO{{ cf/fd lbg],

c//f] / kL8f sd ug{ lk7Ø'F, 3fF6L jf sfFwnfO{{ km}nfpg] jf otfptf rnfpg],

kL8f sd x'g] u/L xn'sf dfln; ug{] .

lgb|f gcfPsf] cj:yfdf %)) PdhLsf] Kof/fl;6fdf]n lng],

cfjZostfcg';f/ kL8fnfO{{ sd ug{ lrpF8f]d'lg ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L jf 3fF6Ldf

tf}lnof jf cGo g/d sk8f /fVg] .


56

x8\8L efFlrPdf

x•L efFlrof] eg ] To;nfO{{ cª\u|]hLdf ô|fSr/ elgG5 . ô|fSr/ ePsf] zª\sf

nfUg]lalQs} la/fdLnfO{{ c:ktfn k'¥ofpg'kb{5 . x•L efFlRrPsf] la/fdLnfO{{ c:ktfn

k'¥ofpFbf lgs} Vofn ug{'kb{5 . la/fdLnfO{{ unt tl/sfn] c:ktfn nfFbf efFlRrPsf]

7fpFdf a9L c;/ kg{ ;S5 .

efFlrPsf] jf x8\8L km'6]sf] s;/L yfxf kfpg] <

j[4 JolQm st}af6 v:of], lrlKnof] jf o:t} s'g} sf/0faf6 p;nfO{{ rf]6k6s nfUof]

eg] p;sf] x•L st} efFlrg ;S5 .

la/fdLn] efFlrPsf] 7fpFdf rnfpg vf]Hbf lgs} kL8f x'G5 .

la/fdLn] xft v'§f jf o:t} s'g} 7fpFsf cª\u rnfpg ;Qm}g .

k|efljt :yfgdf 5'Fbf klg w]/} b'V5 .

kL8f ePsf] cª\usf] cfsf/ kl/jt{g eO{ ;'lGgg yfN5 .

efFlrPsf] x•L lt3|fsf] jf v'§fsf] xf] eg]

kL8f sd ug{sf nflu d]km]gflds %)) PdhL lbg'xf];\ .

efFlrPsf] / gefFlrPsf] ;fdfGo x•LnfO{{ ;3fpg] u/L b'j} v'§fsf] k"/} efudf

sfd|f] afFWg'xf];\ . pQm sfd|f] Hofb} sl;nf] eg] x'g' x'Fb}g .

k'6\7fsf] x•L g} efFlrPsf] cj:yfdf

b'j} v'§f hf]8]/ gafFWg'xf];\ .

d]km]gflds Pl;8 %)) PdhL lbg'xf];\ .

b'O{ x•Lx¿nfO{{ sf7sf] c8\ofpg]n] dfly p7fO{ cf/fd lbg'xf];\ . r]K6f] cfsf/sf]

sf7df v'§f /fVg'xf];\ / sf7sf] ;xfotfn] b'j} v'§fnfO{{ dfly p7fpg'xf];\ .

la/fdLsf] k"/} z/L/nfO{{ RofK6f] u/L afFw]/ af]8{ jf :6«]r/df /fv]/ la/fdLnfO{{

c:ktfn k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

xft–kfv'/f efFlrPsf] cj:yfdf

d]km]gflds Pl;8 %)) PdhL lbg'xf];\ .

xnrn gug]{ u/L 5ftLsf] cf8df 8f]/L jf lkmtfsf] ;xfotfn] efFlrPsf]

kfv'/fnfO{{ c8\ofpg'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ c:ktfn k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ c:ktfn k'¥ofpg] plrt tl/sf

la/fdLsf] lk7Ø'F, 3fF6L, 5ftL, dnåf/g]/sf] x•Ldf 3fFp rf]6 nfu ]sf] zÍf nfu]sf] 5

eg] tkfOF{FnfO{{ ;xof]u ug]{ rf/÷kfFrhgf dflg;x¿ gxF'bf;Dd la/fdLnfO{{


57

grnfpg'xf];\ . To;kl5 af]8{ jf :6«]r/ NofP/ la/fdLnfO{{ /fVg'xf];\ . la/fdLnfO{{

:6«]r/df /fVg'afx]s a9L grnfpg'xf];\ . sDdnsf] k|of]u u/]/ sf7sf] af]8{df afFw]/

la/fdLnfO{{ c:ktfn k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

plrt k|sf/sf] cjl:ylt

unt k|sf/sf] a;fO jf ;'tfOn] klg lk7Ø'Fdf kL8f x'g ;Sb5 . o;sf] ;dfwfgsf

nflu z/L/sf] cjl:yltsf lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ Vofn /fVg'kb{5 M

pleg] plrt tl/sf

k]6 leq uPsf] x'g'kb{5 .

lk7ØF' l;wf k/]sf] x'g'kb{5 .

ljz]if u/L cUnf]–lxn s's{'Rrf ePsf] h'Qf nufP/ lxF88'n ug'{ jf nfdf]

;do;Dd l;wf pleO/xg'x'Fb}g .

k6s–k6s cfˆgf] v'§f prfNg ;fgf] d]rsf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

a:g] plrt tl/sf

nfdf] ;do;Dd al;/xg' x'Fb}g .

x/]s $% ldg]6df pleg'k5{ / z/L/nfO{{ tGsfpg'k5{ . tNnf] kL7nfO{{ ;3fpg

s';L{sf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

o;f] ug{ c;Dej eof] eg] v'§f /fVg] 6'nsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

ws]Ng] plrt tl/sf

;Dej eP;Dd 7]Ng'k5{, tfÌ' x'Fb}g .

ux|f}+ j:t'x¿nfO{{ 7]Ngsf nflu d]l;gsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

7]Ng} k/] z/L/sf] ;Dk"0f{ efusf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

tfÌ'kg]{ ePdf 3'F8fsf] an nufpg'k5{, lk7ØF'sf] an nufpg' x'Fb}g .

p7fpg] plrt tl/sf

tkfOF{Fsf] v'§f cnu /xg'kb{5 / v'§fn] z/L/nfO{{ yfDg'kb{5 .

j:t' p7fpg yrSs a;]sf] cj:yfdf cfˆgf] 3'F8f v'DRofpg'k5{, lk7 \oF'sf] k|of]u

ug'{ x'Fb}g .

s'g} j:t' p7fpFbf k]6nfO{{ leq 7]Ng'k5{ / z/L/nfO{{ otfptf rnfpg' x'Fb}g .

s'g} j:t' p7fpFbf pQm j:t'sf] glhs} /xg'k5{ .

j:t' k'¥ofpg] plrt tl/sf

cfˆgf] sfFwb]lv dfly j:t'nfO{{ p7fpg'kbf{ ljz]if Vofn /fVg'k5{ .

cfjZostfcg';f/ v'§f /fVg] 6'n jf e¥ofªsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

k6s–k6s dfly ;fdfg k'¥ofpg] ug'{ x'Fb}g .


58

dl:tis tyf dfgl;s /f]usf nflu c;n :jf:Yo

c;n :jf:Yo eg]sf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ¿kdf :j:Yf /xg' xf] . dflg;x¿ cfk"m

afFr]sfdf v';L dfG5g\ / c?x¿;Fu af+Rg kfpFbf /dfpF5g\eg] dfq} dfgl;s ¿kdf

pgLx¿ :j:Yf dflgG5g\\ . Tolt a]nf dflg;x¿ cfˆgf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;S5g \

clg cfjZos kbf{ c?x¿af6 ;xof]u lng / c?x¿sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf

nflu c?x¿nfO{{ ;3fpg klg rfxG5g\ . dfgl;s ¿kdf v/fa c;/ k/]sf

JolQmsf dg, efjgf tyf Jojxf/x¿ g} k|efljt x'G5g\ . To:tf] cj:yfdf

la/fdLnfO{{ plrt ;Nnfx lbgfn] 7"nf] ;xof]u x'G5 .

dfgl;s ¿kdf la/fdLsf nIf0f

lagfsf/0f pTkft dRrfpg], l/;fpg], lrRRofpg], n8fOF ug]{ dflg;x¿nfO{{

dfgl;sc:j:y JolQm x'g\ eGg ;lsG5 .

hf] cgf}7f] tl/sfn] Jojxf/ ub{5g\, ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfljk/Lt sfo{x¿

ub{5g\ .

hf] c;fWo} zfGt /xG5g\, c?x¿;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{ / af]Ng ?rfpFb}gg\ .

c?x¿n] g;'g]sf cfjfhx¿ ;'G5g\ / gb]v]sf s'/f b]V5g\ .

g'xfpg], n'uf w'g] jf sf]7f ;kmf ub}{gg\ . .

lagfsf/0f s/fO/xG5g\ .

cfˆg} xTof -cfTdxTof_ ug]{ wDsL lbg] ub{5g\ .

3/af6 6f9f efUg] ub{5g\ .

cTolws /S;L jf k|ltalGwt g;fn' lrh ;]jg ub{5g\ .

pgLx¿nfO{{ s'g} klg s'/f a'‰g ufx|f] x'G5 / k|foM ;':t dl:tissf aGb} hfG5g\ .

t/ klg, o:tf ;d:of ePsf ;a} la/fdLx¿nfO{{ dfgl;s /f]uL g} eGg ;lsFb}g .

w]/} cGo la/fdLdf klg o:tf] k|sf/sf] ;d:of b]vf kg{ ;Sb5 . 8fS6/nfO{{ b]vfpFbf

dfgl;s /f]uafx]ssf cGo /f]ux¿ klg ToxfF b]vf kg{ ;Sb5g\ . lgDglnlvt

cj:yfdf o:tf nIf0fx¿ b]vf kg{ ;S5g\ M

lgs} ylst / sdhf]/ ePsf] cg'ej ubf{,

6fpsf], k]6, kfv'/f, v'§f cflbdf lagf s'g} sf/0f kL8f jf cgf}7f] cg'ej ePsf]

cj:yfdf,

ef]s} gnfUg] jf c;fWo} ef]s nfUg] u/]sf] cj:yfdf,

dl:tis z"Go ePdf,

of}g hLjgdf ;d:of ePdf,

lagfsf/0f lgb|f gnfUg] ;d:of ePdf .


59

o:tf] cj:yfdf lgDg s'/fdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ M

la/fdLn] pTkft dRrfpg yfn]df la/fdLnfO{{ ;se/ zfGt /fVg'xf];\ / p;nfO{{

dfgl;s pkrf/ ;'ljwf ePsf] 7fpF;Dd k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

pTkft gdRrfpg] la/fdLnfO{{ ;fd'bflos lg/LIfs jf wfld{s k/fdz{bftf jf

k|jrgstf{sxfF nu]/ la/fdL / p;sf] kl/jf/nfO{{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

la/fdLn] /S;L vfPsf] jf g;fn' kbfy{ ;]jg u/]sf] 5 eg] :yfgLo clwsf/LnfO{{

;"rgf ug'{xf];\, o:tf s'/fn] z/L/df s;/L / s:tf] k|sf/sf] g/fd|f] k|ltlqmof jf

kl/jt{g NofO/x]sf] 5 eGg]af/] atfpg'xf];\ .

olb la/fdLn] cfTdxTofsf] s'/f u5{ eg] p;sf ;d:ofx¿ /fd|f];Fu ;'g]/

p;nfO{{ plrt ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ . ;s];Dd p;nfO{{ PSn} g5f]8\g'xf];\ /

hlt;Stf] rfF8f] p;nfO{{ :jf:Yos]Gb| jf c:ktfn k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

SofG;/

j[4x¿nfO{{ x'g] clwsf+z /f]ux¿dWo] SofG;/ klg Ps xf] . SofG;/sf] sf/0faf6

d[To' x'g]x¿sf] ;ª\Vof lbglbg} al9/x]sf] 5 . pd]/;Fu} SofG;/ klg a9\b} hfG5 .

JolQmsf] pd]/ a9\b} hfFbf SofG;/ nfUg ;Sg] ;Defjgf klg a9\b} hfG5 .

SofG;/sf ;fdfGo k|sf/x¿ M

dlxnfeGbf k'?ifn] g} a9L w'd|kfg ug]{ ePsf] x'gfn] k'?ifx¿df kmf]S;f]sf]

SofG;/ x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .

dlxnfdf :tgdf x'g] SofG;/sf] ;Defjgf a9L g} x'g] ub{5 . dlxnfx¿n] a9L

af];f] vfgfn] o:tf] ;d:of b]vf kb{5 .

cfGb|fdf x'g] SofG;/rflxF dlxnf / k'?if b'j}df plQs} x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

b}lgs ef]hgdf /];fbf/ vfB kbfy{sf] cefj / clws lrNnf] kbfy{sf] ;]jgn]

o:tf] ;d:of b]vf kg{ ;S5 .

:tgdf x'g] SofG;/h:t} dlxnfsf]

kf7]3/df x'g] SofG;/af6 aFRg ;a}

dlxnf ;ts{ /xg' h?/L x'G5 .

lgDg s'/fsf] lgoldt hfFr u/fpg'k5{ M

:tgsf] hfFr / :tgsf] leqL

efusf] PS;/] jf Dofdf]u|fd

Kofk l:do/ jf kf7]3/df SofG;/

eP gePsf] x]g{ ul/g] hfFr

5ftLsf] PS;–/] .


60

SofG;/sf ;ft vt/f–;"rsx¿

k]6sf] tnlt/sf] cfGb|f jf d"qfzosf] lqmofsnfkdf kl/jt{g x'g',

pkrf/} gx'g] u/L 3fF6L b'Vg',

c;fwf/0f /Qm;|fj x'g' jf c? kmf]xf]x¿ r'lx/xg',

ckr x'g' / vfg]s'/f lgNg ;d:of x'g',

;''lGgg' jf uf+7f lg:sg'

sf]7Lx¿df lgs} kl/jt{g b]lvg'

nuftf/sf] vf]sL tyf cfjfhdf wf]b|]kg x'g' .

oL / o:tf s'g} k|sf/sf ;d:of b]vf k/] eg] t'?Gt} :jf:Yo ;+:yf jf glhssf]

c:ktfndf uP/ ;DalGwt ljz]if1sf] /fo ;Nnfx lng'kb{5 . ;dod} pkrf/ eof]

eg] SofG;/ /f]u lgsf] x'g ;S5 .

kIff3ft -:6«f]s_ kIff3ft s] xf] <

dl:tisdf /Qmk|jfx geP/ dl:tissf] s]xL efun] sfd ug{ 5f]8]sf] cj:yfnfO{{ :6«f]s

jf kIff3ft elgG5 . ha lbdfusf] Ps efudf /Qmk|jfx aGb x'G5, of] ;d:of b]vf kg]{

ub{5 . dl:tisn] xfd|f] z/L/sf] lgoGq0f ub{5 . clS;hgsf] cefjdf dl:tissf

sf]ifx¿ Ps} l5gdf db{5g\ . tGt' d/]lt/sf] dl:tissf] efun] lgoGq0f ug]{ xfd|f]

z/L/sf] efun] /fd|f];Fu sfd ug{ ;Sb}g clg of] ;d:of b]vf k5{ .

kIff3ftsf ;ª\s]tx¿ M

kIff3ftsf ;ª\s]tx¿ s]xL ldg]6 jf 306fd} ljsf; x'G5g\ t/ slxn]sfxLF

kIff3ft w]/} lbgkl5 dfq nfUg klg ;S5 . of] s'g efusf sf]if slt xb;Dd

gi6 ePsf 5g\ eGg] s'/fdf e/ kb{5 .

cgf}7f] lsl;dn] skfn b'Vg] / lgsf] gx'g] h:tf] x'G5 . z/L/sf] Psflt/

sdhf]/L jf kIff3ft x'g] ub{5 .

dflg;sf] b[li6nfO{{ lgoGq0f ug]{ dl:tissf] efudf /Qmk|jfx x'g ;s]g eg]

dflg;sf] b[li6df ;d:of cfpF5 .

To:tf] a]nf s;}s;}n] tftf] lr;f] yfxf gkfpg] jf xftv'§f emdemdfpg] x'G5 .

s;}s;}sf] af]nL na{/fpF5 jf cg'xf/sf] kIff3ft;Fu} dflg;sf] af]Ng] Ifdtf;d]t

x/fpF5 / cg'xf/sf] s'g} efu grNg ;S5 .

kIff3ft ePsf] cj:yfdf s] ug{] <

la/fdLnfO{{ t'?Gt} c:ktfn

k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

c;fWo} tLj| kIff3ft ePsf] j[4nfO{{

cf}ifwLn] ;fdfGo cj:yfdf Nofpg

;lsof] eg] p;nfO{{ plrt


61

k'g:yf{kgf ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 . l5§} ;Grf] x'Fb} uof] eg] 5 dlxgfleq k"/} 7Ls

klg x'g ;S5 .

JolQmsf] :jtGqtfnfO{{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ . kIff3ftn] cfTd :jtGqtf gePsf

j[4x¿nfO{{ u|:t kfg]{ eP tfklg p;nfO{{ ;fx|} a9L ;+/If0f lbO/xg' cfjZos

5}g . To:tf la/fdLnfO{{ hlt ;Sof] a9L :jtGq eO{ lxF88'n ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{'

cfjZos 5 .

o;sf ;ª\s]tx¿ M

eGg} g;lsg] k|sf/sf skfn b'vfOx¿,

s'g} cª\udf sdhf]/L jf kIff3ft,

b[li6 sdhf]/ x'Fb} hfg],

r]t kfpg 5f]8\g],

af]nL na{/fpg] jf af]nL aGb} x'g] .

x[bo/f]u

d'6'df /Qmk|jfx ug{] wdgLx¿ s'g} sf/0fn] aGb x'Fbf dflg;x¿df o:tf] ;d:of b]vf

kb{5 . slxn]sfxLF cf+lzs ¿kdf wdgL aGb x'G5g\, h;nfO{{ PGhfOgf elgG5 t/

k"/} aGb ePdf x[bo3ft x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf d'6'sf df+;k];Lx¿df clS;hgsf]

cfk"lt{ sd x'G5 / /f]uLnfO{{ g/fd|f] c;/ ub{5 .

an nufpFbf ;f; k]mg{ ufx|f] eP/ :of+:of+ x'g] M

la/fdLsf] cj:yf slt;Dd g/fd|f] 5 eGg]

cfwf/df la/fdLn] lxF8g] jf e¥ofª r9\g] h:tf]

zf/Ll/s lqmofsnfk ubf{ ;f; k]mg{ ufx|f]] x'g]

;d:of,

5ftLdf kL8f M ha cf+lzs x[bo3ft PGhfOgf x'g]

ub{5, la/fdLnfO{{ 5ftLdf kL8fsf] cg'ej x'G5,

s]xL sl:;Psf] h:tf] eO{ 5ftLdf kL8f x'G5 /

afofF kfv'/f, sfFw / 3fF6Lsf] efudf kL8f x'g] ub{5 .

k'Ss k'mn]sf] cg'xf/ / v'§f M la/fdLsf] cj:yf emg\emg\ v/fa xF'b} ubf{ cg'xf/

/ v'§fdf kfgL hDdf x'g uO{ la/fdLsf] cg'xf/ / v'§f k'Ss k'mn]sf] b]lvG5 .

o:tf] cj:yfdf hfFr u/fpFbf /QmjflxgL wdgLx¿df af];f] slt dfqfdf 5 /

/ut aUg] qmddf ePsf] /f]sfj6 sxfF;Dd 5 eGg] s'/f;lxt ;d:of eP–

gePsf] yfxf x'G5 .

On]S6«f]sfl8{of]u|fdsf] hfFr u/fpFbf x[bosf] ultsf] gfk ;lhn} yfxf kfpg

;lsG5 / x[bosf] ultdf s'g} k|sf/sf] ;d:of /x]sf] eP tTsfn} yfxf x'G5 .


62

x[bodf ;d:of ePsf lrGx / ;ª\s]tx¿ M

s'g} klg an kg]{ sfd ubf{ :jf; /f]lsg] :jfF:jfF x'g],

5ftLdf c;lhnf] x'g],

cg'xf/ jf xftv'§f k'Ssk'mNg] .

x[bo /f]usf] hfFr

/utdf af];fsf] dfqf hfFr ug]{,

On]S6«f]sfl8{of]u|fd -Ol;hL_ ug]{,

tgfjsf] hfFr ug]{,

tgfjsf] hfFr o:tf] xf], hxfF la/fdLsf] x[bosf] uxg cjnf]sg u/]/ cK7of/f]]

cj:yfdf o;n] s;/L sfd u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f x]l/G5 .

PlGhof]u|fkmL ug]{ .

s'g 7fpFdf /ut aUg /f]lsPsf] 5 / /Qmk|jfx gnLdf sxfF ;d:of 5 eGg]af/]

yfxf kfpg PlGhof]u|fkmL hfFr ug'{k5{ .

8folal6h -dw'd]x_

OG;'lngsf] sdL jf sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f /utdf rLlg Un'sf]h cTolws dfqfdf

pTkfbg x'g] ub{5 . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{{ dw'd]x ePsf] elgG5 .

8folal6hsf nIf0fx¿ M

w]/} lk;fa nfUg],

tf}n 36\b} hfg],

;w}F ysfO nfUg],

lk;fa k]mg{] 7fp+ jl/kl/ lrnfpg],

3l/3l/ 5fnfdf 3fpvl6/f cfpg] .

8folal6hsf] hfFrM

lk;fa hfFr u/L lrgLsf] dfqf x]g{]

/utdf ePsf] lrgLsf] hfFr

vfnL k]6df /utdf ePsf] lrgLsf] hfFr

afy/f]u M ;fdfGo v'§fsf] ;d:of

hf]gL{x¿ etetL kf]Ng],

lxF8\bf jf cGo lqmofsnfk ubf{ ;d:ofx¿ cfOkg]{ .


63

;fdfGo sf/0fx¿ M

pd]/

z/L/sf] clws tf}n

dfgl;s cf3ft

gldn]sf h'Qf

v'§fsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ M

;lhnf h'Qf nufpg],

v'§fsf] dfln; ug]{,

v'§f lehfpg],

lxFpsf 6'qmfx¿ afw]sf] sk8f /fVg],

kL8f sd ug]{ dndx¿jf lqmdx¿ nufpg],

le6fldg cfk"lt{ ug]{ aL ^, aL !@ tyf kmf]lns Pl;8

;]jg ug]{ .

gª s'¿k x'g] /f]u

gªsf] /ª p8\g] cyjf gª afSnf] x'g] .

pkrf/

v'§fsf] gªnfO{{ ;kmf / ;'Svf /fVg],

v'§f lehfpg],

8fS6/n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] dnd nufpg],

8fS6/ jf gª ljz]if1nfO{{ hFrfpg] .

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] :jf:Yosf] x]/ljrf/

zf/Ll/s :jf:Yosf] x]/rfx

j[4x¿sf] vfgkfgsf], cfbt, Jofofd, JolQmut ;/;kmfO uf]8fsf] x]/rfx,

jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO cflb s'/fsf af/]df ;"rgf lnP/ cfjZos ;Nnfx klg

lbg'xf];\ .

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] zf/Ll/s :jf:Yoaf/] x]/ljrf/ k'¥ofpg M

xfjf cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ /fd|/L x'g] vfnsf] sf]7fsf] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ .

/fd|f / ;lhnf h'Qf nufpg'k5{ .

w'd|kfg / o:t} cGo v/fa cfbtsf sf/0f x'g hfg] :jf:Yo;DaGwL xfgLaf/]

hfgsf/L lng'k5{ .


64

;'Ì, lxF8\g / b]Vg ;3fpg] ;fdfgsf] k|of]u ug{'k5{ .

lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfx lnP/ /f]ucg';f/sf] cf}ifwL ;]jg ug{'k5{ .

n8\gaf6 hf]ufpg] tyf 3/]n' ;'/Iffsf ljljw pkfo ug{'k5{ .

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] dfgl;s :jf:Yoaf/] x]/ljrf/ k'¥ofpg M

j[4x¿df x'g] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] dfgl;s kl/jt{gdfly ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ .

Ho]i7 gful/sdf ;fdGoeGbf km/s lsl;dsf Jojxf/ b]lvg]lalQs} ;DalGwt

ljz]if1;Fu k/fdz{ lng hfg'k5{ .

j[4x¿sf] ;fdflhs :jf:Yodf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg M

gofF ;do latfpg] afgLx¿sf] ljsf; ug{'k5{ .

cfˆgf l5d]sL / ;fyLx¿aLr cfk;L ;xof]u tyf e]63f6 a9fpg'k5{ .

cfly{s ;xof]usf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu ;Dks{ a9fpg'k5{ .

l/kf]6{ ug]{ M

s] l/kf]6{ ug]{ <

slxn] l/kf]6{ ug]{ <

s;nfO{{ l/kf]6{ ug]{ <

l/kf]6{sf dfkb08x¿ s]s] x'g\ <

s;/L l/kf]6{ ug]{<

lnkLs/0f jf n]Vg]sfd s;/L ug]{ <

lrlsT;sx¿;Fu e]63f6 ug]{ ;do ldnfpg],

;do;dodf :jf:y cg'udg ug]{ .

-:jf:y cg'udgsf nflu kl/lzi6 ! x]g'{xf];\_ .

la/fdL Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] x]/rfx ug]{ tl/sf M

x]/rfx ug]{ tl/sfx¿ M

z/L/nfO{{ ;kmf /fVg M

la/fdLsf] d'v ;kmf /fVg ;3fpg'xf];\ .

la/fdLsf] cg'xf/ wf]P/ ;kmf ug{ ;3fpg'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ g'xfpg ;3fpg'xf];\ .

la5\Øf}gfdf ynf k/]sf la/fdLx¿nfO{{ g'xfpg ;3fpg'xf];\ .

la/fdL ynf k/]sf] cj:yfdf b'O{÷tLgk6s skfn ;kmf ug{ ;3fpg'xf];\ .


65

d'v ;kmf /fVg] tl/sf M

d'v, bfFt / luhf ;kmf /fVg] s'/f c;n :jf:Yosf nflu dfq}

xf]Og, o;n] la/fdLdf ef]s;d]t a9fpF5 .

bfFt ;8fpg] / ;f; uGxfpg] d'Vo sf/0f sL6f0f' / kmf]x/ g} x'g\ .

t;y{, sL6f0f' / kmf]x/ ;kmf ug{sf nflu bfFt df‰g' jf a|;

ug'{ cfjZos 5 . la/fdL a]xf]; jf c;Ifd eP/ oL s'/fx¿

ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] cj:yfdf tkfOF{Fn] ;kmf sk8fsf] k|of]u u/]/

la/fdLsf] d'v ;kmf ul/lbg'xf];\ .

cg'xf/ w'g]

x/]s laxfg, vfg]s'/f vfg'eGbf cufl8 / ;'Tg'eGbf cl3 la/fdLn] cg'xf/ ;kmf

ug]{ ugf{n] la/fdLnfO{{ :j:y / cf/fd cg'ej x'G5 .

cg'xf/ ;kmf ubf{ cfFvf, gfs, cf]7 / sfg cflb cª\ux¿sf] Vofn /fVg'xf];\ .

oL cª\ux¿df s'g} cgf}7f s'/fx¿ kf] 5g\ ls cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . s'g} uDeL/ k|sf/sf

;d:ofx¿ /x]sf] cj:yfdf t'?Gt} :jf:Yo ;+:yf jf lrlsT;ssf] k/fdz{ lnOxfNg'xf];\ .

cfFvf jf cfFvfsf] 9sgL /fd|f];Fu ;kmf ul/Pg eg] ToxfF klg s'g} /]fusf] ;ª\qmd0f x'g

;Sb5 . la/fdLsf] cfFvfsf] efu ;kmf ubf{ leh]sf] skf;sf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . la/fdLsf]

cfFvf ;kmf ubf{ cfFvfnfO{{ leqaflx/ u/]/ rnfpg'' /fd|f] x'G5 .

la/fdLnfO{{ g'xfpg ;3fpg]

Ho]i7 gful/s cfkm}+ ;Ifd 5g\ eg] cfkm}+n] oL ;/;kmfOsf s'/fx¿ ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .

x]/rfx stf{sf ¿kdf cfkm"n] hfg]sf] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pkfo k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . o;n]

lqmofsnfknfO{{ ;a}eGbf a9L ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ oL lqmofsnfknfO{{ ;lhnf] agfpF5 /

la/fdLnfO{{ klg /fd|f] x'G5 . lgDg s'/fx¿ ;Demg'xf];\ M

la/fdLnfO{{ g'xfpFbf a;fpg' lgs} /fd|f] x'G5 .

dWod :t/sf] s';L{sf] k|of]u ug'{ pQd x'G5 .

g'xfOlbFbf cfjZos kg]{ ;fdfgx¿ e]6\g ;lsg] u/L glhs} /fVg'k5{ .

lrlKnP/ gn8"g\ eg]/ /a/sf] c]f5\ofpg] Dof6 k|of]u ug'{ /fd|f] xf] .

la/fdLn] ;se/ g'xfpg] sfddf cfkm}nfO{{ ;3fPdf cem /fd|f] x'G5 .

la/fdLsf] z/L/nfO{{ ;kmf ul/lbFbf lgDg zf/Ll/s cËx¿nfO{{ ljz]if Vofn ug'{k5{ M

3fF6L

sfgsf] k5fl8

sfvL

lk;fa ug{] 7fp+ / To;sf] jl/kl/sf] efu

v'§fx¿


66

tkfOF{Fn] la/fdLnfO{{ g'xfOlbFbf la/fdLnfO{{ cfˆg} xftn] k'Ug ufx|f] kg]{ 9f8 dlnlbP/

klg ;3fpg ;Sg'x'g]5 / la/fdLnfO{{ lgx'l/P/ k'Ug ufx|f] x'g] v'§f klg ;kmf ul/lbP/

;/;kmfOdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg ;Sg'x'g]5 .

cf]5\ofgdf k/]sf] la/fdLnfO{{ g'xfOlbFbf M

la/fdL cf]5\ofgdf k/]/ cfˆgf] x]/ljrf/ cfkm}+ ug{ g;Sg] ePsf] cj:yfdf tkfOF{Fn]

la5\of}gfd} g'xfpg] Joj:yfug{ ;Sg' x'G5 . cf]5\ofgdf k/]sf] la/fdLnfO{{

g'xfOlbg'eGbf klxn] g'xfOlbFbf cfjZos kg]{ lgDg s'/fx¿sf] tof/L / ;'/Iff ug'{

cfjZos 5 M

g'xfpg] ;fa'g,

k'5\g] tf}lnof,

dgtftf] kfgL /flvPsf] Pp6f jf b'O6f efF8f

tf}lnofx¿-la/fdLsf] lb;flk;fa ug{] 7fp+sf] ;kmf ugf{sf nflu 5'§} tf}lnof_,

tGgf jf s'g} cf]5\ofpg] n'uf,

k'5\g] sfuh jf 6\jfOn]6 k]k/,

cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf j[4x¿sf nflu lb;flk;fa ug{] 7fp+df 6Dd a]g{] n'uf

jf 8fok/ -kfgL ;f]:g] sk8f_ .

cf]5\ofgdf k/]sf] la/fdLnfO{{ cf]5\ofgd} g'xfOlbFbf tkfOF{Fn] lgDg s'/fx¿ Vofn /fVg'

cfjZos 5 M

la/fdLnfO{{ 6fpsf]b]lv k}tfnf;Dd wf]Olbg'xf];\ .

la/fdLsf] sDd/;Dd g/dvfn] tf}lnof jf dndnsf] sk8fn] 5f]lklbg'xf];\ / tL

cª\unfO{{ dfq gfª\uf] /fVg'xf];\ h;nfO{{ kfgLn] ;kmf kfg{'k5{ .

la/fdLsf] tNnf] efu jf v'§f ;kmf ub}{ x'g'x'G5 eg] tkfOF{Fn] dflyNnf] efu

5f]lklbg'xf];\ . la5\of}gfsf] tÌf glehf];\ eg]/ la5\of}gfdf tf}lnofn] 5f]lk

lbg'xf];\ .

la/fdLsf] lk7\o"F ;kmf ul/lbgsf nflu la/fdLnfO{{ csf]{lt/ sf]N6] kmsf{Olbg'xf];\ .

g'xfpg ;3fpFbf, p;sf] tGgf jf sk8f km]l/lbF+bf / csf]{lt/ kN6g ;3fpFbf la/fdLnfO{{

:j:y / cf/fd cg'ej x'G5 . la/fdLnfO{{ g'xfOlbFbf tkfOF{Fn] la/fdLsf] cfFvf, gfs, cf]7,

sfg, sfvL / lt3|fsf sfknufot cª\ux¿df ljz]if Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 .

tkfOF{Fn] la/fdLnfO{{ lgDg k|sf/n] g'xfOlbg ;Sg'x'g]5 M

la/fdLsf] cl3lNt/sf] efu ;kmf ul/lbg'xf];\ .

la/fdLsf] lk7Ø'F / lsgf/lt/sf efu ;kmf ul/lbgsf nflu la/fdLnfO{{ csf]{lt/

kmsf{pg'xf];\ .


67

la/fdLsf] 5fnfnfO{{ g/d /fVgsf nflu la/fdLsf] z/L/df s'g} dnd

nufOlbg'xf];\ . kfp8/sf] k|of]u cTolws gug'{xf];\ cGoyf o;n] z/L/ lrnfpg]

/ 5fnfnfO{{ ;'Vvf /fVg]h:tf ;d:of b]lvg ;S5g\ .

cf]5\ofgdf k/]sf] la/fdLsf] 6fpsf] / skfn ;kmf ul/lbFbf M

skfn / 6fpsf] ;kmf ul/lbFbf cf]5\ofgdf k/]sf] la/fdLnfO{{ cf/fd tyf :j:y cg'ej

x'G5 . la/fdLnfO{{ g'xfOlbFbf la/fdLsf] skfn klg ;kmf ul/lbg'k5{ . la/fdLsf] skfn

wf]OlbFbf cf]5\ofg / tlsof glehf];\ eg]/ tf}lnofsf] k|of]u ug{'k5{ .

la/fdL]nfO{{ g'xfOlbFbf skfn klg wf]Olbg' /fd|f] x'G5 . la/fdLsf] s]; lbgx'F wf]O/xg'

kb{}g, xKtfdf Ps b'O{ rf]l6 wf]P k'U5 .

la/fdLsf] tGgf km]l/lbg]

la/fdLsf] tÌf km]l/lbg'eGbf klxn] la/fdLnfO{{ csf]{ cf]5\ofgdf ;g{ ;3fpg'xf];\

jf lgDg s'/fx¿ ug'{xf];\ M

la/fdLnfO{{ cf]5\ofgsf] bfFof jf afFoflt/ kmsf{Olbg'xf];\ . To;nfO{{ ;3fpg

l;/fgLsf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . la/fdLnfO{{ bfofF jf afofF kmsf{pgsf nflu la/fdLsf]

d'lg /x]sf] kmf]x/ tÌfnfO{{ v'DRofpg jf 3';fpg ;Sg' x'g]5 .

To;kl5 la/fdLnfO{{ la5\of}gfsf] csf]{ 5]plt/ ;fg'{xf];\ . gofF la5\of}gf

/flvlbgsf nflu kof{Kt :yfg /flvlbg'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ cf]5\ofgsf] csf]{ 5]plt/ ;fl/lbg'xf];\ . la/fdLnfO{{ kms{+bf ;3fpgsf

nflu l;/fgLsf] k|of]u ul/lbg'xf];\ .

kmf]x/ tÌf x6fP/ ;kmf / gofF la5\of}gfdf 3';fb}{ ldnfP/ /flvlbg'xf];\ .

ljleGg k|sf/sf 3fpx¿

zNols|of ubf{ sfl6Psf 3fp

s'g} zNolqmof ubf{ 3fp x'G5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] 3fp /fd|f];Fu 5f]lkPsf] x'g'kb{5 /

3fp k"0f{ ¿kn] ;Grf] gxF'bf;Dd aflx/L s'g} klg s'/fn] 3fpdf ;ª\qmd0f gxf]cf];\

egL To;nfO{{ xftn] g5'g]u/L ;'/lIft ¿kdf /fVg'kb{5 . 3fp ;'lÌg] jf kfSg]

ePdf, 3fpdf s'g} k|sf/sf] kL8f ePdf jf 3fpjl/kl/sf] 5fnf /ftf] ePsf]

cj:yfdf 3fpdf sL6f0f'sf] ;ª\qmd0f ePsf] x'g ;S5 .

/ul8Psf] 3fp -Pa|]Ohg_

s'g} s'/f;Fu 3if{0f jf s'g} s'/f;Fu 7f]lSsFbf nfUg] 3fpnfO{{ /u8fOsf] 3fp jf

Pa]|Ohg elgG5 . ;kmf kfgLn] pQm :yfgnfO{{ ;kmf u/]/ To;df dnd

nufpg'k5{ . o:tf] k|sf/n] 3fp ;Grf] gx'Fbf;Dd 3fpjl/kl/ s'g} k|sf/n] lyRg'

x'Fb}g . cf]5\ofgdf nl8/xFbf jf 8fS6/n] RofKg]sf] k|of]u ubf{ klg o:tf] k|sf/sf]

3fp nfUg ;S5 .


68

o:tf k|sf/sf 3fpx¿sf] x]/ljrf/ k'¥ofpg M

/ul8P/ 3fp nfu]sf] 7fpFnfO{{ ;kmf ug'{cufj} cfˆg} xftnfO{{ /fd|f];Fu ;fa'g

kfgLn] ;kmf ug'{'k5{ .

;kmf kfgL jf g'gePsf] ;nfOg kfgLsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

o:tf] k|sf/sf] 3fpnfO{{ 5'g' x'Fb}g, a? ?jf / lrD6fsf] k|of]u ug'{ /fd|f]

x'G5 .

jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f ;kmf /fVg'k5{ .

kmf]x/ jf hLjf0f'n] ;ª\qmd0f gu¿g\ eg]/ 3fpsf] jl/kl/ /fd|f];Fu k§L

afFlwlbg'k5{ .

afFlwg] k§L 6fFl;g] vfnsf] x'g' x'Fb}g . o;n] k6sk6s k§L k'msfP/ ;kmf ubf{

6fFl;P/ cK7]/f] kfg{ ;S5 .

3fp ;kmf ug]{ tl/sf M

3fpnfO{{ ;kmf ubf{ lgDg s'/fx¿ Vofn ug'{k5{ M

3fp ;kmf ug'{eGbf klxn] / kl5 xft ;kmf ug{'k5{ .

3fp ;kmf ubf{ k|of]u ePsf ?jf -8]«l;ª_ jf cGo s'/fx¿nfO{{ /fd|f];Fu kmf]x/

ôfFSg] 7fpFdfg} ôfFSg'k5{ .

5fnfsf] x]/–ljrf/ k'¥ofpg M

5fnfsf] sfd z/L/df rf]6x¿ nfUgaf6 arfpg] . 5fnfn] g} z/L/df tftf] lr;f]sf]

cg'ej ub{5 .

;'Svf 5fnf

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] 5fnf ;'Svf eO{ k'm6\g] ;Defjgf /xG5 / bfux¿ tGsg] ;Defjgf

Hofb} Go"g x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf tnsf s'/fx¿ b]vf kb{5g\ M

5fnf v;|f] b]lvg'

5fnfaf6 lrk|f pKsg'

5fnf kmf6\g'

5fnf lrnfpg'

;'Svf 5fnf k'm6\g] ePsfn]] z/L/df hLjf0f'x¿ k|j]zsf nflu 5fnfsf] Kjfn v'Ng]

;Defjgf /xG5 . sL6f0f'af6 ;ª\qmd0f ePsf] 5fnfsf] /Ë k|foM /ftf] x'g],

;'lÌg], k'mNg], kL8fbfoL x'g] jf uGw cfpg] ub{5 . o:tf k|sf/sf s'g} klg

nIf0fx¿ b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf /fd|f] pkrf/sf nflu tkfOF{ Fn] 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx

lng'k5{ .


69

o;sf nflu plrt k|sf/sf] pkrf/ tyf /f]syfd M

g'xfO;s]kl5, g/d kfg]{ dnd nufpg'xf];\ . o;n] 5fnfnfO{{ ;'Svf x'gaf6 /

yk rfpl/gaf6 hf]ufpF5 . 5fnf g/d kfg]{ dndn] 5fnfsf] g/dkq tof/ x'G5

/ 5fnfsf] cf]l;nf] s'/f x/fpgaf6 5fnfnfO{{ arfpg] sfd ub{5 .

tkfOF{Fn] 5fnfnfO{{ g/d agfpg] dnd lqmd klg k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 . o;n]

5fnfdf ePsf] cf]l;nf] kbfy{ arfO/fV5 .

olb tkfOF{F 3fddf lg:sFb} x'gx'G5 eg] 5ftf jf 3fd 5]Sg] s'/fsf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

c;fWo} ;'Svf x'gaf6 xftnfO{{ hf]ufO/fVgsf nflu efF8f df‰bf jf s8f ;fa'g

jf ;km{sf] k|of]u ubf{ xftdf /a/sf] kGhf nufpg'xf];\ .

rfkn] ubf{ x'g] 3fp / o;sf] x]/rfx

/Qmk|jfxdf /f]sfj6 cfpFbf bafa eO{ 3fp x'g] ub{5 . Ps} :yfgdf nfdf] ;do

al;/xFbf /fd|/L /Qm ;~rfng x'b}g . 5fnfdf Kjfn jf 3fp cflbn] pRr rfk

NofpF5 . o:tf cj:yfx¿ tnsf sf/0fn] klg b]lvG5g\ M

z/L/df kfgL jf kf}li6s cfxf/sf] sdLn] ubf{ x'g] 5fnfsf] g/fd|f] cj:yf,

c;fwf/0f ¿kdf ;'Svf 5fnf jf lr;f] 5fnf .

rfksf sf/0fn] x'g] kL8fn] sL6f0f'sf] ;ª\qmd0f klg x'g] ub{5 . o;nfO{{ lgDg

tl/sfn] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 M

x/]s b'O{ 306fdf la/fdLsf] a:g] cj:yf jf la5\of}gfsf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g

ul//xg'xf];\ .

la/fdLsf] cjl:yltnfO{{ kl/jt{g ubf{ 5fnfdf s'g} k|sf/sf] 3if{0f x'g'x'Fb}g .

la/fdLnfO{{ tÌfaf6} tfg]/ otfptf ;fg'{ x'Fb}g .

h]fgL{ / x•Lx¿ Ps–csf{df ;f]em} g7f]lSspmg\ eg]/ l;/fgL jf g/d lrh

kmf]dsf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

;kmf / :jR5 jftfj/0f agfpg'xf];\ .

la5\of}gf leh]sf] eP t'?Gt} km]l/lbg'xf];\ .

;w}+F 5fnfnfO{{ ;'Svf /fVg ;xof]u ug{'xf];\ .

la/fdLsf] cf]5\ofgdf grflxg] u/L v'lDrPsf] eP To;nfO{{ ldnfpg'xf];\ .

7f]lSsP/ 3fp nfu]sf] :yfgdf dnd lqmd nufOlbg'xf];\ .

kof{Kt kfgL vfg / kf}li6s cfxf/ ;]jg ug{ ;Nnfx / ;xof]u ug{'xf];\ .

gªsf] x]/ljrf/

gªx¿sf] jl/kl/sf] 5fnf x]g'{xf];\, ToxfFsf] 5fnf ;'Svf jf km'6]sf] cj:yfdf 5

ls < k'm6]sf] 5 eg] 5fnfdf sL6f0f'sf] ;ª\qmd0f x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . 5fnf w]/}

;'Svf ePsf] cj:yfdf dnd klg nufpg ;lsG5 .


70

aflx/sf] s8f gªsf] j[l4;Fu} uf]8fsf gª;Fu}sf] g/d df;' klg jl/kl/ a9\g

hfG5 / gª g/d df;'df ufl8g ;S5 . gªnfO{{ lgoldt ¿kdf gª sf6\g]

ug{'k5{ / plrt k|sf/sf] h'Qf nufP/ o;nfO{{ arfpg'k5{ .

o:tf] cj:yfdf s] ug]{ eg]/ tkfOF{FnfO{{ cGof]n jf bf]wf/ eof] eg] glhs}sf]

:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf uP/ hFrfpg'k5{ .

v'§fsf] x]/ljrf/

la/fdL tyf cf]5\ofgdf k/]sf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] x]/ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' s'g} klg x]/ljrf/

stf{sf nflu cfkm}+df lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ xf] .

pgLx¿sf] v'§fdf ;lhn} ;d:of b]vf kb{5 / o;n] ubf{ cf]5\ofgdf k/]sf la/fdLsf]

:jf:Yo l:yltdf lgs} 7"nf] c;/ kg{ hfG5 . cf]5\ofgdf kbf{sf] kL8f jf rfkn] kg{

hfg] kL8f la/fdL tyf cf]5\ofgdf ynf k/]sf Ho]i7 gful/ssf nflu ;fdfGo

;d:of xf] . uf]nLufF7f, s's'{Rrfh:tf z/L/sf hf]gL{x¿g} o:tf ;fdfGo k|sf/sf

;d:ofaf6 k|efljt x'g] ub{5g\ .

v'§fsf cf}Fnfsf gªx¿

j[4x¿sf gªx¿ ;fdfGotM afSnf / kmf]:sf x'G5g\ . gª cgfjZos ¿kdf afSnf

x'Fb} uP / clgoldt tl/sfn] a9\b} uP eg] ;d:of aGb} hfg ;S5 .

tkfOF{F cfˆgf v'§fsf cf}Fnfsf gªx¿nfO{{ g/d /fVg'xf];\ / lgoldt ¿kdf gª

sf6\g] / lgoldt ¿kdf ;kmf ug]{ afgL a;fNg'xf];\ .

xKtfsf] Psk6s gª ;kmf ug]{ g]nkmfOn k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

cfˆgf gªx¿ ;kmf ubf{ s]xL ;d:ofx¿ b]vf k/]df gª ljz]if1sf] k/fdz{ /

;xof]u lng'xf];\ .

cf]5\ofgdf kbf{ 9f8sf] 5fnfdf x'g] kL8f

la/fdL tyf cf]5\ofgdf k/]sf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] w]/} ;do cf]5\ofgdf klN6/xgfn]

ljz]ifu/L uf]nLufF7f / s's'{Rrfdf x'g] bb{ jf rfk–bb{ x'G5 . lgDg pkfon] o:tf

;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

la/fdLsf] v'§fnfO{{ /fd|/L c8\ofpg l;/fgLsf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

la/fdLsf] cf]5\ofgsf] cjl:yltnfO{{ lgoldt ¿kdf abNg'xf];\ .

la/fdLsf] df+;k];L tyf hf]gL{nfO{{ lgoldt ¿kdf tGsfpg'xf];\ tyf otfptf

d';f/]/ rnfOlbg'xf];\ .

5fnf

pd]/ a9\b} hfFbf xfd|f] 5fnf ;'Svf, r//{ rs{g] / 6'qmg] vfnsf] aGb} hfG5 . ljz]if

u/L JolQmsf] v'§fsf] tNnf] efuh:tf zf/Ll/s cª\ux¿df 5fnfsf] k|fs[lts cf];

jf lr;f]kgf sfod /lx/xg' cfjZos x'G5 . oL cª\ux¿df 3if{0fnfO{{ hf]ufpgsf

nflu 5fnfnfO{{ g/d kfg]{ cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u ug'{ cfjZos 5 . uf]nLufF7f tyf


71

ss'{Rrfdf Nofgf]lgn jf dndsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ . o:tf dndx¿ v'§fsf cf}+nfx¿sf]

sfkdf eg] k|of]u ug'{x'b}g . olb s;}nfO{{ cTolws kl;gf cfpF5 eg] v'§fdf k|of]u

ug]{ kfp8/ / s]6fs]6Lsf] kfp8/ nufpg'k5{ .

kf]if0f

ljleGg k|sf/sf vfg]s'/fdf ljleGg k|sf/sf

kf]if0f tyf vlgh kbfy{x¿ kfpg ;lsG5 .

z/L/nfO{{ alnof] / :j:y /fVg oL kf]if0f

tTjx¿ cfjZos x'G5g\ .

kf]if0f tTjx¿n] ljz]ifu/L lgDg zf/Ll/s

k|lqmofdf 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ub{5g\ M

kf]if0f tTjo'Qm ef]hg ugf{n]] tfksf]

pTkfbg x'G5 / To;n] z/L/sf] tfkqmd

l7Ss -#^ l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8b]lv #& l8u|L

;]lG6u|]8_ /fVgdf d2t k'¥ofpF5 .

zf/Ll/s j[l4 ug{ ;3fpF5 .

la/fdL / j[4kgsf sf/0f d[t ePsf sf]ifx¿nfO{{ k]ml/ hLljt / ;lqmo kfg{

;xfotf ub{5 .

:j:y /xg / c;n :jf:Yo lgdf{0fdf ;3fpgsf nflu la/fdLn] lg/Gt/ kf}li6s

tyf :j:y vfg]s'/f tyf k]o kbfy{ lnPsf] 5 ls 5}g eg]/ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ .

olb tkfOF{Fsf] la/fdL cfkm}+ vfgkfg ug{ c;Ifd 5 eg] p;nfO{{ v'jfpg ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ /

p;nfO{{ cfjZostfcg';f/ k]6el/ vfg k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ . o:tf] a]nfdf emf]n,

hfpnf]h:tf ;lhn} lgNg / krfpg ;lsg] g/d k|s[ltsf vfg]s'/fx¿ tof/ ul/lbg'xf];\ .

o;f] ubf{ tkfOF{FnfO{{ c? Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] x]/rfx ug'{kg{]] p2]Zo klg yfxf x'g hfG5 .

vfgf c?lr x'g]

j[4 / la/fdLnfO{{ vfg / lkpgdf a/fa/ c?lr x'g] ub{5 . ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{

ef]s gnfUg / c?lr x'g;S5 . o;sf lgDg sf/0fx¿ x'g ;S5g\ M

d'vsf] ;'Svfkg jf d'v ;'Sg',

lha|f] emdemdfpg' jf To;n] s]xL cg'ej gug{',

lgNg ufx|f] x'g',

lgNbf lgs} ysfO nfUg' jf lgNg sl7g x'g',

a9L tftf / lr;f vfg]s'/f tyf k]o s'/fx¿ vfg g;Sg',

a9L g'lgnf] tyf af];f]o'Qm vfg]s'/f x'g',

la/fdL 5' eGg] nfUg',

vfO;s]kl5 jfGtf x'g] qf; x'g' .


72

lgDg pkfo u/]/ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] vfg]s'/fdf c?lr sd ug{ ;lsG5 M

la/fdLsf] d'v / lha|f] ;w}F ;kmf /fVg] / /l;nf] agfpg] k|of; ug'{xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ kf}li6s / :jf:Yoj4{s vfg]s'/f tyf emf]n kbfy{ yf]/}dfqfdf 3l/3l/

lbO/xg'xf];\ .

la/fdLsf vfg]s'/f tyf k]o kbfy{ Hofb} tftf] jf a9L lr;f] gxf]cf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ l/+u6f gnfuf];\ / jfGtf gxf]cf];\ eg]/ yf]/}yf]/} / emf]n vfg]s'/fx¿

rfF8f]rfF8f] lbg] ug{'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ k|f]T;fxg lbg / ;Demfpgsf nflu kof{Kt ;do 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ cfˆgf] vfg]s'/f l;Wofpg jf emf]n l;Wofpg cgfjZos bafa lbg]

sfd gug'{xf];\, slxNo} vfg xtf/ gug'{xf];\ . vfg]s'/fsf] tof/L klg c;fWo}

dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f] xf] t;y{ k"/} tof/L u/]/ dfq v'jfpg'xf];\ .

lha|f] g} b'v]/ ;tfPsf] la/fdLnfO{{ kfOk jf Kofnfsf] k|of]un] 7f]; vfg]s'/f jf

emf]n lgNg ;3fpg'xf];\ .

tNnf] cfGb|fsf] ult -lb;f nfUg]_

la/fdLsf] tNnf] cfGb|fsf] ultn] jf lb;f nfUgfn] 3/]n' ;xof]uLnfO{{ nfhdbf]{ /

cK7]/f] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg ;Sb5 . b'u{Gws} sf/0fn]] lb;fnfO{{ dflg;x¿n] gsf/fTds

¿kdf lnO/x]sf x'G5g\ . of]eGbf klg cem lb;f nfUg] s'/f dflg;sf] OHht;Fu klg

hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . o:tf] lqmofsnfk ;fdfGo xf] / JolQmsf] hLjgsf] b}lgs

lqmofsnfksf] Ps cleGg cª\u xf] eGg] dfGotfsf ;fy o:tf k|sf/sf gsf/fTds

ljrf/x¿nfO{{ ;Rofpg ;lsG5 .

To;}cg';f/ o; lqmofsnfknfO{{ cufl8 a9fpgsf nflu tkfOF{Fn] lgDgcg';f/sf

s'/fx¿ a'lem/xg' cfjZos kb{5 .

slt xb;Dd la/fdLn] cfkmF}nfO{{ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 eg]/ la/fdLsf] IfdtfnfO{{

a'‰g'xf]; \ .

la/fdLnfO{{ slt a]nf o:tf] ;xfotfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 eGg] a'‰g'xf]; \ .

la/fdLn] :jefj}n] s] ug{] u5{ eGg] yfxf kfpg'xf];\ .

la/fdLsf lghL tyf j}olQms cfjZostfx¿ s]s] x'g\ eGg] a'‰g'xf]; \ .

la/fdLdf o:tf k|sf/sf cfGb|fsf ult u8a8 eO{ lb;f clgoldt ePsf] cj:yfdf

lg/fz gx'g'xf];\ . xKtfdf b'O{k6s la/fdLnfO{{ lb;f nfUb5 eg] klg lg/fz gx'g'xf];\,

la/fdLsf] lb;f w]/} s8f gxf]cf];\ / lb;f ubf{ la/fdLnfO{{ s'g} k|sf/sf] kL8f

gxf]cf];\ . Tolt eP o;nfO{{ ;fdfGo ;Demg'k5{ .

kvfnf

olb s;}nfO{{ Ps} lbgdf w]/}k6s lb;f nfUof] eg] p;nfO{{ kvfnf nfu]5 eg]/

a'‰g'k5{ . la/fdL klxn] g} lgs} uDeL/ ePsf] cj:yfdf la/fdLsf] lb;f klg kftnf]

/ To;sf] /Ë klg kfgL h:tf] x'g hfG5 . o:tf] ePsf] cj:yfdf la/fdLsf] z/L/df

hnlgof]hg x'g glbg la/fdLnfO{{ t'?Gt} cf}ifwL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'xf];\ .


73

slAhot

la/fdLnfO{{ Ps xKtf;Dd klg lb;f nfu]g eg] la/fdLnfO{{ slAhot x'G5 /

Tolta]nf la/fdLsf] lb;f klg c;fwf/0f ¿kn] s8f / ;'Svf x'G5 . la/fdLsf] lb;f

ug]{ lgod qmddf cyjf cjlwdf s'g} sf/0fjz /f]sfj6 cfpFbf klg o:tf] x'g]

ub{5 . lgDg sf/0fn] klg o;f] x'g] ub{5 M

k|z:t kfgL gvfgfn] / vfg]s'/f tNnf] :t/sf] eof] eg] .

zf/Ll/s Jofofdsf] cefj .

s]xL ljz]if k|sf/sf cf}ifwLx¿ lngfn] .

lb;f nufpg] cf}ifwLsf] unt k|of]u ugf{n] .

lgDg s'/fx¿ugf{n] la/fdLnfO{{ slAhotaf6 hf]ufpg ;lsG5 M

sltk6s lb;f eof] < lb;f ug{ dg nfUof] jf nfu]g eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg'xf];\ .

lb;f ug{ ljz]if ;do nufP/ lgoldt ¿kdf sltk6s lb;f eof], To;sf]

pNn]v ug]{ afgL a;fNg'xf];\ .

zf/Ll/s lqmofsnfknfO{{ a9fpg'xf];\ .

t/sf/L, kmnkm"n, bfn cflb /];fbf/ vfg]s'/fx¿ vfg'xf];\ jf v'jfpg'xf];\ .

x/]s lbg 5–cf7 lunf; kfgL vfg k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ . la/fdLnfO{{ s'g} klg

8fS6/n] kof{Kt kfgL gvfg' eg]sf] 5 eg] ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

olb slAhot lgoldt eO/xG5 eg] lgDg tl/sfn] o;sf]

pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 M

lb;f nufpg u'båf/leq /fVg] cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

slAhot rSsL / kof{Kt emf]n s'/fx¿ la/fdLnfO{{ vfg

lbg'xf];\ .

ldl>t /; tyf t/n kbfy{ kof{Kt dfqfdf lbg'xf];\ .

c;+odtf

s'g} JolQmn] lk;fanfO{{ lgoGq0f ug{ g;Sg' eg]sf] cfˆgf] lk;fasf] k|jfxnfO{{

lgoGq0f ug]{ Ifdtfsf] cefj /xg' xf] . of] ;fdfGo ;d:of xf] / o;n] ;a}

pd]/sfnfO{{ k|efj kfb{5 . o; ;d:ofn] dflg;nfO{{ efjgfTds ;d:ofdf kfb{5 /

nfhdbf]{ cj:yfdf k'¥ofpF5 .

cfˆgf] lk;fanfO{{ lgoGq0f ug{ g;Sg] la/fdLnfO{{ zf/Ll/s kL8fsf] ;d:of klg kb{5 /

n'u}df lk;fa x'g] ;Defjgf klg /xG5 . n'ufdf lk;fa cfPsf] cj:yfdf lk;fasf]

g/fd|f] uGwsf] sf/0fn] JolQmnfO{{ ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿df nfhdbf]{ cj:yf ef]Ug'kg]{ x'G5 .

o;n] JolQmnfO{{ lg/fz / a]v';L agfpF5 . o;n] JolQmnfO{{ ;dfhaf6 PSnf] agfpF5 .

o;af6 5fnf lrnfpg] tyf 3fpvl6/f x'g] ;d:of;d]t x'g hfG5 .


74

Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf kl/jf/hgn] j[4x¿nfO{{ o:tf] cK7]/f] kbf{ c;'la:tf x'G5 eGg]

a'‰g'k5{ . of] s]jn cf}ifwf]krf/sf] ;d:of dfq} xf]Og, of] t JolQmsf] efjgfTds

lrGtfsf] ljifo klg xf] .

lk;fa;DaGwL c;+odtfsf k|sf/x¿

leq}af6 lk;fa nfUg],

d'qy}nL el/g'cufj} lk;fa km]g{ dg nfUg],

yf]/} / clnslt dfq} lk;fa x'g],

d'5f{, lb;f;d]t x'g], kfls{G;g /f]u, c08sf]if ;'lÌg] / 3fpvl6/f kfSg],

rfk;lxtsf] c;+odtf

dlxnfx¿df w]/} kfOg],

lk;fa km]bf{ yf]/} dfq} lk;fa x'g],

k]6df rfk a9\g],

xf5\o'F, vf]sL / xfF;f] nfUg],

gfO6f]d'lgsf] xf8sf] k]lNes efu v:g],

c;dod} aRrf hGdg] / a"9f] x'Fb} hfg] .

sfdsf] l:yltaf6 x'g] /f]Sg} g;lsg] 3l/3l/sf] lk;fa lgDg sf/0fn] c;+odtf x'g hfG5 M

zf/Ll/s sf/0f -x•L ;'lÌg], sdhf]/L_

dfgl;s ;d:of -l8d]lG;of jf dgf]e|+z_

cf}ifwf]krf/ -l8p/]l6S;–lk;fa a9fpg] cf}ifwL, /Qmrfk_

c;+oldt la/fdLx¿sf] x]/rfx

ynf k/]sf jf lXjn r]o/ jf rSs] s';L{ k|of]u u/]df dfq otfptf ug{ ;Sg]

la/fdLx¿sf nflu lgDg s'/fx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 M

sf]k/fsf] Joj:yf ug'{xf];\ / o;nfO{{ la/fdLsf] vf6 jf cf]5\ofg glhs}

/fVg'xf];\ . of] cf}ifwL k;ndf lsÌ kfOG5 .

lx\jn r]o/df jf rSs] s';L{df /xg] la/fdLx¿sf nflu cf/fdbfoL rkL{ sf]7fdf

jf To;}sf] glhs a:g nufpg'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ b'O{ jf tLg 306fsf] km/sdf lk;faug{ ;3fpg'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ nufpg / k'msfpg cK7]/f] x'g] 6fFsx¿ ePsf] kfOG6 xf]Og, v's'nf]

vfnsf n'uf nufpg lbg'xf];\ .

la/fdLsf] 5fnf /ftf] / g/fd|f] uGw cfpg] gxf]cf];\

eg]/ To;nfO{{ ;w}F ;kmf / ;'Svf /fVg'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ lbpF;f] kof{Kt kfgL vfg k|f]T;fxg

ug'{xf];\ / ;fFemdf eg] ;Lldt dfqfdf dfq

kfgL lbg'xf];\ .


75

cf]5\ofgdf w]/} ;do ;'Qf 3fp ePsf la/fdLsf] x]/rfx 5fnf RofltP/ jf lrl/P/

ô|fSr/ jf s'g} sf/0fn] 3fp x'G5 / To:tf] 3fpn] 5fnfnfO{{ lauf5{ . xfjfdf ePsf

sL6f0f'x¿sf] /f]syfdsf] klxnf] kª\lQmsf] ;'/Iff sjr eg]s} 5fnf xf] . 3fpaf6

To:tf xfgLsf/s hLjf0f'x¿ z/L/leq k|j]z ub{5g\ . To;f] x'gfn] c:ktfnaf6

ev{/} cfPsf] jf ev{/} ;Grf] x'g nfu]sf] 3fp ePsf] la/fdLn] cfˆgf] 3fpnfO{{ emg\

lau|gaf6 hf]ufpg v'a} x]/rfx k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .

Jofofd tyf ultzLntf

3/]n' x]/rfxug{]n] k'¥ofpg] ;]jf dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . oxfF ;'emfOPsf / k|:t't ul/Psf

s]xL s'/fx¿n] hf];'s} klg JolQmsf] :jf:Yodf /fd|f] glthf Nofpg ;Sb5 . lgs}

kmfObf k'¥ofpg] ljrf/ / r]tgf klg xfdLn] oxfF k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . b}lgs

lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], ;fdfGo tl/sfx¿ jf s]xL

k|f¿kx¿ klg oxfF 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm tkfOF{Fn] lkmlhof]y]/flk:6 jf k];fut /f]usf

pkrf/stf{x¿af6 o;sf nflu /fd|f] ;Nnfx lng ;Sg'x'G5 .

Jofofd ug'{sf] dxTTj

Jofofd ugf{n] x•Lx¿ sl:;g] jf hf]gL{x¿ c//f] x'g] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'G5 .

Jofofdn] df+;k];Lsf] ult a9fpg'sf ;fy} :jtGqtf ;fy cª\ux¿ rnfpg;d]t

d2t ldN5 .

o;n] /f]u;Fu n8\g] zf/Ll/s zlQm a9fpF5 .

nfdf] cjlw;Dd Jofofd ub{} hfg] JolQm la;{g] / 8/fpg]h:tf ;d:ofaf6 klg

d'Qm x'g ;S5 .

lgoldt Jofofd ug]{ JolQmsf] a'9\of}nL klg %) k|ltztn] sd x'G5 .

3/leq}sf] Jofofd

s'g} /f]usf sf/0f c:ktfn egf{ ePsf] la/fdLnfO{{ c:ktfnaf6 labf lbPkl5

3/leq} jf 3/}df cfwfl/t Jofofdsf] l;kmfl/; ul/G5 . JolQmsf] :jf:Yo l:yltsf]

k'gM :yfkgfsf nflu p;nfO{{ o:tf] ;Nnfx lbOG5 .

dgf]lrlsT;fsdL{n] la/fdL ;Grf] eO/x]sf] a]nfdf 3/}df a;]/ ul/g] Jofofdx¿sf]

lgb]{zg lbg] ub{5g\ / To;af/] JofVof ug]{ ub{5g\ .

x]/rfx ug{] dfG5]sf] lhDd]jf/L

Jofofd sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu x]/rfxug{] dfG5]sf]] lgs}

dxTTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L x'G5 .

la/fdLsf] b}lgs tyf ;fdfGo lqmofsnfkcg';f/sf] Jofofd sfo{qmd tof/ kf/L

b}lgs Jofofd ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{'k5{ .

tkfOF{Fn] la/fdLnfO{{ Jofofd ug{ ;3fP/ la/fdLsf] k|efljt jf rf]6k6s nfu]sf]

efunfO{{ otfptf rnfpg d2t ug{'k5{ .


76

la/fdLnfO{{ kfFrb]lv b; k6s;Dd Jofofd bf]xf]¥ofpg nufpg'xf];\, la/fdLsf]

:jf:Yo l:ylt x]/]/ lbgsf] b'O{ k6s;Dd pQm sfo{ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ la:tf/}–la:tf/} Jofofd ug'{sf] dxTTj atfpg'xf];\ .

Jofofd ubf{ jf Jofofdkl5 la/fdLn] /fd|f];Fu ;f; km]/]sf] 5÷5}g x]g{'xf];\ .

la/fdL yfs]sf],p;nfO{{ ;f; km]g{ ufx|f] ePsf] cyjf sxL b'v]sf] h:tf] nfUof]

eg] Jofofd ug{ /f]Sg'xf];\ .

la/fdL yfls;s]sf] jf cK7]/f] cg'ej ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf yk Jofofd ug{

gnufpg'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ n8\g jf k5fl/gaf6 hf]ufpg lgDg s'/fx¿ ug'{xf];\ M

lgoldt Jofofd,

cfFvf ljz]if1sxfF uP/ lgoldt cfFvf hfFr,

ljz]if u/L dw'd]xsf] la/fdLn] pko'Qm k|sf/sf] h'Qf jf rKkn nufpg],

a8f] ;fjwfgLk"j{s cfˆgf] la5 \of}gfsf] l:ylt kl/jt{g ug]{ -pbfx/0fsf nflu

;'t]sf] cj:yfaf6 a;]sf] cj:yf / a;]sf] cj:yfaf6 ;'t]sf] cj:yf cflb_,

plrt tyf cf/fdbfoL lxF8fOnfO{{ ;lhnf] agfpgsf nflu n¶L cflbsf] pkof]u

ug]{,

la/fdLnfO{{ c?x¿;Fu ldnh'n u/fpg] / cGtlq{mof u/fpg ;xof]u ug]{ .

g'xfpg] sf]7f

g'xfpg] sf]7fsf] e'OF ;'Svf /fVg]

leQfdf xftn] l;dfTg ldNg] xftfx¿ /fVg],

g'xfpFbf 6]Sg] /a/sf u2f /fVg],

g'xfpg] sf]7fnfO{{ kof{Kt pHofnf] agfpg],

g'xfpFbf rflxg] ;fdfgx¿nfO{{ ;lhn} xft}n] k'Ug ;lsg] :yfgdf /fVg],

cf/fdl;t lb;f ug{ sf]7f / kmf]xf]/fdf g'xfpg] sf]7fdf ;fgf] a:g] rf}sL /fVg],

kof{Kt :yfgsf nflu ;'n'Nn lrKNofpg] :nfOl8ª 9f]sf /fVg] .

;'Tg] sf]7f

;fFem k/]kl5 jf cFWof/f] ePsf] cj:yfdf aQL afNg],

6]lnkmf]g cf]5\ofgsf] 5]pd} /fVg],

aQL cf]5\ofgs} 5]pdf /fVg],

la/fdL ;'Tg] vf6 st} cUnf] jf xf]rf] eof] ls eg]/ /fd|/L ldnfpg]

/fd|f];Fu ldnfP/ tGgfsf] k|of]u ug]{,

a]8sf] glhs} xft}n] ;dfpg ldNg] xftf] /fVg],

cf]5\ofgsf] glhs} s';L{ klg /fVg] .


77

a}7s sf]7f / bnfg jf a/G8f

lah'nLsf tf/ jf 6]lnkmf]gsf tf/x¿ lxF8\g] af6f]df gkg]{ u/L cnUu} /fVg],

b/L / cf]5\ofpg] un}Frfx¿nfO{{ plrt :yfgdf /fVg],

;a} kmf]x/x¿ x6fpg],

lxF8\g] af6f] cf/fdbfoL jf ;'/lIft /fVg ;a} lrh ldnfP/ / Jojl:yt u/]/

/fVg],

s';L{x¿ xftf ePsf / 5l/tf x'g'kg]{,

bnfgdf / a}7s sf]7fdf kof{Kt pHofnf] kfg]{ .

cf]5\ofgd} otfptf ug]{

cf]5\ofgd} pleg]jf nfdf] ;dob]lv cf]5\ofgd} k/]sf la/fdLx¿sf nflu o:tf]

lqmofsnfk rflxG5 . cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df o;sf nflu b'O{ jf tLg hgf

JolQmx¿sf] ;xof]u lng ;lsG5 .

;Demg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M

cfkm" cf]5\ofgb]lv aflx/ pleg'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ 3'F8f bf]Ao|fpg l;sfpg'xf];\ / cfjZostfcg';f/ cGo s'/fx¿df

klg ;3fpg'xf];\ .

s;/L la/fdLnfO{{ p7fP/ csf]{ :yfgdf ;fg]{

la/fdLnfO{{ k"/} c?df e/ kg{'sf] ;§fdf cfˆgf] nflu cfkm}+ klg pleg /

cfTdlge{/ x'g k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ . la/fdLnfO{{ cfˆgf af/]df cgfjZos ;f]r]/

lg/fz x'g'sf] ;§f cfˆgf] ;fdYo{ k|of]u ug{ / cfk"mn] ug{ ;Sg] s'/f cfkm}+ ug{sf

nflu k|f]T;fxg lbg'xf];\ .

cf]5\ofgaf6 p7]/ otfptf ;g]{ / s';L{df a:g] .

otfptf 3'Dg k|z:t 7fpF rflxG5 .

la/fdL cf]5\ofgaf6 ;lhn} p7]/ rSs] s';L{ -lx\jn r]o/_ df hfg÷cfpgsf

nflu kfos kg]{ cyf{t\ () l8u|Lsf] sf]0fdf Tof] /flvg'kb{5 . To;nfO{{ gxNng]

u/L /fd|f] cj:yfdf /fVg'k5{ .

la/fdL p7\g / lxF8\g g;Sg] 5 eg] la/fdLsf] tNnf] efunfO{{ pQm 7fpFsf]

5]pdf /fVg'xf];\ .

tkfOF{Fn] cfˆgf] xftnfO{{ la/fdLsf] sfvL / sfFwsf] dflyNnf] :yfgdf /fVg'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ cfTd;'/Iffsf nflu cfˆgf kfv'/f tkfOF{Fsf] 3fF6L jl/kl/ /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .

olb la/fdL d'6'sf] la/fdL eO{ cf/fd ul//x]sf] 5 eg] la/fdLnfO{{ p;sf]

z/L/sf] alnof] / k|efj gk/]sf] :yfgdf ;dfP/ p7fpg'xf];\Ù o;f] ubf{ dfq}

la/fdLnfO{{ a9L cf/fd x'g] ub{5 .


78

olb la/fdLsf] s'g} v'§f sdhf]/ 5 eg] la/fdLsf] sdhf]/ v'§fsf] ;fydf

tkfOF{Fsf] cfˆgf] v'§f klg hf]8]/ /fVg'xf]; \, o;f] ubf{ la/fdL n8\g] ;Defjgf lgs}

sd x'G5 . la/fdLsf] 3'F8f () l8u|Ldf /x]sf] x'g'kg]{5 / la/fdLsf] v'§f e'OFlt/

kms]{sf] x'g'kg]{5 .

la/fdLnfO{{ p7fpFbf ! b]lv # ;Dd a]:;/L uGg'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ tkfOF{Fsf] lxF8fO

;Gt'lnt x'G5 .

lj:tf/} / ;fjwfgLk"j{sz/L/nfO{{ ;Gt'lnt u/]/ la/fdL ;fg{'xf];\. la/fdL

cfTdlge{/ /xgsf nflu ;w}F p;nfO{{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

yf]/}dfq ;xof]u rflxg] la/fdL

yf/}dfq ;xof]u rflxg] la/fdLx¿nfO{{ rSs] s';L{ -lx\jn r]o/_ df /fVtf pgLx¿sf]

z/L/b]lv 6f9f lx\jn r]o/sf] xftfdf xft /fVg l;sfpg'xf];\ . oL la/fdLx¿nfO{{

;xof]usf ¿kdf cfˆgf] xftn] ltgsf] k5fl8k6\l6 cf8 lbg''xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ df]6/–uf8Ldf ;fg]{

df]6/–uf8Ldf ;fbf{ / To;af6 aflx/ lgsfNbf la/fdLnfO{{ /fd|f];Fu lgoGq0fdf

/flvg'kb{5 .

la/fdLnfO{{ cl3Nnf] cf;g l;6df kof{Kt :yfg 7fpF lbP/ /fVg'xf];\ .

df]6/ uf8Lsf] l;6sf] () l8u|L kg]{ u/L lx\jn r]o/nfO{{ /fVg'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ cfkm"n] cfkm}+nfO{{ ;3fpg k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ sfvLaf6 p7fP/ df]6/ uf8Ldf /fVg'xf];\ .

la/fdLsf] v'§fnfO{{ df]6/–uf8Laf6 p7fpFbf la/fdLsf] k'¶f 8«fOe/sf] l;6af6

6f9f /x]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .

la/fdLnfO{{ otfptf ;fg{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cGo pks/0f klg tkfOF{Fn]

k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu tkfOF{F lx\jn r]o/sf] csf]{kl§ uP/

To;sf] aLrdf sf7sf] 6'qmf klg /fVg ;Sg'x'g]5 . lx\jn r]o/nfO{{ p7fP/

uf8Lleq /fVgsf nflu o;sf] v'§fsf] efudf ;dfpg'xf];\ .

tkfOF{FnfO{{ s'g} ;Nnfx jf ;xfotfsf] cfjZostf kg{ uPdf tkfOF{Fn]

pkrf/stf{;Fu ;Dks{ /fVg ;Sg'x'g]5 .

la/fdLsf] lk7\o"Fsf] :ofxf/

la/fdLsf lk7\o"Fsf ;a}eGbf ;fdfGo b'vfOx¿ lgDg x'g ;S5g\ M

x•L otfptf ;g'{,

lk7\Fo' sqmSs kg{',

cfy|f{Ol6; -xf8–hf]gL{ ;'lÌg]_ x'g',

ô|fSr/ x'g' .


79

tNnf] lk7\o"F b'Vg'sf sf/0fdWo] lgDg s'/fnfO{{ lng ;lsG5 M

a:bf, pleFbf jf s'g} sfd ubf{ unt 9Ësf] cjl:ylt,

la/fdL p7fpg] unt tl/sf,

z/L/ tGsfpFbf an 36\g' jf cK7\of/f] x'g',

ô|fSr/ x'g] vfnsf] b'3{6gf .

la/fdLnfO{{ p7fpFbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M

la/fdLnfO{{ x]/rfx ubf{ / b}lgs ¿kdf la/fdLnfO{{ ;3fpFbf la/fdLsf] lk7\ØF'sf]

efudf ;dfpg' jf cf8 lbg' cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu tkfOF{Fn] lgDg s'/fx¿nfO{{

Wofgdf /fVg' cfjZos 5 M

pko'Qm k|sf/sf] cjl:ylt sfod ug'{xf];\ . cfˆgf] lk7\o"FnfO{{ l;wf agfpg'xf];\,

3'F8fnfO{{ v'DRofpg'xf];\ . cfˆgf] k'¶fsf] df+;k];Lsf] cf8n]] lk7\o"FnfO{{ p7fpg'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ cfˆgf] 5]j}df ;dft]/ /fVg'xf]; \ . la/fdLsf] xftdf k'Ugsf nflu dfq}

tkfOF{Fn ] cfˆgf] xft ga9fpg'xf]; \ . tkfOF{F klg la/fdL;Fu} otfptf ;g'{xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ otfptf ;fg{ p;sf] lhp ux|f}F 5 eg] / cK7\of/f] nfUof] eg]

tkfOF{FnfO{{ ;3fpgsf nflu csf]{ Ps hgfnfO{{ af]nfpg'xf];\ jf sf7sf] s';L{

h:t} s'g} pks/0fsf] ;xof]u lng'xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ p7fpFbf otfptf gkmsf{pg'xf];\ lsgeg] o;f] ubf{ la/fdLnfO{{ b'Vg

;S5 .

la/fdLnfO{{ p7fpFbf la/fdLn] hlt;Sof] cfkm}+ ;3fpg] xf]cf];\ . o;sf nflu

la/fdL / tkfOF{Fsf] aLrdf /fd|f] ;dembf/L / Pstf cfjZos kb{5 .

la/fdLnfO{{ p7fpg] pko'Qm jf ;'/lIft tl/sf / la/fdLnfO{{ p7fpg ;xof]u ug]{

;xof]uL pks/0f tyf ;xfotfsfsf nflu k];fut pkrf/stf{ jf

lkmlhof]y]/flk:6sf] ;xfotf lng'xf];\ .

@=$ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] x]/rfx ubf{ Vofn /fVg'kg]{ dxTTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿

Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ x]/rfx ubf{ w]/} kl/jt{gx¿ug{' jf Joj:yfx¿ ldnfpg' cfjZos

x'G5 . j[4 jf cfkmGtsf] x]/rfx ug'{ xfd|f nflu dxTTjk"0f{ cj;/ xf] eGg] ;Demg'

cfjZos 5 . To;a]nf tkfOF{FnfO{{ lgs} dxTTjk"0f{ Pjd\ cd"No 1fg k|fKt x'g] ub{5 .

cf}ifwL jf efjgfTds ;xof]u rflxF 6f9fsf cfkmGt jf ;fyLefOx¿af6 klg k|fKt

x'g] ub{5 t/ cflTds ;xof]u cfkm}Fn] ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

ljrf/ ;f6f;f6 ug{] snf;DaGwL hfÌ'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M

s'g} JolQm j[4 x'Fbf p;df :ki6;Fu ;'Ì] tyf /fd|f];Fu b]Vg] Ifdtf la:tf/} sd

xF'b} hfG5 . s;}n] s]xL k9\bf jf ;'Gbf cK7of/f] dfG5 jf p;n] c¿;Fu


80

s'/fsfgL ubf{ k6sk6s ;f]Wg] ub{5 . ætkfOF{Fn] s] eGg'eof] /] <Æ, æs[kof

cfkm"n] eg]sf] s'/f km]l/ Psk6s bf]xf]¥ofOlbg'x'G5 ls <Æ h:tf k|Zg ug{

yfn]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf j[4;Fu s'/f ubf{ s'/fsfgLsf] z}nL kl/jt{g ug]{ a]nf

eO;s]5 eGg] a'‰g'kg]{ x'G5 .

Ho]i7 gful/sx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL ubf{ tLg lkm6eGbf 6f9f a:g] jf pleg]

gug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿lt/ kmls{P/ lrRofpg] jf Rofl¶P/ af]Ng] gug'{xf];\ .

cfFvfsf] ;Dks{af6 klg j[4x¿sf] WofgnfO{{ tfÌ ;lsG5 . la/fdLn] r:df

nufPsf] eP To;f] ;Dej gxf]nf, To;}n] klxn] p;n] r:df nufPsf] jf

gnufPsf] kQfnufpg'xf];\ . la/fdLnfO{{ pgLx¿sf] gfdaf6 af]nfpg'xf];\ .

Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ s'/fsfgL ;'? ubf{ tkfOF{Fsf lbgx¿ s;/L laQ} 5g\ jf

æs] tkfOF{F xfdL;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{ dg k/fpg'xf]nf<Æ h:tf cleJolQmaf6 ;'?

ug'{xf];\ .

l;wf–l;wf k|Zg ug'{xf];\ .

pHofnf] kof{Kt ePsf] 7fpFdf s'/f ug'{xf];\ .

sf]7fdf 6]lnlehg, /]l8of] jf s'g} klg ;DefJo cfjfhsf ;|f]tnfO{{ aGb ug'{xf];\

cGoyf To;af6 j[4;Fu ePsf] s'/fsfgLdf c;/ kg]{ u5{ .

:ki6;Fu, la:tf/}, ;'Gg] u/L t/ gd| cfjfhdf af]Ng''xf];\ . glrRofpg'xf];\,

cGoyf tkfOF{Fn] j[4sf] s'/f a '‰g ;Sg'x'g]5}g .

cGo JolQmx¿sf] lqmofsnfknfO{{ cWoog ug'{xf];\ . cGo JolQm st} lg/fz kf]

5 ls eg]/ ljrf/ ug'{xf];\ . pQm JolQm lg/fz eP To;sf] sf/0f kQf

nufpg'xf];\ . tkfOF{Fn] pQm JolQmn] cfˆgf] k]6 ldlr/x]sf] b]Vg'eof] eg] p;nfO{{

s] eO/x]sf] 5 < eg]/ gd|tf;fy ;f]Wg'xf];\ .

3/fo;L lqmofsnfkdf kl/jt{g

3/nfO{{ ;kmf / /dfOnf] /fVg'xf];\ .

cf/fdbfoL zf}rfno jf rkL{df hfg] af6fnfO{{] ;w}F ;'/lIft /fVg'k5{ eGg] s'/f

a'lem/fVg'xf];\ .

lxF8\g] af6fdf v'§f k'5\g] jf lah'nLsf tf/sf jfol/ª jf s]a'nsf 6'qmfx¿ 5g\

eg] ltgnfO{{ x6fpg'xf];\ .

e¥ofª tyf lxF8\g] 7fpF Kof;]hdf kof{Kt pHofnf] agfpg'xf];\ .

cfwf/e"t ;a} ;fdfgnfO{{ la/fdLn] ;lhn} e]6\g ;Sg] u/L glhs} /fVg'xf];\ .

xftf ePsf s';L{x¿ ToxfF /fVg'xf];\, la/fdL p7\g vf]Hbf ;dfpg ;lsg] u/L

sf7 jf c¿ s'/fsf] cf8 klg /fVg'xf];\ .


81

l6eL, /]l8of]nfO{{ 6f8}af6 cyf{t\ l/df]6 sG6«f]naf6 rnfpg ;lsg] ug{'xf];\ .

clNemg] jf lrlKng] s'/faf6 arfpg lb;f lk;fa cf/fdl;t ug]{ sf]7fdf

/a/sf] cf]5\ofg afyDof6 jf rs6L /fVg'xf];\ .

sdhf]/ la/fdLnfO{{ s';L{df a;fP/ g'xfOlbg'xf];\ .

Jojl:yttf

Jo:t ;do–tflnsfn] / b}lgs k];fx¿sf] sf/0fn] ubf{, s'g} JolQmn] ldlt la;{g

;Sb5 / slxn]sfxLF cfkm"n] s] s'/f sxfF /fv]F eGg] s'/f la;{g klg ;Sb5 . 3/nfO{{

;kmf / Jojl:yt /fVtf klg lrGtf lgs} sd x'g ;Sb5 / o;n] ubf{ JolQmnfO{{

cGo dxTTjk"0f{ sfd ug{ a9L ;do ldNg hfG5 . Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ gofF

3/fo;L sfdx¿ ug{ c¿x¿;Fu ldNg / ;xof]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ ;lsG5 .

kl/jf/sf Ho]i7 gful/sn] 6]lnkmf]g k|of]u ug{ hfg]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ ljrf/

k'¥ofpg'xf];\ . ;lhn} k'Ug ;lsg] 7fpFdf 6]lnkmf]g /fVg'xf];\ . j[4x¿ k6sk6s

uO/xg] sf]7fdf jf af6}df 6]lnkmf]g /fVg'xf];\ .

kfqf] Sofn]G8/;lxtsf] ;"rgf kf6L klg /fVg'xf];\, To;df j[4x¿n] k/fdz{sf

nflu 8fS6/nfO{{ e]6\g'kg]{ ;do, c:ktfn hfg] ;do jf dxTTjk"0f{

lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;"rL /fVg'xf];\ . dxTTjk"0f{ ;Dks{ gDa/ tyf cTofjZos

cfkt\sfnLg gDa/ x6nfOgx¿nfO{{ pQm af]8{ jf ;"rgfkf6Ldf 6fF:g'xf];\ .

la/fdLsf] cf}ifwf]krf/sf] /]s8{ jf clen]v /fVg'xf];\ . la/fdLsf] k"/f gfd,

8fS6/sf] 7]ufgf tyf la/fdLnfO{{ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] cf}ifwL ToxfF /fVg ;lsG5 .

la/fdLn] 8fS6/nfO{{ e]6\tf x/]s k6ssf] la/fdLsf] lnlvt ljj/0f jf /]s8{nfO{{

;fydf /fVg'xf];\ . la/fdLn] ljz]ifu/L gofF 8fS6/nfO{{ e]6\tf klxn] hfFr]sf

sfutkq -krf{x¿_ cfjZos kb{5g\ .

clws cf}ifwLsf] c;/ x'g glbgsf nflu, la/fdLsf cf}ifwLx¿nfO{{ leGbfleGb}

kf]sfx¿df /flvlbg'xf];\ . tL kf]sfdf cf}ifwLsf] gfd 6fFl;lbg'xf];\ . cf}ifwLsf]

cfk"lt{nfO{{ cg'udg jf cnUofpg] sfd ug'{xf];\ . la/fdLn] cf}ifwL lng] plrt

;do ldnfP/ ;do;"rs 38L k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 .

xfF;f]–dhf

la/fdL / la/fdLsf] kl/jf/;Fu xfF;]f /dfOnf] ug{] ;do lgsfNg'xf];\ . dxTTjk"0f{

cj;/x¿df pgLx¿;Fu e]63f6 ug{sf nflu ;dosf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ / o:tf

cGo b}lgs lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{ pgLx¿;Fu e]63f6 ug'{k5{ .

x/]s ef]hgug{] ;donfO{{ xfF;f]–dhfsf] ;dosf ¿kdf lng'xf];\ . gSsnL bfFt

xfn]sfx¿nfO{{ klg rjfpg ;lhnf] x'g]u/L vfg]s'/fnfO{{ g/d / sdnf]

agfpg'xf];\ . la/fdLnfO{{ ;xof]u x'g] u/L vfg]s'/fx¿nfO{{ g/d kfg'{xf];\ .


82

j[4x¿nfO{ { cfˆgf hLjgsf syfx¿ j0f{g ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf]; \ . tkfOF{Fn]

j[4nfO{{ s]6fs]6L x'Fbfsf s'/f lemlslbg'eof] eg] o;af/] atfpg pgLx¿ /dfOnf]

dfGg]5g\ .

dxTTjk"0f{ rf8af8 pgLx¿s} ;fydf /x]/ latfpg'xf];\ .

kl/jf/df c;n ;DaGw

kl/jf/sf] cfzo /fd|f] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;d:of tyf sdhf]/Lx¿ b]vf kb{5g\ / kl/jf/sf

;b:ox¿n] o:tf ;d:ofx¿nfO{{ ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

la/fdLsf u'gf;f ;'Ì tyf ;d:of a'‰gsf nflu lgs} k|of; ug'{xf];\ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu olb cfˆgf gfltgfltgfn] cfkm"n] a'‰g] efiffdf s]6fs]6Lx¿

cfkm"sFxf cfP/ s'/fsfgL u/]gg\ eGg] u'gf;f] j[4 la/fdLsf] /lxcfPsf] 5 eg]

o;df la/fdLsf lj?4df s'g} ts{ gug'{xf];\, a? pgLx¿nfO{{ ;xfg'e"lt lbg'xf];\ .

la/fdLsf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿n] cfˆgf a'afcfdfnfO{{ la/fdL jf k'/fgf] ;f]rfOsf] ePsf]

sf/0fn] jf:tfgu/]sf]] yfxf kfpg'eof] eg] la/fdLnfO{{ k'/fgf] hdfgfsf lrqx¿

Jff rnlrqx¿ b]vfP/ ;Demfpg'xf];\ . pgnfO{{ cfˆg} af/]sf k'/fgf s'/fx¿

;DemfOlbgfn] kl/jf/sf nflu s]–s:tf] kmfObf k'¥ofpF5 eGg]af/] atfOlbg'xf];\ .

cfˆgf ;fyLefOaf6 ljZjf; tyf ;Nnfx lng s'g} klg lxrlsrfx6 glng'xf];\ .

;xof]usf nflu ;fyLx¿ ;w}F tof/L xfntdf x'G5g\ . ;d:ofnfO{{ nfdf]

;do;Dd ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ laGb';Dd tkfOF{F slxNo} gkv{g'xf];\ . Ho]i7 gful/ssf]

cfjZostfnfO{ { a'‰g ;Sg] ljz]if1af6 ;Nnfx tyf ;/;xof]u k|fKt ug'{xf];\Ù

logLx¿n] Ho]i7 gful/s / kl/jf/hgnfO{{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sb5g\ .

@=% Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ 3/df x]/rfx ug]{ ;xof]uLsf nflu lgb]{lzsf

3/d} x]/rfx ug{] ;xof]uLx¿sf nflu lgb]{lzsf tyf j[4x¿sf nflu 3/}df ;]jf lbg] sfo{qmd

kl/ro

3/}df ;xof]u ug]{

w]/}h;f] Ho]i7 gful/sx¿ cfˆgf kl/jf/hg;Fu} al;/x]sf x'G5g \, hxfF sf]xLs;}n]

pgLx¿sf] ;d:ofdf x]/ljrf/ k'¥ofO/x]sf x'G5g\ . kl/jf/sf ;b:o, gft]bf/,

;fyLefO / l5d]sL cflbn] pgLx¿nfO{{ x]/ljrf/ k'¥ofO/x]sf x'G5g\ . zf/Ll/s tyf

dfgl;s czQmtfsf sf/0f ljz]if cfjZostf kg{ uPsf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ cGo

cfkmGt jf ;xof]uLn] klg 3/d} cfP/ ;xfotf lbg ;Sb5g\ .

3/d} cfP/ ;]jf lbg] / ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sfo{df ljleGg JolQm tyf ;ª\3;+:yf

nfu]sf x'G5g\, h;n] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ ;xof]u ub{5g\ . x]/rfx ug]{x¿nfO{{ sfd

ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] o;sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] .


83

o:tf j[4x¿sf] :ofxf/;';f/ / ;xof]u ug]{ JolQm jf ;ª\3;+:yfn] 3/}df cfP/

Ho]i7 gful/s / pgLx¿sf]] :ofxf/ ug]{ 3/sf JolQmnfO{{ e]6\g] ub{5g\ . cfsl:ds

cjlwdf jf s'g} b'3{6gf ePsf] a]nfdf pgLx¿n] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ ;xfotf k|bfg

ub{5g\ . w]/} lsl;dsf tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ePsf x'G5g\ / To;sf

dfWodaf6 3/]n' pkrf/ ;xof]uLn] Ho]i7 gful/ssf ljleGg kIf, pgLx¿sf ;d:of

/ cfjZostfaf/] hfgsf/L lbG5g\ . o;af6 Ho]i7 gful/ssf ljleGg cj:yfdf

s;/L ;]jf k'¥ofpg] eGg]af/] kl/jf/sf ;b:o jf x]/rfxstf{n] hflg/x]sf] x'G5 .

3/]n' pkrf/ ;xof]uLx¿;Fu ;do x'g'kb{5Ù OR5fzlQm x''g'kb{5 / s'g} klg

zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf efjgfTds cfjZostfnfO{{ ;fdgf ug]{ dfgl;s tof/L klg

x'g'kb{5 . 3/]n' :ofxf/ ;xof]uL x'gsf nflu oL s'/f cToGt cfjZos x'G5g\ .

3/]n' :ofxf/ ;]jfsf l;4fGtx¿

:jfjnDaL hLjg

csf{sf] 3/df lbgx'F uP/ :ofxf/ ;xof]uLn] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ :jfjnDaL hLjg

latfpgsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5 . olb 3/]n' :ofxf/ ;xof]uLn] Ho]i7 gful/ssf

;w}F ub{} cfPsf ;fwf/0f / ;lhnf sfddf ;d]t ;lqmo ¿kn] ;xefuL x'g] /

;xof]u ug{] u¥of] eg] o:tf sfo{n] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ ;anx'g] / cfkm} cfˆgf

sfdug{ ;Sg] s'/fnfO{{ k|f]T;fxg lbFb}g .

3/]n' :ofxf/ ;xof]uLn] Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;antf / Ifdtf x]g{] / hfFRg] dfq} xf]Og,

Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ { cfˆgf] ;fdYo{ yfxf kfpg / pgLx¿nfO{{ b}lgs hLjgdf cfˆgf]

;fdYo{ pkof]u ug{ l;sfpg] tyf ;Ifd agfpg] sfd;d]t ug{'k5{ .

cfTdlg0f{o

:jfefjtM j[4x¿ cfTdlg0f{osf] vf]hL ub{5g\ / To;}df ljZjf; ub{5g\ . o;}

b[li6sf]0fsf cfwf/df pgLx¿nfO{{ ;Ddfg tyf plrt klxrfg agfpg lbg'k5{ . olb

3/]n' :ofxf/ ;xof]uLn] cfkm} cfˆgf ;;fgf b}lgs sfdx¿ ug{] Ho]i7 gful/ssf]

kIfnfO{{ kl/jt{g ug{ afWo kf/]sf] cj:yfdf o;n] j[4x¿df cfˆgf] cfTdljZjf;

u'dfpg ;Sg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . j[4x¿sf] cfTdljZjf;

a9fpg tyf cf:yf arfO/fVg j[4x¿nfO{{ k|fKt ;xof]u / k|efjsf/L ;]jf ;'lglZrt

ug{'k5{ .

uf]kgLotf tyf JolQmut dfdnf

3/]n' :ofxf/ ;xof]uLn] Ho]i7 gful/ssf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / cfly{s kIf dfq}

xf]Og, j[4n] uf]Ko /fVg rfxg] lghL ;"rgf;d]t yfxf kfpg] cj;/ tyf

cu|flwsf/;d]t k|fKt ug]{ ub{5 . o:tf ;"rgfx¿ hlt;Sof] uf]Ko g} /xg'kb{5 /

logLx¿nfO{{ ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq 5nkmndf

Nofpg'k5{Ù c¿ a]nf c¿x¿;Fu v'nfpg' x'Fb}g . t/, o:tf lghL / ;+j]bgzLn

ljifoj:t'sf af/]df 5nkmn ug{sf nflu pko'Qm :yfg 5gf}6 ug{' cfjZos x'G5 .

hxfF kfof] ToxLF o:tf ljifo 5nkmn ug'{ /fd|f] x'Fb}g .


84

;'/Iff

3/]n' :ofxf/ ;xof]uLn] ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ s'g} klg g;f]r]sf] 36gf jf kl/j]zk|lt

;b}j tof/ /xg' cfjZos 5 . Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ lxF8fpFbf, g'xfpFbf cyjf

pgLx¿nfO{{ s'g} k|sf/sf] ;xof]u ubf{ / lgb]{zg lbFbf 3/]n' :ofxf/ ;xof]uL ;b}j

;fjwfg /xg'kb{5 . ksfpg] tyf ;/;kmfO ug]{h:tf 3/]n' sfdsfh ubf{;d]t 3/]n'

:ofxf/ ;xof]uL ;ts{ /xg'kb{5 . o:tf w]/} cj:yfx¿df Ho]i7 gful/ssf]

;'/IffnfO{{ ;w}F Wofgdf /fVg'k5{ . n8\g] tyf cNemg]h:tf s'g} klg b'3{6gf vt/gfs

x'g ;Sb5g\ . o;n] x•L efFlrg] -ô|fSr/_ x'g ;Sb5 jf pgLx¿nfO{{ uDeL/ rf]6

nfUg uO{ c:ktfn k'¥ofpg'kg]{ / k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu nfdf] cjlw;Dd :ofxf/

ug{'kg]{ x'g ;S5 .

o:t} Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;dflhs ;'/Iff / ;'vb eljiosf af/] klg x]/rfxstf{n]

ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .

3/]n' :ofxf/ ;xof]uLn] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfx¿3/]n' sfdsfh jf wGbf

!= vfg]s'/f tof/ kfg{] jf ksfpg]

p2]Zo

o:tf k|sf/sf] ;]jfsf] nIo la/fdL tyf ljkGgtfsf] sf/0fn] s;}sf] ;xof]ulagf jf

:jtGq ¿kdf vfg]s'/f tof/ ug{ jf ksfpg g;Sg] Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ ;xof]u

ug'{ g} xf] .

tkfOF{Fn] ef]sfx¿sf] k]6 eg{ ;3fpg] s'/fdfq}df o;sf] dxTTj /x]sf] xf]Og, a?

ef]hgsf] dhf lng / :j:y /xgdf j[4x¿nfO{{ k|f]T;fxg ug{df o;sf] cem 7"nf]

dxTTj 5 . vfgfsf] ;dodf 3/]n' pkrf/ ;xof]uLsf] pkl:ylt /xg' cfjZos 5

lsgeg] o;n] j[4x¿sf] ef]snfO{{ pAhfpg ;Sb5Ù ltgnfO{{ s'kf]if0f x'gaf6

hf]ufpFb5 / o;n] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s cjgltnfO{{ /f]Sb5 .

;]jfsf cfwf/e"t dfkb08x¿

vfBs'/f, vfB;fdu|L tyf efF8fs'+F8fh:tf s'g} s'/fsf] cefj /xg uPdf t'?Gt

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] kl/jf/ jf gft]bf/nfO{{ ;"rgf ul/xfNg'xf];\ .

rflxPsf s'/fsf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ j[4x¿nfO{{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ jf dfu{lgb]{zg

ug'{xf];\ / pgLx¿nfO{{ ahf/;Dd hfg ;fy lbg'xf];\ . tkfOF{F pgLx¿sf] ;fydf

nfu]/ ahf/;Dd k'Ug'eof] eg] pgLx¿sf] ef]s;d]t a9\g]5 .

j[4nfO{{ vfg dg kg]{ vfg]s'/f tyf ltgdf nfu]sf afgLsf] ;Ddfg ug'{xf];\ . olb

oL s'/fx¿ jf afgL kl/jt{g ug'{kg{] h:tf] tkfOF{nfO{{ nfUof] eg] o; ljifodf Ho]i7

gful/s cfkm}+nfO{{ / pgLx¿sf] :ofxf/ ug]{ k|d'v JolQmnfO{{ ;Dks{ ug'{xf];\ .

Ho]i7 gful/sn] vfg'kg]{ jf vfg gx'g] s'g} vfgf jf kf}li6s s'/fdf s'g} l;kmfl/;

ul/g' cfjZos ePdf 8fS6/, g;{ jf vfBljz]if1sf] k/fdz{ lng'xf];\ .


85

Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{ { ug{ ;Ifd eP;Dd cfˆgf] vfg]s'/f cfkm}+ tof/ ug]{ /

x/]s sfd cfkm} ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ . o;n] j[4x¿nfO{{ :jtGq5' eGg] efjgf

ljsf; ub{5 / pgsf] ef]snfO{{ klg lgs} a9fpFb5 .

efG;f / efG;fdf k|of]u ul/g] ;/;fdfgx¿ ;kmf /fVg'xf];\ . o;n] ubf{

efG;fdf s'g} klg b'3{6gf x'g kfpFb}g

;a} vfg]s'/fx¿ tfhf, ;kmf / vfgsf nflu ;'/lIft x'g'k5{ . vfg]s'/f /fVg]

efF8f ;kmf /fVg'xf];\ / k|of]udf gcfPsf] efF8fnfO{ { ôfFlslbg'xf]; \ .

@= 3/ ;kmf / ;'/lIft /fVg]

p2]Zo

o:tf] k|sf/sf] ;]jfsf] nIo eg]s} vf; la/fdL ePsf, sdhf]/ tyf cfˆgf] 3/sf]

;'/Iff k|aGw ug{ / 3/nfO{{ ;kmf /fVg g;Sg] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ ;xof]u ug'{ xf] .

;]jfsf cfwf/e"t dfkb08x¿ M

;/;kmfOsf pks/0fx¿ vf]Hg'xf];\ / j[4hgsf] ;xof]un] tLs'/fnfO{{ Jojl:yt /

;Ël7t ug'{xf];\ . oL pks/0fx¿nfO{{ d/Ddt ug{''k/]df jf km]g{'k/]df j[4 jf

p;sf] d'Vo :ofxf/stf{nfO{{ hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .

j[4x¿ clns a9L uO/xg] :yfg g} ljz]if ¿kn] ;kmf /fVg'xf];\ .

o;k|sf/sf] ;]jfaf/] j[4x¿nfO{{ ;"rgf ug'{xf];\ jf ;Nnfx ug'{xf];\ . 3/sf]

;kmfO ubf{ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ?lr, ljrf/ tyf sfd ug]{ tl/sfsf] ;Ddfg

ug'{xf];\ .

3/df ePsf s'g} klg pks/0f jf ;fdfgnfO{{ otfptf ;fbf{ jf rnfpFbf

j[4x¿sf] cg'dlt lng'xf];\ .

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] zf/Ll/s Ifdtf jf :jf:Yo l:yltsf cfwf/df 3/df ;/;kmfO

ug]{h:tf 3/]n' sfdsfh ug{sf nflu j[4x¿nfO{{ ;"rgf lbg'xf];\ / pgLx¿sf]

cg'dlt lng'xf];\ .

x'g;Sg] s'g} klg k|sf/sf b'3{6gfaf6 hf]lug] pkfo cjnDag ug'{xf];\, h;n]

ubf{ Ho]i7 gful/s ;'/lIft / :jtGqtfk"j{s otfptf 3'Dg ;s"g\ .

;/;kmfO, /fvgw/g tyf j[4x¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttfdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'xf];\

/ k|fyldsLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .

s'g} klg efF8fs'F8f ;kmf ubf{ s'g} klg /;fogsf] k|of]u gug'{xf];\ cGoyf

em'lSsP/ vfg]s'/fdf kg{ ;Sb5 .

#= sk8f w'g] tyf ldnfP/ /fVg]

p2]Zo

o;k|sf/sf] ;]jfsf] nIo eg]s} z/L/ rnfpg'kg]{ zf/Ll/s lqmofsnfk tyf sfo{x¿

ubf{ j[4x¿n] ef]Ug'k/]sf] ;d:ofdf pgLx¿nfO{{ ;xof]u ug'{ xf] .


86


Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;xof]ufy{ sk8f w'g] sfd ubf{ k|of]udf cfpg] pks/0fx¿ jf

dfn;fdfgsf] vf]hL ug'{xf];\ .

j[4sf] s'g sk8f slxn] w'g] eGg]af/] /fd|f];Fu ljrf/ u/]/ ;do ldnfpg'xf];\ .

o:tf] k|sf/sf] ;]jf k|bfg ug'{eGbf cufl8 Ho]i7 gful/sn] s'grflxF sk8f

klxn] w'g rfxG5g\ eGg]af/] ;f]Wg'xf];\ . o:tf sfo{x¿ ug'{eGbf klxn] j[4sf]

s'g} ?lr jf ;'emfj eP To; lg0f{osf] ;Ddfg ug'{xf];\ . j[4nfO{{ ;/;kmfO ug]{

ljrf/ dg gk/] ;fdflhs sfo{stf{l;t ;Dks{ ug'{xf];\ .

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] zf/Ll/s Ifdtf jf :jf:Yo l:yltsf cfwf/df sk8f w'g]

sfddf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ g} nufpg k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ .

/ut aUg], ;'lgg], rf]6k6s jf kL8fsf] s'g} ;ª\s]t Ho]i7 gful/sdf b]vf k/]sf]

cj:yfdf o;af/] Ho]i7 gful/ssf] glhs}sf kl/jf/hgnfO{{ ;"rgf ug'{xf];\ jf

8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx lng'xf];\ / pgnfO{{ glhs}sf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf k'¥ofpg'xf];\

cyjf ;fdflhs sfo{stf{nfO{{ ;"rgf ug'{xf];\ jf pko'Qm clwsf/LnfO{{ o;sf]

hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .

sk8f w'g] kfp8/ jf sk8f w'g] sfddf k|of]u x'g] cGo ;fdu|Lsf] k5fl8lt/

n]lvPsf ;'emfj jf n]vf]6 n]an /fd|/L k9\g'xf];\ . sk8f w'g] plrt k|sf/sf]

tl/sf cFufNg'xf];\ .

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] rfxgfcg';f/ pgLx¿sf sk8f ldnfP/ / k6\ofP/ /fVg'xf];\ .

$= lsgd]n

p2]Zo

o;k|sf/sf] ;]jfsf] nIo eg]s} lsgd]n ubf{ j[4x¿nfO{{ ;fy lbg' xf] .

o; ;]jfsf cfwf/e"t dfkb08x¿ M

lsgd]n ug'{eGbf klxn] Ho]i7 gful/s;Fu kof{Kt k};f 5÷5}g Vofn ug'{xf];\ .

cfˆgf vfg]s'/f, cf}ifwL jf cGo cfjZostfsf s'/fx¿ lsGg ;Sg] x}l;otdf

pgL 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg]af/] Vofn ug'{xf];\ .

Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ vfB ;fdu|L, cf}ifwL jf cGo ;fdu|L lsÌ dg kg]{ s'g}

k;nx¿, s'g} ljz]if lsl;d cyf{t\ a|fG8 jf d"No kf] dgdf 5g\ ls <o;af/]

;f]Wg'xf];\ . pgn] s] 5fGg dg k/fpFb5g\, To;sf] ;Ddfg ug'{xf];\ .

Ho]i7 gful/s;Fusf lqmofsnfknfO{{ hlt ;Sof] a9L cfgGbdo / pko'Qm

agfpg] k|of; ug'{xf];\ . o;n] ubf{ Ho]i7 gful/sdf hf]; / hfFu/ knfpFb5 .

;fdfg lsGbfsf ;a}h;f] /l;b tyf v'b|f k};f j[4 JolQmnfO{{g} lbg'xf];\ .

;a} vr{ tyf k};fsf sf/f]af/sf] clen]v /]s8{ /fVg'xf];\ .

lsgd]nh:tf lqmofsnfknfO{{ hlt ;Sof] cfgGbbfos / pko'Qm agfpg'xf];\ .


87

%= JolQmut :ofxf/

s_ vfg]s'/f vfFbf ;xof]u ug]{

p2]Zo

o;k|sf/sf] ;]jfsf] nIo eg]s} j[4x¿nfO{{ ;xof]u ug'{ xf], hf] lglZrt vfnsf /f]u

jf zf/Ll/s sdhf]/Lsf sf/0fn] cfkm} vfg cK7\of/f] dfG5g\ jf vfg} ;Qm}gg\ . o:t}

j[4nfO{{ cfˆgf] :jf:Yol:ylt 7Ls cj:yfdf /fVg :j:ys/ tyf kf}li6s cfxf/ tof/

ug{'k5{ .


la/fdLnfO{{ cfkm}+n] ;s]hlt vfg]s'/f vfg ;xof]u tyf k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ .

la/fdLnfO{{ Kof/fnfOl;; -kIff3ft_ eP/ jf vfg]s'/f lgNg ;d:of ePsf] eP

klg :j:Yf tyf kf}li6s vfg]s'/f vfg k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ . la/fdLnfO{{ vfg]s'/f

vfg ;xof]u u/]sf] dg k/]g eg] jf ufx|f] eof] eg] ;lhn} vfg ;lsg] s'/f

tof/ kfg'{xf];\, h:t} M /f]6L 6'qmfkf/]/, sf6]sf] df;', t/sf/L, kmnkm"n jf cGo

;'Svf vfg]s'/fx¿ .

ef]hg ug{] ;dodf 3/]n' ;';f/] glhs} x'g'kb{5 / la/fdLnfO{{ w}o{k"j{s vfg

k|f]T;fxg ug{'kb{5 . b]Vtf /fd|f] nfUg] / af:gf cfpg] vfg]s'/fn] la/fdLsf]

ef]snfO{{ a9fOlbg]5 . la/fdLnfO{{ vfg]s'/f vfFbf lbSs nfu]df p;nfO{{

aLraLrdf /f]Qm} la:tf/} v'jfpg ;lsG5 . :j:y vfg]s'/fn] la/fdLsf] ef]snfO{{

a9fpg] ub{5 .

vfg]s'/f vfFbf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ljZjf; jf ;f]rfOnfO{{ ljz]if Wofg lbFb} /

;Ddfg ub{} v'jfpg'xf];\ . la/fdLnfO{{ s] vfg dg kb{5 / s] vfg dg kb}{g,

To;k|lt ;Ddfg ug'{xf];\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu la/fdLnfO{{ cfFvfsf] ;d:of 5 eg]

vfg]s'/f s]s] 5g\ / sxfFg]/ kl:sPsf] 5 eGg]af/] /fd|/L atfOlbg'xf];\ .

hlt ;Sg'x'G5 la/fdLnfO{{ lgoldt ¿kdf 7Ls ;dod} vfgsf nflu ;xof]u

ug'{xf];\ .

Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ plrt tl/sfn] / cem cf/fdbfoL l:yltdf a;fP/

v'jfpg'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ la/fdLn]] cfˆgf vfg]s'/f ;lhn} lkpg], lgNg] jf

rafpg] 5g\ .

cf]5\ofgdf ynf k/]sf] la/fdLsf nflu lk7ØF"df l;/fgLsf] cf8 /flvlbP/ eP

klg a;]/ vfg ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

la/fdLn] vfO/x]sf a]nfdf k|Zg ug]{ jf cGo s'/fsfgL ug]{ sfd gug'{xf];\ .

la/fdLn] vfO/x]sf a]nfdf s'/fsfgL ubf{ p;sf] 3fF6Ldf vfg]s'/f c8\lsg]

;Defjgf /xG5 .

xtf/df vfg]s'/f vfO{ l;Wofpg la/fdLnfO{{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] bafa glbg'xf];\ .

p;nfO{{ kof{Kt ;do lnP/ vfg lbg'xf];\ .


88

la/fdLnfO{{ hlt a]nf tkfOF{Fn] e]6\g'x'G5, k|z:t kfgL vfg lbg'xf];\ . lbgel/df

rflxg]hlt kof{Kt kfgLsf] dfqf /xf];\ .

la/fdLn] vfg]s'/f vfO;s]sf] eP s'g a]nf / slt vfof] eGg] l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .

v_ la/fdLnfO{{ ;xof]u ug]{ jf ;fy lbg]

p2]Zo

ljz]if ¿kn] lxF8\8'n ug{ g;Sg] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ ;xof]u ug'{ g} o;k|sf/sf]

;xof]usf] nIo xf] . o;k|sf/sf] zf/Ll/s sdhf]/L ePsf j[4x¿sf nflu ;Ddfg

ug{'k5{ / s'g} klg b'3{6gf jf cgfjZos 36gfaf6 ;'/lIft /fVgsf nflu

o;k|sf/sf] ;xof]u cfjZos kb{5 .

;]jfsf] cfwf/e"t dfkb08x¿ M

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] zf/Ll/s cj:yfdf x]/]/ pgnfO{{ s:tf] k|sf/sf] ;xof]usf]

cfjZostf k/]sf] 5, tkfOF{Fn] d"NofÍg ug{ jf cjnf]sg ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 . la/fdL

sdhf]/ jf kL8fn] ylnPsf] x'gfn] p;nfO{{ ;xof]u gu/L gx'g] ePsf] xf] eGg]

s'/f a'lem/fVg'xf];\ . la/fdLsf] :jf:Yo cj:yfaf/] ;w}+ rf;f] / lrGtf /fVg'xf];\

/ p;nfO{{ ;f]lw/xg'xf];\ .

aflx/ st} lg:sg'eGbf klxn] aflx/ uO{ x]/]/ ToxfFsf] j:t'l:yltaf/] hfgsf/L

lng'xf];\ . aflx/sf] df};d jf j[4 hfg rfx]sf] :yfgsf] b"/Laf/] a'‰g'xf]; \ .

ToxfF;Dd k'Ugsf nflu tkfOF{Fsf] ;fy rflxG5 jf rflxFb}g, Tof] klg a'‰g'xf]; \ .

To:t}u/L s'g ;fwg k|of]u u/L hfFb}5 jf s:tf] sk8f k|of]u u/L hfFb} 5 jf

p;n] ;'xfpFbf] nufPsf] 5 ls 5}g eGg]] klg a'‰g'xf]; \ .

j[4sf] n¶L jf p7\gnfO{{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] s'g} ;fwg kf] ToxfF 5 ls < jf

p;nfO{{ lxF8\gsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ s'g} s'/f kf] ToxfF 5 ls < /fd|/L Vofn

ug'{xf];\ . 3/]n' :ofxf/stf{n] o:tf s'/fx¿ s;/L k|of]u ug{] eGg] a'em]sf]

x'g'kg]{5 .

j[4x¿nfO{{ slta]nf sxfF ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kg]{ xf] eGg]af/] a'‰gsf nflu

p;sf] rf]6k6s nfu]sf] efuaf/] hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ .

tkfOF{F cfkm" la:tf/} lxF8\g'xf];\ / tkfOF{Fsf] lxF8fO j[4x¿sf nflu ;lhnf] jf

cf/fdbfoL k|sf/sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] Vofn ug'{xf];\ .

j[4n] Jofofd ug'{eGbf cufl8 kof{Kt dfqfdf cf/fd u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .

:jfefljs ¿kdf s'/f ug'{xf];\ / j[4nfO{{ cf/fd cg'ejug{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

o;f] ubf{ pgLx¿df v';L a9\b5 .

s]xL lxFl8;s]kl5 j[4x¿nfO{{ cf/fd ug{ / kof{Kt kfgL vfg k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ .

j[4nfO{{ a:g jf kN6gsf nflu cf/fdbfoL :yfg ldnfO{{ lbg'xf];\ .

cf}ifwf]krf/ / pks/0fsf] cj:yf Vofn /fVg'xf];\ clg pks/0fnfO{{ dd{t

ug'{kg]{ jf km]g{' yKg'kg{] ePdf j[4sf gft]bf/nfO{{ ;"rgf ug'{xf];\ .


89

u_ la/fdLnfO{{ g'xfpg ;xof]u ug]{

p2]Zo

s;}sf] ;xof]ulagf g} PSn} g'xfpg cK7]/f] dfÌ] j[4nfO{{ ;xof]u ug'{ g} o;k|sf/sf]

;]jfsf] nIo xf] . o;df j[4sf] ;/;kmfOnfO{{ Vofn ug{'k5{ .


Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ g'xfpFbf pgLx¿s} ;/;fdfgx¿ k|of]u ug'{xf];\ / To;df st}

s'g} sdL cfPsf] /x]5 eg] t'?Gt} :ofxf/stf{ jf glhssf kl/jf/hgnfO{{

To;sf] ;"rgf ug'{xf];\ .

;Sg] cj:yf;Dd j[4nfO{{ cfkm}+ g'xfpg lbg'xf];\ .

j[4nfO{{ g'xfOlbFbf dgtftf] kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug'{xf];\ / o;nfO{{ vGofpFbf klg

ljz]if Wofg lbg'xf];\ . j[4nfO{{ g'xfOlbFbf cK7]/f] gxf]cf];\ eg]/ Vofn ug'{xf];\ .

g'xfpg' klxn], g'xfpFb} ubf{ / g'xfO;s]kl5 j[4sf] ;'/IffnfO{{ ;a}eGbf a9L Wofg

lbg'xf];\ . ;'/Iff xftf /fVg cfjZos ePdf tkfOF{Fn] j[4nfO{{ jf j[4sf]

gft]bf/nfO{{ To;sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

j[4nfO{{ g'xfOlbFbf, j[4sf] d"No–dfGotfnfO{{ kfngf ug'{ cfjZos k/]df To;sf]

kfngf ug'{xf];\ .

g'xfpFbf c?x¿ cfˆgf] jl/kl/ ePsf] cj:yfdf j[4nfO{{ nfh nfUg], lxrlsrfx6

x'g] jf 8/ nfUg] cj:yf ePdf pgnfO{{ nfPsf n'u};Fu g'xfpg lbg'xf];\ jf hlt

;Sof] l5§f] g'xfOlbg'xf];\ .

j[4nfO{{ g'xfO{lbO;s]kl5 csf]{ k6s g'xfpFbf Vofn ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿af/] jf

To;kl5 s] ug]{ eGg]af/] jf g'xfpg] cEof;nfO{{ s;/L ;'wf/ ug]{ eGg]af/]

tkfOF{Fn] cjnf]sg u/]sf s'/fx¿ n]v]/ /fVg'xf];\ .

3_ la/fdLnfO{{ lb;f–lk;fa ubf{ ;xof]u ug]{ tl/sf

p2]Zo

c?x¿sf] ;xof]ulagf lb;flk;fa ug{ ufx|f] kg{]] j[4x¿nfO{{ ;xof]u ug'{ g}

o;k|sf/sf] ;]jfsf] nIo xf] . :jf:Yol:yltdf sl7gfO 7flg/x]sf j[4x¿nfO{{

o;k|sf/sf] ;xof]un] d2t ug]{5 / pgLx¿nfO{{ ;'/Iff tyf 9'Ss ePsf] cg'e"lt

lbg]5 .

;]jfsf cfwf/e"t dfkb08? M

j[4x¿sf] :jf:Yol:yltsf] hfFr ug'{xf];\ . lb;flk;fa cfkm}+ ub{5g\ ls ub}{gg\

ljrf/ ug'{xf];\ . zf}rfno;Ddsf] b"/L / rf}8fO gfKg'xf];\ / lb;flk;fanfO{{

Joj:yfkg ug]{ s'g} cGo tl/sfx¿ kf] 5g\ ls < Vofn ug{'xf];\ .

j[4nfO{{ cfkm}F / c¿sf] ;xfotflagf g} lb;flk;fa ug]{ s'/fdf k|f]T;fxg

ug'{xf];\ .


90

j[4x¿nfO{{ lb;flk;fa ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 eg] o;sf] ;xfotfsf nflu sf]k/f tyf

k'5\g] sfut cflbsf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

z/L/ ;kmf ug]{ sfddf j[4x¿sf] j}olQms cfjZostfnfO{{ ;Ddfg ug'{xf];\ .

Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ /fd|f] / ;'/lIft tl/sfn] zf}rfno 6\jfOn]6 hfg] sfddf

;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

6\jfOn]6 ;kmf /fVg'xf];\

lb;flk;fa ul/;s]kl5, o;n] Ho]i7 gful/sdf s]s:tf] kmfObf u¥of] / ca kl5

s] ug]{ eGg]af/] Vofn ug'{xf];\ .

Ho]i7 gful/sdf lb;flk;fa /f]Sg g;Sg] ;d:of /x]5 eg] j[4nfO{{ t'?Gt}

:jf:Yos]Gb |df k'¥ofpgsf nflu pgsf gft]bf/ / :ofxf/stf{nfO{{ hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .

ª_ n'uf km]bf{ la/fdLnfO{{ ;xof]u ug]{

p2]Zo

c?x¿sf] ;xof]ulagf cfkm}+n] n'uf km]g{ cK7\of/f] x'g]] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ ;xof]u ug'{

g} o;k|sf/sf] ;]jfsf] nIo xf] .


Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ s] nufpg dg kb{5, cfkm}+ 5gf]6 ug{ lbg'xf];\ . pgn]

nufpg rfx]sf] s'/f tkfOF{FnfO{{ cg'ko'Qm nfUof] eg] csf]{ k|sf/sf] sk8f

nufpg pgnfO{{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ .

Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ c?sf] ;xfotflagf g} jf yf]/} dfq} ;xfotfn] n'uf km]g{

k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ .

n'uf km]bf{ Ho]i7 gful/sn] ;'/lIft / cf/fd cg'ej ug{'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu

Ho]i7 gful/s ple/x]sf 5g\ eg] pgn] ;dfTg ;Sg] s'g} s'/f lbg'xf];\, To;}n]

pgnfO{{ ;xfotf ldnf];\ .

pgsf] cjl:yltnfO{{ abNg'kg]{ ePdf s;/L abNg] eGg] s'/f pgnfO{{ b]vfpg'xf];\

/ /fd|/L a'emfOlbg'xf];\ .

Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ o:t} tl/sfn] yk sfdx¿ ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{sf nflu pgn]

s'g} sfd /fd|/L u/]sf] cj:yfdf pgnfO{{ k|f]T;fxg lbg'xf];\ / k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ .

j[4x¿nfO{{ kof{Kt ;do lbg'xf];\, s'g} sfd ug{sf nflu xtf/f] gug'{xf];\ .

j[4nfO{{ s'g} sfd ubf{ s'g} sf/0fjz cK7]/f] kg{ uPsf] 5 ls < To;nfO{{

hfFRg'xf];\ / cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .

n'uf km]g{ ;3fPkl5 s]s] ul/lbg'eof] eGg] s'/fsf] l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ / tkfOF{n] s]

l;Sg'eof] < s]s] ;d:of ef]Ug' eof] < / kl5kl5 oL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu

s]s] ug{'knf{ < Vofn ug'{xf];\ .


91

r_ la/fdLsf] JolQmut ;/;kmfO tyf cfkm\gf] ¿knfO{{ sfod /fVg ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ M

p2]Zo

ljz]ifu/L la/fdL / zf/Ll/s ¿kdf czQm ePsfx¿sf] j}olQms ;/;kmfO tyf

;'Joj:yfnfO{{ sfod /fVg j[4x¿nfO{{ ;xof]u ug'{ g} o;k|sf/sf] ;]jfsf] nIo xf] .


j}olQms ;/;kmfO pks/0fsf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ / ltgLx¿sf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{af/]

hfgL /fVg'xf];\ .

gª, bfFt, bf/Lcflb h:tf ;kmf /fVg'kg]{ zf/Ll/s cª\ux¿sf] :jf:Yo cj:yf s:tf]

5 / j[4x¿sf] tL s'/fdf s:tf] rfv 5 eGg] hfgsf/L lng] k|of; ug'{xf];\ .

j[4 cfkm}+ cfˆgf] zf/Ll/s Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf 5 eg] cfˆgf] :ofxf/

cfkm}+ ubf{sf] dxTTjaf/] p;nfO{{ a'emfOlbg'xf];\ / To;nfO{{ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog

ug{sf nflu k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ .

j[4x¿nfO{{ ;/;kmfO tyf g'xfOw'jfO ul/lbO;s]kl5, tkfOF{Fn] s] ul/lbg'eof], tkfOF{Fn]

To;af6 s] l;Sg'eof] / To;kl5 tkfOF{Fn] s] ug'{xf]nf eGg]af/] l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .

5_ la/fdLnfO{{ ;fy lbg'xf];\

p2]Zo

s;}sf] ;xof]ulagf g} cfˆg} ;'/df afFlr/x]sf, b'MvL tyf PSnf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{

;xof]u ug'{ g} o;k|sf/sf] ;]jfsf] nIo xf] . pgLx¿nfO{{ efjgfTds tyf

dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf ;xof]u ug'{ o;sf] nIo xf] / pgLx¿nfO{{ t'?Gt} c:ktfn jf

:jf:Yo ;]jf k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ePdf ;f]k|lt uDeL/ eO{ ;f] ;]jf k|fKt u/fpg' / ;f]af/]

hflg/fVg' klg o;sf] nIo xf] .


j[4x¿sf] ljrf/, b[li6sf]0f tyf cf:yf;DaGwL ljljwtfnfO{{ ;Ddfg ug'{xf];\ .

x/]s j[4hgsf JolQmut ;"rgf tyf ;+j]bgzLn kfl/jfl/s ljifonfO{{ dxTTj

lbg'xf];\ / To;nfO{{ uf]Ko /fVg'xf];\ .

j[4x¿;Fu s'/fsfgL ubf{ w}o{;fy ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿sf] ljZjf; lhTg] k|of;

ug'{xf];\ .

;fdfGo tyf gd| z}nLdf s'/f ug{'xf];\ . w]/}h:tf] j[4x¿ sfg sd ;'Ì] vfnsf

x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{{ ;w}F Vofn ug{'xf];\ .

j[4n] eGg rfx]sf jf vf]Ng vf]h]sf uf]Ko s'/fx¿nfO{{ Wofg lbg'xf];\ / gd|tfsf

;fy To;sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .

Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ pgLx¿sf ljrf/ / efjgf eGg lbg'xf];\ .

j[4x¿sf] hLjg tyf efjgfTds cj:yfnfO{{ a'‰g'xf];\ / :jLsf/ ug{ l;Sg'xf];\ .

s'g} k|sf/sf] kl/jt{g b]vf k/]df To;nfO{{ l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .


92

h_ otfptf uP/ ul/lbg'kg{] sfdx¿df ;xof]u ug'{xf];\

p2]Zo

a}Ídf uP/ k};f lemlslbg] jf /flvlbg] jf ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL

sfof{nonufot x'nfsh:tf sfo{fnodf sf/f]af/ ul/lbg] h:tf sfddf uP/

j[4x¿nfO{{{ ;xof]u ug'{ g} o;k|sf/sf] ;]jfsf] nIo xf] .


j[4x¿n] aflx/ uP/ ug{'kg{] s'g} sfd pgLx¿nfO{{ ;fy lbg'xf];\ tyf ;xof]u

ug'{xf];\ / o:tf sfddf ;3fpFbf gd| Jojxf/ klg ug'{xf];\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, j[4sf]

lgj[lQe/0f -k]G;g_ sf] sf/f]af/ cufl8 a9fpFbf jf c¿x¿sf] ;fydf ;fdflhs

;'/Iff ;]jfsf] nfe k|fKt ubf{ pgnfO{{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

;fj{hlgs / lghL sfof{nox¿df cfjZos kg]{ sfuhkq tof/ ug]{ sfo{df

j[4x¿nfO{{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ . kl/ro kq, /l;b, cfj]bg kmf/d tyf cGo

:jf:Yo tyf cf}ifwf]krf/;Fu ;DalGwt n]vf]6 /]s8{x¿ tyf sfutkq

8s'd]G6x¿ g} o;sf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ .

:jf:Yo s]Gb|, :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿h:tf ljQLo tyf :jf:Yosf s'/fx¿df ;fdflhs

;]jfsf] ;DaGwdf j[4x¿nfO{{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ . cflwsfl/s sd{rf/L tyf

;DalGwt clwsf/Lx¿af6 o;;DaGwL c¿ hfgsf/L k|fKt ug'{xf];\ .

au}Frfsf] x]/rfx, ;–;fgf dd{t, n'uf sk8fx¿ k6\ofpg] tyf j}olQms

e]63f6sf s'/fx¿df j[4x¿nfO{{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

3/]n' :ofxf/ ;xof]uLsf lhDd]jf/Lx¿

!= gd|tf tyf plrt Jojxf/

3/]n' :ofxf/ ;xof]uLn] j[4x¿k|lt gd|tf tyf ;Ddfg k|s6 ug'{kb{5 . gd|tfk"0f{

tyf plrt Jojxf/n] pgLx¿;Fu c;n tyf ldqjt\ Jojxf/ a9]/ hfG5 .

@= lge{/tf

j[4x¿;Fu e/kbf]{ ;DaGw /fVgsf nflu ul/g} kg]{ sfo{x¿sf lgoldt ;"rgf

/fVg] tyf ltgLx¿sf] l6kf]6 ug{] ug'{k5{ . To;df s'g} kl/jt{g ePdf kof{Kt

;do lbP/ j[4x¿nfO{{ o;af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'kb{5 .

#= wd{ tyf k/Dk/fk|lt ;Ddfg

Ho]i7 gful/sdf h] s'/fsf] ljZjf; 5, To;nfO{{ ;Ddfg ug{'kb{5 / xf};nf

k|bfg ug'{k5{ . 3/]n' :ofxf/stf{n] Ho]i7 gful/sdf cfˆgf] j}olQms ljZjf; /

ljrf/ yf]kg'{ x'Fb}g .


93

$= w'd|kfg tyf dBkfgsf] Tofu

j[4x¿n] g} cg'dlt glbFbf;Dd j[4x¿sf] ;]jf ubf{ r'/f]6 tyf /S;L vfg]h:tf

v/faLx¿af6 cfkm"nfO{{ cnUu} /fVg'k5{ . cg'dlt lbP klg o:tf lqmofsnfk

pgLx¿sf 5]pdf gug'{ g} a]; x'G5 .

%= Ho]i7 gful/saf6 pkxf/ c:jLsf/

tkfOF{Fsf] ;]jfaf6 k|;Ì eP/ j[4x¿n] tkfOF{FnfO{{ s'g} k|sf/sf pkxf/;d]t k|bfg

ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ;Dej eP;Dd To:tf pkxf/x¿nfO{{ :jLsf/ ug'{x'Fb}g . pgnfO{{

u/]sf] ;]jf s]xL klg kfpg] cfzon] xf]OgÙ :jo+;]jfsf ¿kdf ul/Psf] xf] eGg]

s'/f pgLx¿nfO{{ /fd|/L ;Demfpg'k5{ .

^= cfly{s nfe / 5nsk6 gug]{

3/]n' :ofxf/ ;xof]uLn] ;a} k|sf/sf k};fsf sf/f]af/df ;fFrf] x'g'kb{5Ù cfly{s

cfocfh{gsf] nf]e ug]{ JolQm ;fFrf] ;xof]uL aGg ;Qm}g . h:t} M j[4;Fu k;n

hfFbf j[4n] kfpg] /l;b / km'6s/ lkmtf{sf] /sd j[4nfO{{ g} lbg'k5{ .

&= k};fsf] cefj ePsf j[4x¿nfO{{ ;xof]u

cfly{s ;d:of ePsf j[4x¿n] ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ub{5g\ . 3/]n' :ofxf/

;xof]uLn] pgLx¿nfO{{ slt;Dd ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ eGg]af/] :ki6

;DemfOlbg'k5{ . 3/]n' :ofxf/ ;xof]uLn] pgLx¿sf cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ plrt

lgsfo jf ;Ë7g;Dd k'¥ofP/ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ .

*= hdfgL a;]/ ;]jf jf x:tfIf/ gug]{

j[4x¿sf] afsL /sd jf cfly{s sf/f]af/sf nflu c:ktfn jf a}Fsx¿n]

tkfOF{FnfO{{ hdfgLsf ¿kdf x:tfIf/ ul/lbg eGg ;S5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf

j[4x¿sf] kl/jf/sf ;b:o jf j}wflgs k|ltlglw;Fu k/fdz{ ug{'kb{5 . o:tf]

cj:yfdf cfk"mv';L hdfgL a;]/ ;]jf jf x:tfIf/ ug'{ plrt x'Fb}g .

(= cf}ifwL ;]jg ubf{ ;xof]u

cf}ifwL lsGbf lbPsf] ;'emfjnfO{{ /fd|f];Fu ;'Gg' jf cf}ifwLsf] vf]ndf n]lvPsf] ;"rgf

k9\g'kb{5 / To;sf] kfngf ug{'kb{5 / To;}cg';f/ la/fdL jf j[4nfO{{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .

g;{ jf 8fS6/h:tf cflwsfl/s JolQmx¿n] dfq} To;df s'g} klg k|sf/sf] kl/jt{g

ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . cf}ifwL lnPsf] / lng c;kmn ePsf] l6kf]6 /]s8{ /fVg'k5{ .

!)= b'Mvb 36gf jf cfsl:ds cj:yfsf] tof/L

b'MvbfoL 36gfx¿ tyf cfsl:ds s'/fx¿n] k|foM j[4x¿sf] cj:yfdf l56f]l56f]

kl/jt{g NofOlbg] ub{5g\ . h:t} M e¥ofªaf6 n8\g], cfufdf kg]{, n'6kf6 x'g] cflb .

3/]n' :ofxf/ ;xof]uLn] o:tf kl/l:yltaf6 arfpg ;xof]u ug'{ klxnf] st{Jo xf] .

3/]n' :ofxf/ ;xof]uLx¿ o:tf 36gfx¿k|lt ;hu / akmfbf/ /xg'kb{5 .


94

la/fdLx¿nfO{{ :ofxf/ ug]{ ;fdflhs r]tgf tyf o;sf kIfx¿

j[4 tyf ynf k/]sfnfO{{ ljleGg k|sf/sf pkrf/

zf/Ll/s pkrf/,

3/]n' sfdsfhx¿,

cfly{s ;xof]u,

efjgfTds ;xof]u,

3/sf] ;/;kmfO tyf c¿ xNsf sfo{,

cfly{s ;xof]u, lgoldt 3/}df e]63f6 tyf kmf]g ;Dks{h:tf ;xof]u

k|bfg .

o:tf vfnsf s'/fx¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd ul/Pg eg] To;n] j[4x¿sf zf/Ll/s tyf

efjgfTds cfjZostfdf c;/ k'¥ofpFb5 . ljz]if u/L 3/sf ;b:ox¿aLr cgd]n

ePsf] a]nfdf 3/sf ;a} kl/jf/hgn] plQs} dfqfdf 3/]n' sfdsfhdf xft xfNg]

eGg] s'/f ;lhnf] sfd xf]Og .

ljz]ifu/L j[4n] PSnf], ylst, lg/fz tyf emf]Fs dflg/x]sf] a]nfdf j[4nfO{{ :ofxf/

ug'{ lgs} sl7g sfo{ x'g hfG5 . kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] la/fdL tyf o;n] j[4 tyf

:ofxf/stf{nfO{{ k/]sf] c;/af/] a'‰g' clgjfo{ / dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f x'G5 .

/f]usf] k|efj

j[4 c:ktfndf ePsf] a]nfdf kl/jf/hgn] la/fdLsf] k|s[lt tyf To;sf] k|efjnfO{{

a'‰g} kb{5 . pgLx¿nfO{{ la/fdLsf] k'gM:yfkgf sfo{qmddf ;xof]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg

ug'{xf];\ .

kl/jf/df /f]u tyf la/fdLsf] k|efj

la/fdLkgf kl/jf/sf nflu ;Í6 g} xf] / o;n] pgLx¿sf] b}lgs sfo{nfO{{ lgs}

g/fd|f] tl/sfn] k|efj kfb{5 .

j[4nfO{{ c:ktfn k'¥ofpg'eGbf klxn] pgsf] 3/]n' sfd tyf Jojxf/sf] Joj:yfkg,

s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] :ofxf/, kl/jf/sf cfjZostf k"/f / 3/fo;L sfdsfhdf ;xof]u

ug'{h:tf lhDd]jf/L tyf e"ldsf x'g] ub{5 . j[4 la/fdL ePsf] cj:yfdf o;n]

kl/jf/df pgsf] e"ldsfdf lgs} c;/ k'¥ofpFb5 . la/fdLkgf cem uDeL/ aGb}

uPsf] cj:yfdf pgL af]em;d]t aÌ] 5g\ .

kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ sfddf Jo:t /xg] a]nfdf 3/df la/fdL j[4nfO{{ x]/rfx ug]{

sf]xL klg /xg] 5}g . csf{lt/, j[4sf] x]/rfxsf nflu pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] sfdnfO{{

/f]Sg klg ;Sb}gg\ lsgeg] o;f] ubf{ kl/jf/sf] cfly{s cj:yfdf lgs} x|f; cfpFb5

/ o;n] kl/jf/sf] cfly{s cj:yfdfly ;flRrs} k|efj kfb{5 .


95

tkfOF{F cfkm\g} cfdfafa'sf] :ofxf/ ub}{ x'g'x'G5 eg] M

cfdfafa' eg]sf hlxn] klg cfdfafa' g} x'G5g\ / ltgn] cg]s b'Mv u/]/ tkfOF{FnfO{{

x'sf{Psf x'g\ eGg] ;Demg'xf];\ . cfˆgf afa'cfdfsf] x]/rfx ug{' eg]sf] cfˆgf] e"ldsf

tyf lhDd]jf/Lsf] afF8kmfF8 rflxF xf]Og .

cfdfafa'nfO{{ s]6fs]6LnfO{{ h:tf] Jojxf/ ug{' x'Fb}g . :ofxf/–;';f/ ug]{

lhDd]jf/LrflxF kl/jt{g x'g ;Sb5 . h:t} M cfdfafa' emg\–emg\ j[4 x'Fb} uPsf]

cj:yfdf tkfOF{F x's{Fb} ubf{ tkfOF{FnfO{{ cfdfafa'n] u/]h:tf] :ofxf/ tkfOF{Fn]

cfdfafa'nfO{{ u/]/ k'Ub}g . o:tf kl/jt{gx¿nfO{{ tyf To;sf] k|efjnfO{{ kl/jf/df

x/]sn] a'‰bf /fd|f] x'G5 .

j}olQms hLjg tyf efjgfx¿k|lt

cfˆgf nflu lgs} dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f u'dfpFbfsf] cj:yfdf l/;, kZrfQfk, ;xfoxLgtf,

c;xfo / s'07fh:tf efjgfx¿ tkfOF{Fdf cfpg] ub{5g\ . To;sf nflu

lgDgcg';f/sf x[bo:kzL{ k|Zgx¿ klg x'g ;Sb5g\ .

s] la/fdLn] tkfOF{F;Fu} a:g'k5{ <

s] x]/rfx ug]{ sfdsf nflu tkfOF{Fn] cfˆgf] gf]s/Laf6 /flhgfdf ug{] ls c¿

s;}nfO{{ la/fdL x]g{ v6fpg] <

s] tkfOF{Fn] g} ;a} k|sf/sf lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{] <

oL s'/fx¿n] tkfOF{Fsf] hLjgdf s:tf] c;/ unf{g\ <

oL kl/jt{gsf] k|ltlqmofnfO{{ tkfOF{Fn] cfˆgf] lgoGq0fdf lng ;Sg'x'g]5 .

cfk"m, cfˆgf d"NodfGotf, ;antf, ;Ldf tyf p2]ZonfO{{ lrÌ'xf];\ .

To;kl5 cfk"ml;t ePsf ;fwgx¿sf cfwf/df p2]Zox¿nfO{{ s;/L k|fKt

ug'{x'g]5 eGg] cWoog ug'{k5{ .

o;leq cfˆg} / kl/l:ylt,p2]Zo tyf ;xfotfsf ;|f]tsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{xf];\ tyf

cfˆgf df}sfx¿nfO{{ PsPs u/]/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

j[4x¿nfO{ { a'‰g], pgsf cfjZostfnfO{{ lrÌ] kl/l:ylt tyf JolQmTj

ljsf;af6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf s]xL ;Lkx¿ l;Sg] sfd ug'{xf];\ .

kl/jf/sf] Ifdtfk|lt

la/fdL af]Ng g;Sg] cj:yfdf eP klg kl/jf/sf ;b:on] pgnfO{{ ;xof]u ug{

;S5g\ .

la/fdL;Fu} a;]/ zf/Ll/s pkrf/ u/]/ vfg]s'/f lbP/ / lgoldt cfly{s ;xof]u

u/]/ la/fdLnfO{{ :ofxf/ ug'{k5{

la/fdL s'07fsf] /f]uaf6 u|:t x'g;S5 / p;nfO{{ ;fy lbg'kb{5 eGg] cfzf

ug{'k5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf :ofxf/stf{ wL/jfg\ x'g' lgs} cfjZos x'G5 .


96

kl/jf/sf x/]s ;b:on] cfkm"n] ;s]sf] of]ubfg ug'{kb{5 .

o;n] x]/rfx ug]{nfO{{ ;lhnf] agfOlbG5 / j[4x¿sf] zf/Ll/s, ;fdflhs,

efjgfTds / cflTds cfjZostf;d]t k"/f ul/lbG5 .

Psfcsf{nfO{{ ;xof]u ug]{ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] g} lgw{Ss;fy Ho]i7 gful/ssf]

/fd|f] :ofxf/–;';f/ lg/Gt/ug{] s'/f] kSsf x'G5 .

JolQmut cfjZostfnfO{{ dxTTj lbg] M

j[4x¿sf] :ofxf/ ug]{ sfo{n] :ofxf/ ug{] JolQmsf]] ;fdflhs hLjgdf kl/jt{g

ul/lbg ;Sb5 . :ofxf/stf{ j[4nfO{{ PSn} 5f]8\g] s'/fdf lrlGtt eP/ j[4x¿;Fu}

3/}df /xg rfxG5g\ . k|foM o;n] ubf{ pgnfO{{ PSnf] cg'ej x'G5 / s;}sf] ;fysf]

cfjZostf x'G5 . Ho]i7 gful/s ylst tyf lbSs x'g'eGbf klxn] g}] :ofxf/stf{n]

pgsf] ;Ldfaf/] a'‰g'kb{5 .

tkfOF{F cfˆg} :ofxf/ ug{ ;Sg' x'Gg eg] c¿ s;}sf] :ofxf/ ug{ ;Sg'x'g] 5}g .

:ofxf/–;';f/stf{n] kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿ tyf cGo ljz]if1x¿;Fu ;xof]u

dfUg'k5{Ù ;Sb5g\ klg .

:ofxf/–;';f/ ug]{nfO{{ cf/fd ug]{ cj;/ lbgsf nflu kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n]

pgnfO{{ kfnf] klg lbg'k5{ .

cfsl:ds pkrf/ ug'{k/]sf] a]nfdf s;nfO{{ ;f]Wg] eGg] :ofxf/stf{n] a'e\mg'k5{

/ s;/L /f]usf]] pkrf/ ug]{ eGg]af/] a'‰g' klg plts} h?/L x'G5 .

plrt :ofxf/ k|bfg ug]{

c:ktfnaf6 aflx/ NofO;s]kl5 p;sf] kl/jf/hgn] la/fdLn] s] ug{ ;Sb5 /

p;sf cfjZostfx¿ s]s] x'g\ eGg] a'‰g} kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] p;nfO{{ plrt :ofxf/

k|bfg ug]{ jftfj/0f ldnfpg'k5{ .

3/]n' ;xof]ustf{

kl/jf/n] 3/]n' ;xof]ustf{sf] lgo'lQm ug{' c:jfefljs xf]Og . j[4x¿nfO{{ s'g} ;+:yf

jf :ofxf/ s]Gb|df /fVg' w]/} dxFuf] kb{5 t/ 3/}df cfP/ ;xof]u ug]{nfO{{ lgo'lQm ug'{

;lhnf] x'G5 . la/fdLnfO{{ klg 3/}df cfP/ ;xof]u ug]{ ;xof]uL;Fu} /xg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

o:tf ;xof]uLn] w]/yf]/ 3/sf wGbf klg ul/lbG5g\ .

lbpF;f]sf]] lbjf :ofxf/ s]Gb|

j[4x¿nfO{{ lbjf :ofxf/ s]Gb|df klg k7fpg ;lsG5 . oL s]Gb|x¿df k|bfg ul/g]

lqmofsnfkn] Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] jf}l4s, zf/Ll/s tyf ;fdflhs kIfx¿df

;xfotf k'¥ofpFb5 / j[4 o:tf] s]Gb|df uPsf] a]nfdf :ofxf/stf{n] cf/fd ug{;d]t

kfpF5g\ .


97

;fd'bflos c:ktfn

la/fdLsf] :jf:Yonfe tyf k'gM:yfkgfsf nflu ;fd'bflos c:ktfndf /xg' klg

lgs} pkof]uL x'g] ub{5 . la/fdL c:ktfnaf6 aflx/ uO;s]kl5 c? s]s] ug{

;lsG5 eg]/ kl/jf/n] klg of]hgf agfpg ;Sb5 .

gft]bf/x¿sf] ;xof]u

kl/jf/ tyf :ofxf/stf{n] lbg] ;xfotfdf ;xefuL aÌf];\ . oL ;d"xx¿n]

cfˆgf]h:t} ;d:of / cg'ejdf c¿;Fu cfˆgf efjgf / cg'ej cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{

df}sf lbG5g\ . tkfOF{Fsf ;d:ofsf] hafkm o:t} ;d"xx¿df k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

slxn]sfxLF ;d"xn] klg o:tf ljz]if1nfO{{ af]nfpg ;Sb5, h;n] /f]usf ljleGg

kIfx¿af/] ;Nnfx lbg / To;sf] JofVof ug{;d]t ;Sb5g\ clg tkfOF{FnfO{{ cfjZos

kg]{ ;xof]uL ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

tkfOF{Fn] k/fdz{ lnFbf 8fS6/nfO{{ atfpg'xf];\ M

la/fdLn] c¿ 8fS6/n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf cf}ifwLx¿ jf s;}n] l;kmfl/; gu/]sf

cfk}+mn] lagf;Nnfx lsg]/ ;]jg ul//x]sf cf}ifwLx¿;d]t 5g\ ls <

la/fdLn] /S;L vfg] ub{5g\ ls <

cf}ifwL vfFbf ljleGg k|ltlqmofx¿ h:t} M jfsjfsL nfUg], l/Fu6f nfUg], cfFvf

wldnf] x'g], k]6 b'MVg] jf kf]Ng] cflb x'G5 ls <

lgDg nIf0f b]lvPdf 8fS6/nfO{{ atfpg'xf];\ M

cf}ifwL vfFbf s]–s:tf k|ltlqmof b]vf kg{ ;Sb5g\ <

cf}ifwLsf] c;/ slt kl5 kg{ yfN5 <

s]s] c;/nfO{{ arfP/ /fVg'k5{ <

cf}ifwL lnFbf Vofn ul/g'kg]{ s'/fx¿ s]s] x'g\ < h:t}M cf}ifwL vfO;s]kl5 klg uf8L

rnfpg ldNb5 < cf}ifwL lnO;s]kl5 s'g} vfB jf k]okbfy{ afg{'kg]{ x'G5 ls <

slt nfdf] ;do;Dd cf}ifwL lnO/xg'kg]{ x'G5 <

kL8f tyf cf/fd

z/L/sf] s'grflxF cª\u la;Grf] 5 eGg] s'/f dx;'; ul/Psf] kL8faf6} yfxf x'g

cfpF5 . o;af6 xfdLnfO{{ klxn] g} pkrf/ ul/Psf] z/L/sf] cËdf x'g ;Sg] /f]unfO{{

x6fpg cf}ifwf]krf/ cfjZos 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/f;d]t yfxf x'g cfpF5 .

tLj| kL8f

/f]usf] ;'?sf] cj:yfdf xfdLnfO{{ tLj| kL8fsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . kL8fsf] ;|f]taf6

dl:tisdf b'O{ tl/sfaf6 ;Gb]z k'Ug] ub{5 .

cGo cª\ux¿nfO{{ k|efljt x'gaf6 hf]ufpg kL8f ePsf] efunfO{{ ;'/Iff ug]{ .

dx;'; ul/Psf] kL8fnfO{{ sd ug{ z/L/sf kL8fsf ;|f]tx¿nfO{{ hDdf ug]{ .


98

bL3{sfnLg kL8f

bL3{sfnLg kL8fnfO{{ x6fpg jf pkrf/ ug{ lgs} sl7g x'g] ub{5 lsgeg] o;sf

sf/0fx¿ c:ki6 x'G5g\ jf xf8hf]gL{ ;'lÌg]h:tf ;d:ofx¿nfO{{t x6fpg

c;Dej;d]t x'G5 . bL3{sfnLg kL8fn] ubf{ dflg; PSnf] jf c;xfo dx;'; ug]{

ub{5 . o;sf] kL8f nfdf] ;do;Dd /xG5 / of] a9L uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] ;d]t x'G5

clg ;xg lgs} ufx|f];d]t x'g] ub{5 .

bL3{sfnLg kL8f jf /f]unfO{{ s;/L a'‰g] <

s;}nfO{{ bL3{sfnLg kL8f ePsf] 5 eg] p;sf] sfo{Ifdtf ;Lldt x'Fb} hfg' klg

:jfefljs} x'G5 . k6sk6s o:tf] kL8fsf] cg'ej ug]{ JolQmdf o;sf] k|ltlqmof

emg\ kl5 uP/ emg} v/fa aGb} hfG5 . j[4sf] kl/jf/ jf p;sf ;fyLx¿n] pm cfkm}+

klg s]xL ug{ ;Sg] x'Fbf;d]t s'g} klg k|sf/sf] lhDd]jf/L lbg dfGb}gg\\ . o:tf]

cj:yfnfO{ { /fd|f];Fu a'‰g' g} o:tf] cj:yfnfO{{ ;dfwfg ug]{ Pp6f pkfo xf] .

pkrf/

:jf:YosdL{x¿sf] ;d"xn] lqmofsnfkx¿ / cfjZostfx¿sf] cf}ifwL;DaGwL,

zf/Ll/s / efjgfTds d"NofÍg u/]kl5 o;nfO{{ ljleGg k|sf/n] ;fdgfug{

;lsG5 . Pp6f ljz]if1af6 ePg eg]/ csf]{ ljz]if1df hfFb}df s'g} klg k|sf/sf]

;dfwfg x'Fb}g . la/fdLsf] k|ult x]/]/ dfq} ljz]if1n] klg la/fdLsf] /f]u pkrf/

ug{df ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ . la/fdLsf] pkrf/ ug]{ Pp6f dfq} pkfo x'Fb}g . s:tf]

k|sf/sf] :jf:Yol:ylt xf] :jf:YosdL{x¿n] /fd|/L a'em]kl5 dfq To;}sf] cfwf/df

pkrf/ ug{' k5{ .

cf}ifwf]krf/

l;kmfl/; ul/Pcg';f/ lng] xf] eg] dfq kL8f sd ug]{ w]/} h;f] cf}ifwLsf] ;xL

k|of]u x'g ;Sb5 . cf}ifwLsf] unt pkof]u x'Fbf o;sf] gsf/fTds k|efj kg{

;Sb5 . 8fS6/x¿n] kL8f dTy/ x'g] u/L / PSnf]kg x6\g] u/L lg/fz / xtf; x'g]

/f]usf nflu cf}ifwL l;kmfl/; ug]{5g\ .

5fnf–;ª\qmd0f /f]usf] pkrf/fy{ ljB'tLo ¿kdf dl:tisnfO{{ pS;fpg] -l6OPgP;_

o:tf] l6OPgP; pkrf/ PsfO -pkljefu_ n] b'vfOnfO{{ s]xL g s]xL dTy/

kfg{{ ;Sb5 . Pp6f ;'O{n] lgoGq0f u/]sf] ;;fgf] a6\6fn] ljB'tLo k|jfx tof/ u/]/

dl:tisdf hfg] kL8fsf] ;Gb]znfO{{ /f]lslbG5 . o;nfO{{ vNtLdf af]Sg ;lsG5

jf sDd/df k]6Lh:t} afFWg ;lsG5 . of] ;'/lIft x'G5 / o;sf] s'g} c;/ klg

x'Fb}g .

dl:tis ;Gb]z aGb x'g]

s'g} cª\udf cr]tgfsf] ;'O{ nufP/ klg kL8fsf] cg'e"ltnfO{{ x6fpg ;lsG5 . o:tf]

emDd nfUg] eof] eg] To; :yfgsf] kL8fsf] cg'e"lt z/L/sf cGo cËx¿df x'Fb}g .


99

o;/L dl:tis ;Gb]znfO{{ /f]Sbf klg bL3{kL8faf6 c:yfoL eP klg nfdf] ;dosf

nflu d'lQm kfOG5 .

d[To'

d[To'pGd'v la/fdL jf cfkmGtsf] x]/ljrf/ k'¥ofpgfn] dg'{eGbf klxn] p;nfO{{ dfof

ug]{x¿af6 /fd|f] ;xof]u jf ;xfg'e"lt kfpg ;lsG5 . pgLx¿n] dg'{eGbf klxn] ug'{kg]{

hlt ;a} ul/;s]sf 5f} eGg] cg'ej ug{] 5g\ . olb o;af/] af]Ng grfx]df pgLx¿n]

:ofxf/stf{ jf kl/jf/hgnfO{{ o;af/] b'MvL gxf]pmg\ egL ;f]lr/x]sf x'G5g\ .

sf]xL db}{ 5 eg]/ a'‰g] dg]{ cj:yfsf] JolQmsf] cfjZostfk|lt :ofxf/stf{ ;+j]bgzLn x'g} kb{5 . uDeL/

k|s[ltsf /f]usf w]/}h;f] la/fdLn] cfkm" dg]{ cj:yfdf cfOk'u]sf] s'/f yfxf kfpF5g\ .

pgLx¿ cem afFr"g\ egL rfxgf ug]{ cfkmGtx¿sf nflu klg of] kL8fbfoL x'G5 /

o:tf] ;d:of jf oyfy{nfO{{ tL cfkmGt ;fdgf ug{ rfxFb}gg\ .

:ofxf/stf{ / db}{ u/]sf] JolQmsf] klg s]xL gnfUg] x'Fbf db}{ u/]sf] JolQmn] klg

cfˆgf Kof/fx¿nfO{{ u'dfpFb} u/]sf] / cfkm" klg z"Godf hfFb} u/]sf] s'/f cg'ej

ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . pgn] cfˆgf k'/fgf x[bokL8fsf] pkrf/ rfxG5g \ . sf]xLsf]xL

rflxF Ao'eFmb} u/]sf] jf d[To'lt/ hfFb} u/]sf] s'/f ug{ rfxG5g\ .

pgLx¿ cfkmGtx¿n] cfkm"l;t ;fFrf] af]n]sf]] x]g{ rfxG5g\ . lrGtf gug'{ eg]/

kL8f jf g/fd|f] ljifonfO{{ x6fpg gvf]Hg'xf];\ .

pgLx¿nfO{{ klxn]s} sfd ul//xg dg nfUb5 . pgsf] sf]7fnfO{{ pHofnf]

/flvlbg'xf];\ / pgLx¿n] rfx]sf] cj:yfdf k|z:t cfkmGtx¿nfO{{ e]63f6 ug]{

cj;/ ldnfOlbg'xf];\ . hlt a]nf pgnfO{{ ysfgsf] cg'ea x'g] ub{5, Tolt a]nf

cf/fdsf] h?/t kb{5 .

la/fdLsf] d[To'df lgDgcg';f/sf s'/fx¿df s] ug]{ eGg]af/] hfgsf/L lnO/fVg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

d[To' ePsf] va/ ug]{,

d[To'sf] k|df0fkq lng],

To;af/] c¿nfO{{ va/ ug]{,

d[To' jf cGToli6 ;+:sf/af/]sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu cg'dlt lng] .

la/fdL 3/}df d/]sf] cj:yfdf

la/fdL d/]sf] eGg] s;/L yfxf kfpg] <

o;sf] nflu tnsf s'/f ug'{xf];\ M cfˆgf cf}FnfnfO{{ la/fdLsf] gf8Ldf /fv]/ w8\sg hfFr ug'{xf];\ .

la/fdLn] st} ;f; km]b}{ kf] 5 ls eg]/ cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\, ;'Ì'xf];\ jf hfFr

ug'{xf];\ .


100

cfFvfdf x]g'{xf];\Ùst} logLx¿ jl/kl/ 3'Db} 5g\ ls clg s]xL ldg]6kl5 km]l/ x]g'{xf];\ .

kl/jf/sf] x]/rfx ug]{ 8fS6/ eP p;nfO{{ af]nfpg'xf];\ .

d[To'kl5 s] ug]{ <

• PSnf] cj:yfsf] efjgf jf PsfGtkgf cfpg ;S5 .

• la/fdL hLljt} 5Fbf pgsf] :ofxf/ u/]/ yfs]sfx¿n] pgsf] d[To'df xn'sf

nfu]sf] dfGg ;S5g\ t/ klg pgLx¿nfO{{ s]xL kZrfQfk eg] /xG5 .

• o:tf] j]bgfnfO{{ la;{gsf nflu sf]xL /S;L jf g;fhGo kbfy{ ;]jglt/ klg

nfUg ;Sb5g\ .

• o;sf] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pkfo j]bgfnfO{{ cfkm"leq cg'ej ug'{xf];\ . s;}sf]

d[To'nfO{{ ;fdgf ug]{ of] g} ;a}eGbf /fd|f] tl/sf xf] . cfkm"nfO{{ ;DxfNg' g}

;a}eGbf /fd|f] .

• cfkm"n] cf/fd ug'{kg]{ jf cfˆgf] x]/rfx ul/g'kg]{ cj:yfaf/] cfk"m ljz]if ¿kdf

;ts{ aÌ'xf];\ . s;}s;}nfO{{ j]bgf jf PSnf] ePsf] s'/fnfO{{ ;lhnf] kfg{ cfpF5 .

• cfkm"nfO{{ kL8f jf lg/fz agfpg] / cK7]/f] agfpg] s'/fx¿nfO{{ ;se/ dg}df

glng'xf];\ .

• hLjgsf oyfy{k/s nIox¿ agfpg'xf];\ .

• cfˆgf] :yfg lgwf{/0f ug'{xf]; \ jf c?x¿;Fu e]63f6 ug'{xf];\ .

• cfˆgf efjgfnfO{{ c¿;Fu /fVbf klg la/fdL jf lk|o JolQmsf] d[To'nfO{{ ;xg

lgs} ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

• c? klg tkfOF{F;Fu j]bgf kf]v]/ tkfOF{F PSnf] x'g' x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f JoQm ug{ rfxG5g\ .

• tkfOF{Fn] ljZjf; u/]sf] jf tkfOF{Fsf] ;|f]tf agL tkfOF{FnfO{{ ;3fpg] JolQm kQf

nufpg'xf];\ . tkfOF{Fsf cgfjZos cfj]u jf efjgf ;'g]/ c;n ;|f]tfn] slxn]

klg lbSs jf nfh dfÌ] 5}g .

• p;n] ahf/ uOlbg], ksfOlbg] jf 3/sf] ;/;kmfO ul/lbg] h:tf] s'g} ;xof]u

ul/lbPdf klg tkfOF{Fn] cK7]/f] gdfgL To;nfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{xf];\ . tkfOF{Fsf]

dfu{lgb]{zg jf ;'/Iffsf nflu klg ljz]if1sf] ;xof]u pknAw x'g ;Sb5 .

:ofxf/stf{sf] :ofxf/

aLrsf] k':tf

j[4 cfdfa'af / ;;fgf s]6fs]6L ePsfx¿ a]Unf a]Un} ;f]rfOdf afFl8Psf x'G5g\ .

pgLx¿ Ps k|sf/sf] cK7]/f] 5gf]6sf] cj:yfdf /x]sf x'G5g\Ù d}n] d]/f afcfdfnfO{{

8fS6/ b]vfpg nfg' ls 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] z'Nssf]] Joj:yf ug'{ < labfsf] lbgdf cfdfnfO{{

e]6\g hfg' ls 3/kl/jf/d} cf/fd ug'{ < o:tf kl/j]zx¿n] xfdLnfO{{ Ps k|sf/sf]

clg0f{osf] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpFb5g\ / xfdLx¿ To; a]nf b'O{ 9'ËfaLrsf] t?nsf

¿kdf /xG5f}F . o;n] xfdLnfO{{ efjgfTds ¿kdf cK7]/fdf kfb{5 .


101

:ofxf/stf{ o:tf cj:yfx¿ klg hLjgdf cfpFb5g\, hlta]nf xfdLnfO{{ s] s'/fdf s]lGb|t x'g'kg]{

xf] yfxf g} x'Fb}g . tkfOF{F c;n ;Gtfg x'g vf]Hg'eof] eg] tkfOF{Fn] cfˆgf

;fyLefO;Fusf] e]63f6nfO{{ /f]lslbg'kb{5 . tkfOF{F o;f] ug{ ;Sg' x'Gg, sf/0f tkfOF{Fn]

cfˆgf] >LdtL tyf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf nflu klg ;do lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . To; a]nf xfdLn]

cfkm}+nfO{{ ;f]Wg'kg]{ x'G5– æd}n] d]/L cfdfnfO{{ olQsf a9L Wofg lbg'kg]{ eof] eg] d}n]

cfkm}+nfO{{ slta]nf x]/ljrf/ ug{ ;s'Fnf <Æ

Tolt dfq xf]Og, tkfOF{n] cfˆgf] sfd klg t x]g{'k5{ . tkfOF{Fn] cfˆgf] ;Lk b]vfP/

cfˆgf] xflsdnfO{{ dfq} k|efjdf kfg]{ xf]Og tkfOF{Fsf] :ofxf/ tyf ;dk{0f rfxg]

afa'cfdfnfO{{ klg v';L /fVg'kb{5 .

cfkm\gf ;Ldfx¿ yfxf kfpg] :ofxf/stf{sf] ¿kdf tkfOF{Fn] ljrf/ ug}{kg]{ s'/f] s] eg] tkfOF{Fn] ;a} s'/f ug{;Sg'

x'Gg . tkfOF{Fsf afa'cfdfn] tkfOF{FnfO{{ x'sf{pg'eof] eGg] s'/f ;fFrf] xf] . t/,tkfOF{Fn]

klg o;sf] abnfdf pgLx¿nfO{{ To:t} ug'{k5{ eGg] xf]Og . To;}n] of] s'/fsf] k|of;

klg gug'{xf];\ a?tkfOF{Fn] cfˆgf afa'cfdfsf nflu ug{ ;Sg] s'/fx¿sf] ;Ldf

lgwf{/0f ug'{xf];\ . tkfOF{FsL cfdfn] tkfOF{FnfO{{ x/]s lbg e]6\g rfx] klg tkfOF{Fx¿

b'j}sf] kmfObfsf nflu of] tkfOF{Fn] :ki6} elglbg'xf];\– of] ;Dej x'g] s'/f] xf]Og . t/,

o;sf] cy{tkfOF{Fn] cfˆgf cfdfafa'nfO{{ TofUb} x'g'x'G5 jf a]jf:tf ub}{ x'g'x'G5 eGg]

klg xf]Og . tkfOF{Fn] To:tf] e|d afa'cfdfnfO{{ kg{ lbg' rflxF /fd|f] x'Fb}g .

c?sf] ;xof]u :jLsf/ tkfOF{Fsf afa'cfdf la/fdL k/]sf] cj:yfdf tkfOF{Fn] cfˆgf ;Gtfgaf6 ;d]t ;xof]u

lnP/ pgLx¿sf] pkrf/df nfUg'xf];\ . ;;fgf sfddf klg kl/jf/hg ldn]/ To;sf]

;dfwfg ug'{ eg]sf] kl5 cfpg ;Sg] 7"nf sfddf klg tkfOF{Fn] tof/L ug'{ xf] .

l5d]sL, :jo+;]jLx¿, cfTdLo ;fyLx¿af6 klg ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .

;d:ofnfO{{ emg\–emg\ 7"nf] x'g glbg'xf];\, gq tkfOF{FnfO{{ ;xof]u ug{ rfxg]x¿

tkfOF{F;Fu ylst x'g klg ;Sg]5g\ . Ps lbgdfq} tkfOF{Fsf cfdfafa'nfO{{ ;xof]u ug]{

jf x]/ljrf/ ug]{ sf]xL ePsf] cj:yfdf tkfOF{Fn] s]xL ;do eP klg k'm;{b

kfpg'x'g]5, o;nfO{{ :jLsf/ ug'{ g} 7Ls xf] .

;xof]usf] dfUg'xf];\ tkfOF{Fsf cfdfafa'nfO{{ :ofxf/ ug'{k/]sf] cj:yfdf tkfOF{Fn] kl/jf/eGbf klg aflx/sf

cfkmGt / ;fyLefOaf6 ;xof]u dfUg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;DkÌx¿n] t 3/d} sfd ug]{

dflg; /fvL o;sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sb5g\ . To:tf] ;Dej gePsfx¿n] cfkmGtsf]

;fy lng' /fd|f] x'G5 .

Ho]i7 gful/s tyf pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/nfO{{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;fd'bflos ;Ë7gnfO{{ lghL

lgsfo tyf ;/sf/n] cfly{s ;xof]u;d]t ug]{ ub{5g\ . Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] :ofxf/

ug]{ jf x]/ljrf/ ug]{ sf]xL eOlbof] eg] o;n] dgdf zflGt NofpFb5 .

;dfhdf o:tf ;ª\3 tyf ;d"xx¿ klg x'G5g\ h;n] Pscsf{df ;"rgf cfbfg–

k|bfg ub{5g\ . ;xof]u klg ub{5g\, To:tf ;+:yfsf] ;xof]u klg lng ;lsG5 .


102

h:t} M l;Ëfk'/ /fli6«o ljklQ ;ª\3n] czQmx¿sf nflu k9\g] ;fdu|L jf af:s]6an

v]Ngsf nflu rSs] s';L{x¿ lx\jn r]o/ klg lbg] ub{5 .

km';{b lgsfn]/ cf/fd ug]{

olb tkfOF{ lgoldt ¿kdf cfˆgf afcfdfsf] x]/rfx ul//xg'ePsf] 5 eg] tkfOF{Fn]

s]xL ;do cf/fd lng' cfjZos x'G5 . ;dfhdf ;lqmo x'g' tyf ;fyLefO;Fu

e]63f6 ug{'' klg h?/L 5 . o;n] tkfOF{FnfO{ { cfˆg} af/]df s]xL ;f]Rg / afa'cfdfsf]

x]/rfxafx]ssf cGo sfd ug{sf nflu klg s]xL ;do lg:sG5 .

slxn]sfxLF tkfOF{Fsf afa'cfdfn] tkfOF{FnfO{{ 5f]8\g} dg gu/]sf] a]nfdf tkfOF{FnfO{{ lgs}

cK7]/f] kg]{5 . tkfOFn]+ Tolt a]nf cfˆgf] 8/ jf kZrfQfkaf6 cfkm"nfO{{ d'Qm /fv]/

cfkm}+n] cfkm}+nfO{{ ;DxfNg'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] kbf{ tkfOF{nfO{{ ;dy{g ug{]x¿sf] ;xof]u

lng'xf];\ . :ofxf/stf{ x'g' ;lhnf] sfdrflxF xf]Og, o;sf nflu alnof] / :j:y

z/L/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

;Gt'ngdf /fVg]

c;n cfdfafa', dfof ug]{ nf]Ug] jf >LdtLsf ¿kdf cfˆgf] e "ldsf k"/fug{ / Ho]i7

gful/snfO{{ cfjZos kg]{ :ofxf/ klg ul//xg] sfdsf] ;Gt'ngdf cfkm"nfO{{ /fVg

:ofxf/stf{nfO{{ lgs} sl7g x'g] ub{5 . o:tf] e"ldsf ;docg';f/ kl/jt{g klg x'Fb}

hfG5 . w]/}h;f] afa'cfdf cfˆgf h]7f ;Gtfgsf ;fydf /xg rfxG5g \ t/

pgLx¿rflxF cfˆg } s]6fs]6L x'sf{pg] emd]nfaf6 d'Qm ePsf x'Fb}gg\ . :ofxf/stf{

o:tf kl/jt{g / oLk|lt kl/lrt x'g'kb{5 / cfOkg]{ cfjZostfk|lt klg ;r]t

x'g'kb{5 .

lbjf :ofxf/ s]Gb|

Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ ul/g] :ofxf/af6 s]xL ;dosf nflu dfq} eP klg cf/fd

lngsf nflu c:yfoL :ofxf/stf{, 3/ jf cf>o:yn / :jf:Yo ;]jfs]Gb|sf]

cfjZostf kb{5 . tkfOF{F labfdf hfFb} x'g'x'G5 jf s]xL lbgsf nflu aflx/ hfFb}

x'g'x'G5 eg] tkfOF{Fn] kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿ jf c?x¿sf] ;xof]u lng'kg]{ x'G5 .

tkfOF{F 3/b]lv aflx/ ePsf] a]nfdf klg Ho]i7 gful/snfO{{ tkfOF{F;Fu x'Fbfsf] h:t}

cf>o ToxfF pknAw 5 . To:t} u/L tkfOF{Fn] ;]jf u/]h:t} ;]jf ug]{ csf]{sf]xL ToxfF

5 eGg] s'/fsf] lglZrGttf klg ToxfF x'g'k¥of] . :ofxf/stf{ jl/kl/ geP klg ToxfF

:ofxf/ ug{sf nflu c:ktfn;d]t x'g'k¥of] . Ho]i7 gful/ssf] x]/rfx ug{sf nflu

sd{rf/L tyf :jf:YosdL{;d]t ToxfF pknAw ePdf cem /fd|f] x'G5 . To;df klg

olb Ho]i7 gful/s 3/}df c;n ;+/Ifs jf ;fyLsf ;fydf /xg] xf] eg] jf 5f]6f]

;dosf nflu dfq} c:ktfndf /xg] xf] eg] ToxfF c:ktfndf /xFbf cfjZos kg]{

cf}ifwf]krf/, vfg]s'/f tyf cGo cfjZos s'/fx¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu lj:t[t

¿kdf pNn]v u/]/ kmf/d eg'{xf];\ .

Ho]i7 gful/ssf nflu ;d]t ljleGg k|sf/sf JolQmx¿;Fu ;Dks{df /xL ;]jf lng'

plrt x'G5 .


103

tkfOF{F dxTTjk"0f{ x'g'x'G5

tkfOF{Fn] cfˆgf] nflu cfˆgf lhDd]jf/LnfO{{ ;Demg} kb{5 . ;dod} ;'Tg'xf];\Ù ;Gt'lnt

ef]hg ug{'xf];\ / lgoldt Jofofd ug'{xf];\ . cfjZos lqmofsnfksf] ;"rL

agfpg'xf];\ / gu/] klg x'g] lqmofsnfknfO{{ ;"rLaf6 x6fpg'xf];\ . tkfOF{FnfO{{

slta]nf lbSs, ysfO jf lg/fzf nfUb5, tkfOF{Fn] yfxf kfpg} kb{5 . o:tf

cj:yfdf tkfOF{F 3/aflx/ hfg], rnlrq 6]lnlehg x]g]{ jf ;fyLefO;Fu aflx/ uP/

vfg] cflb ldnfpg'k5{ .

;d'bfosf] wg

;d'bfodf cfkm"nfO{{ ;xof]u ug]{ JolQmnfO{{ lrlg/fVg'xf];\ . h:t}M ;fd'bflos j[4/f]u

ljz]if1, hf] j[4 ;b:osxfF uP/ pgLx¿sf] /Qmrfk lng] ub{5g\ / :ofxf/stf{,

;fd'bflos sfo{stf{ dfln;ug{]x¿ tyf ;fyL ;Nnfxsf/nfO{{ ;xof]u ub{5g\ .

:jf:Yos]Gb| slxn] hfg], lghL lSnlgs slxn] hfg] jf cfkm}+ klg k'Ug ;lsg]

glhs}sf] c:ktfn slxn] hfg]] cflb af/] klg hfgsf/L /fVg'xf];\ .

d k|lt1f ub{5', cfˆgf] x]/rfx ug{,

cfˆgf] :jf:Yo clg cfˆgf] efjgfTds enfOsf]

sf/0f oL s'/fx¿ dxTTjk"0f{ 5g\,

d]/f nflu, d]/f] kl/jf/sf nflu / d]/f ;fyLx¿sf nflu dfq} xf]Og,

d]/f Ifdtfsf nflu pgLx¿n] ug]{ of]ubfgsf nflu,

d]/f kl/jf/sf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] x]/rfx ug{sf nflu

d k|lt1f ub{5', c?x¿af6 ;xof]u dfUgsf nflu,

j[4x¿n] To;nfO{{ c:jLsf/ u/] klg,

dnfO{{ yfxf 5, oL ;a} s'/fx¿ d cfkm}+n] u/] eg],

d oL ;a} u/]/ yfSg]5',

kSs} klg dnfO{{ l/; p7\nf, d a]v';L x'Fnf /

slxn]sfxLF zfGt jftfj/0fdf klg

g/fd|f] Jojxf/ d}n] b]vfpFnf

olb d]/f] ljrf/df, d}n] h] ub}{5', olb g/fd|f 5g\ eg],

jf dnfO{{ h] x'Fb} 5, tL jf~5gLo 5}gg\ eg],

d}n] oL sfdx¿ 5f]8\g]5' / d]/f ;fyLefO / kl/jf/hgnfO{{ af]nfpFnf,

jf dnfO{{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;Nnfxsf/nfO{{ af]nfpFnf .

kSs} klg ddf 3d08 cfpnf,

:ofxf/stf{sf ¿kdf d]/f st{Jok|lt

;bf cfˆgf] k|z+;f u?Fnf,

cfkm"n] k"/f u/]sf /fd|f sfdx¿sf nflu ..


104

Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL cfof]uåf/f ul/Psf] ultljlwsf] emns


105

106

cg";rL – ! Ho]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL P]g, @)^#

k|df0fLs/0f / k|sfzg ldlt @)^#÷*÷*

@)^# ;fnsf] P]g g+= @@

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ug{] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] P]g k|:tfjgf M

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ug{], lghx?df /x]sf] 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf / cg'ejsf]

;b'kof]u u/L lghx?k|lt >4f, cfb/ tyf ;b\efjsf] clej[l4 ug{] ;DaGwdf tTsfn Joj:yf

ug{ jf~5gLo ePs]fn],–

k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# hf/L ePsf] klxnf] jif{df k|ltlglw;efn] of] P]g agfPsf] 5 .

!= ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De M

-!_ o; P]gsf] gfd æHo]i7 gful/s;DaGwL P]g, @)^#Æ /x]sf] 5 .

-@_ of] P]g t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5 .

@= kl/efiff M ljifo jf k|;Ën] csf{] cy{ gnfu]df o; P]gdf,–

-s_ æHo]i7 gful/sÆ eGgfn] ;f7L jif{ pd]/ k"/f u/]sf] g]kfnL gful/s ;Demg' k5{ .

-v_ æc;xfo Ho]i7 gful/sÆ eGgfn] b]xfosf] s'g} jf ;a} cj:yfsf] Ho]i7 gful/s

;Demg' k5{ M–

-!_ hLjgofkg ug{] s'g} cfwf/, cfo;|f]t jf ;DklQ gePsf],

-@_ kfngkf]if0f tyf x]/rfx ug{] kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:o gePsf],

-#_ kl/jf/sf] ;b:o eP klg lghn] kfngkf]if0f gu/L ckx]lnt jf pk]lIft

hLjgofkg ug{' k/]sf] .

-u_ æczQm Ho]i7 gful/sÆ eGgfn] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s?kn] czQm Ho]i7 gful/s

;Demg' k5{ .

-3_ æx]/rfx s]Gb|Æ eGgfn] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ z'Ns lnO{ jf glnO{ kfngkf]if0f tyf x]/rfx

ug{sf] nflu o; P]gadf]lhd :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng ePsf] 3/, cf>d jf o:t} k|s[ltsf

cGo ;+/rgf ;Demg' k5{ .

-ª_ ælbjf ;]jf s]Gb|Æ eGgfn] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ z'Ns lnO{ jf glnO{ lbpF;f]sf] ;dodf

x]/rfx ug{sf] nflu o; P]gadf]lhd :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng ePsf] 3/, cf>d jf

o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo ;+/rgf ;Demg' k5{ .

-r_ ækfngkf]if0f tyf x]/rfxÆ eGgfn] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ vfg], nfpg], a:g], 3'dlkm/ ug{],

dgf]/~hg ug{] / wfld{s sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] h:tf

sfo{{ ;Demg' k5{ .

-5_ ækl/jf/sf] ;b:oÆ eGgfn]] Ho]i7 gful/ssf]] b]xfosf] gft]bf/ ;Demg' k5{ M–

-!_ ;uf]nsf] 5f]/f, a'xf/L, 5f]/L, 5f]/ftk{msf] gflt, gfltgL,

-@_ pkv08 -!_ adf]lhdsf ;b:o gePdf 5'l§O{ leGg a;]sf] 5f]/f, a'xf/L, 5f]/L,

5f]/ftk{msf] gflt, gfltgL,

cg';"rL ! – Ho]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL P]g, @)^#

107

-#_ pkv08 -@_ adf]lhdsf gft]bf/;d]t gePdf glhssf cGo gft]bf/ .

-h_ æxsjfnfÆ eGgfn] d'n'sL P]g ck'tfnLsf] dxnadf]lhd Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ck'tfnL vfg

kfpg] xsjfnf ;Demg' k5{ .

-em_ æHo]i7 gful/s SnaÆ eGgfn] Ho]i7 gful/sn] cfˆgf] xslxt / clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] nflu

k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd :yfkgf u/]sf] Sna ;Demg' k5{ .

-`_ æsf]ifÆ eGgfn] bkmf !& adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0fsf]if ;Demg' k5{ .

-6_ ætf]lsPsf] clwsf/LÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L

tf]s]sf] clwsf/L ;Demg' k5{ .

-7_ ætf]lsPsf]Æ jf ætf]lsPadf]lhdÆ eGgfn] o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod jf ljlgoddf

tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsPadf]lhd ;Demg' k5{ .

#= Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ ;Ddfg ug{'kg{] M Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ ;Ddfg ug{' ;a}sf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

$= Ho]i7 gful/ssf] kfngkf]if0f tyf x]/rfx M

-!_ Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] cfly{s x}l;ot tyf OHht cfdb cg';f/ kfngkf]if0f tyf

x]/rfx ug{' kl/jf/sf] k|To]s ;b:osf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

-@_ Ho]i7 gful/sn] cfˆgf] c+z lnO{ kl/jf/af6 cnu a;]sf] jf a:g rfx]sf] cj:yfdf

afx]s lghn] rfx]sf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:on] cfˆgf] ;fydf /fvL kfngkf]if0f ug'{ kg{]5 .

-#_ s;}n] Ho]i7 gful/ssf] OR5fljk/Lt lghnfO{ kl/jf/af6 cnu /fVg jf cnu a:g

afWo u/fpg' x'Fb}g .

-$_ Ho]i7 gful/s jf lghnfO{ kfngkf]if0f ug{] kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/

ePdf kl/jf/sf] cGo ;b:on] To:tf] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ cfk"m;Fu} g/fv]sf] eP tfklg

kfngkf]if0f tyf x]/rfxsf] Joj:yf ug{' kg{]5 .

-%_ o; bkmfdfcGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg Ho]i7 gful/ssf] rn, crn;DklQ

k|of]u jf pkof]u ug{] kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:o, gft]bf/jfxsjfnfn] lghnfO{ cfk"m;Fu} /fvL

kfngkf]if0f tyf x]/rfx ug{' kg{]5 .

%= Ho]i7 gful/sn] ph'/L lbg ;Sg] M

-!_ bkmf $ adf]lhd Ho]i7 gful/ssf] kfngkf]if0f tyf x]/rfx ug{' kg{] st{Jo ePsf]

kl/jf/sf] ;b:o, gft]bf/ jf xsjfnfn] lghnfO{ cfk"m;Fu} /fvL kfngkf]if0f tyf x]/rfx

gu/]df jf ug{] Joj:yf gu/]df To:tf] Ho]i7 gful/sn] kfngkf]if0f tyf x]/rfxsf] nflu

;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsf] j8f cWoIf;dIf ph'/L lbg ;Sg]5 .

-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s'g} ph'/L k/]df To:tf] ph'/Lpk/ j8f cWoIfn] cfjZos

hfFra'em u/L lgh / lghnfO{ kfngkf]if0f tyf x]/rfx ug{' kg{] kl/jf/sf] ;b:o,

gft]bf/ jf xsjfnfaLr d]nldnfk u/fOlbg' kg{]5 .

-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd d]nldnfk x'g g;s]df j8f cWoIfn] To:tf] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{

kfngkf]if0f tyf x]/rfx ug{ kl/jf/sf] ;b:o gft]bf/ jf xsjfnfnfO{ lnlvt cfb]z

lbg ;Sg]5 .

-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd j8f cWoIfn] lbPsf] cfb]z ;DalGwt j8f sfof{nosf]

;"rgfkf6Ldf / cGo pko'Qm :yfgdf 6fF:g nufpg' kg{]5 .

-%_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd j8f cWoIfn] lbPsf] cfb]z lrQ ga'‰g] kIfn] ;f] cfb]z k|fKt

u/]sf] ldltn] ;ft lbgleq ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] cWoIf jf gu/kflnsfsf]

k|d'v;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .


108

-^_ pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg k/]df ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] cWoIf jf

gu/kflnsfsf] k|d'vn] b'j} kIfnfO{ af]nfO{ ;DemfO–a'emfO Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ kfngkf]if0f

tyf x]/rfx ug{ kl/jf/sf] ;b:o, gft]bf/ jf xsjfnfnfO{ lnlvt cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .

-&_ pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] cWoIf jf gu/kflnsfsf] k|d'vn] lbPsf]

cfb]z ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsf] ;"rgfkf6Ldf / cGo pko'Qm

:yfgdf 6fF:g nufpg' kg{]5 .

-*_ pkbkmf -#_ jf -^_ adf]lhdsf] cfb]zsf] kfngf ;DalGwt JolQmn] ug{' kg]{5 . lghn]

To:tf] cfb]zsf] kfngf gu/]df k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg

To:tf] JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} klg ljifosf] l;kmfl/; ug{ j8f cWoIf, ufpF ljsf;

;ldltsf] cWoIf jf gu/kflnsfsf] k|d'v afWo x'g] 5}g .

^= cfk"mv'z ug{ kfpg] M k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd c+za08f ul//xg' gkg{], cfˆgf] c+zefusf] rn,

crn / ;f]af6 a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ Ho]i7 gful/sn] cfk"mv'z ug{ kfpg]5 .

&= ;]jf lng ;Sg] M g]kfn ;/sf/ jf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt ;+:yfn] s'g} If]qdf ljz]if

of]Uotf jf cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf] Ho]i7 gful/saf6 ;]jf lng ;Sg]5 / o;/L ;]jf lnPafkt

lghnfO{ To:tf] ;+:yfn] plrt kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' kg{]5 .

*= leIff dfUg nufpg gx'g] M

-!_ s;}n] klg Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ leIff dfUg nufpg x'+Fb}g .

-@_ Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ lghsf] O{R5fljk/Lt ;Gof;L, leIf' jf kmls/ agfpg' x'Fb}g .

-#_ s;}n] pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ u/]df lghn] o; P]gadf]lhdsf] s;"/

u/]sf] dflgg]5 .

(= 5"6 / ;'ljwf M

-!_ ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwg, ;fj{hlgs sfo{, :jf:Yo ;]jf, wfld{s tyf ;fj{hlgs:yndf

Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ cfjZos ;]jf, ;'ljwf / ;xof]u k|bfg ug'{ u/fpg' ;a}sf] st{Jo

x'g]5 .

-@_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] lsl;dsf] ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L

;fwgdf ;DalGwt ;jf/L wgL jf ;~rfnsn] Ho]i7 gful/ssf] nflu sDtLdf b'O{j6f

;L6 ;'/lIft /fVg' kg{]5 / lghnfO{ ofq' ef8fb/df sDtLdf krf; k|ltzt 5"6

lbg' kg{]5 .

-#_ :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug{] k|To]s ;+:yfn] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ :jf:Yo ;]jf

k|bfg ug{' kg{]5 .

-$_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug{] ;+:yfn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] ;+Vofsf

Ho]i7 gful/sn] To:tf] ;+:yfdf pkrf/ u/fpFbf nfUg] z'Nsdf sDtLdf krf; k|ltzt

5"6 lbg' kg{]5 .

-%_ vfg]kfgL, lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g nufot ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg ug{] cGo ;+:yfn] ;]jf k|bfg

ubf{ Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' kg{]5 .

-^_ o; bkmfdf plNnlvt 5"6 / ;'ljwfsf] cltl/Qm g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf

k|sfzg u/L Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ ;do ;dodf cGo 5"6 / ;'ljwf lbg ;Sg]5 .


109

!)= d'2f dfldnfdf k|fyldstf / k|ltlglwTj M

-!_ k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg Ho]i7 gful/s dfq kIf jf ljkIf

ePsf] d'2fnfO{ cbfntn] k|fyldstf lbO{ sf/afxL / lsgf/f ug{' kg{]5 .

-@_ k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} c;xfo jf czQm Ho]i7

gful/s dfq kIf jf ljkIfL ePsf] d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ ubf{ cbfntn] lghsf] k|lt/Iff

ug{] sfg"g Joj;foL /fv]/ dfq ug{' kg{]5 .

-#_ s'g} Ho]i7 gful/sn] cfˆgf] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf]n] d'2fsf] k|lt/Iff ug{ sfg"g

Joj;foL lgo'Qm ug{ g;Sg] egL cbfnt;dIf lgj]bg lbPdf ;DalGwt

cbfntn] lghsf] nflu j}tlgs sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;]jf pknAw u/fOlbg' kg{]5 .

!!= sfdsf/afxLdf k|fyldstf lbg' kg{] M Ho]i7 gful/s;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} sfddf ;DalGwt

lgsfon] k|fyldstf lbO{ To:tf] sfdsf/afxL ;Dkfbg ul/lbg' kg{]5 .

!@= s}b ;hfodf 5"6 lbg ;lsg] M

-!_ k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;/sf/jfbL eO{ rn]sf] s'g} d'2fdf

s}b ;hfo kfO{ s}b ef]lu/x]sf] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ lghsf] pd]/ / s;"/sf] cj:yf x]/L

b]xfoadf]lhdsf] s}b 5"6 lbg ;lsg]5 M–

-s_ k}+;ÝL jif{ pd]/ k"/f eO{ ;Q/L jif{ ggf3]sf] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ kRrL; k|ltzt;Dd,

-v_ ;Q/L jif{ pd]/ k"/f eO{ krxQ/ jif{ ggf3]sf] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ krf;

k|ltzt;Dd,

-u_ krxQ/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ krxQ/ k|ltzt;Dd .

-@_ k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s}b ;hfo kfPsf] czQm Ho]i7

gful/s jf krxQ/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f u/]sf] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ cbfntn] s;"/sf] ufDeLo{tf

x]/L sf/fuf/df g/fvL x]/rfx s]Gb|df /fVg cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .

-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd x]/rfx s]Gb|df /fVg];DaGwL cGo Joj:yf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .

!#= s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltsf] u7g M

-!_ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] x]/ljrf/, :ofxf/ ;Def/ tyf ;fdflhs ;['/Iff ug{] k|of]hgsf] nflu

g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L b]xfoadf]lhdsf] Ps s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7

gful/s sNof0f ;ldlt u7g ug{]5 M–

-s_ dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqL÷/fHodGqL – cWoIf

-v_ ;b:o, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u -;fdflhs ;]jf x]g]{_ – ;b:o

-u_ ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno – ;b:o

-3_ ;lrj, u[x dGqfno – ;b:o

-ª_ ;lrj, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno – ;b:o

-r_ ;lrj, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno – ;b:o

-5_ ;lrj, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno – ;b:o

-h_ pkfWoIf, ;dfh sNof0fkl/ifb\ – ;b:o


110

-em_ g]kfn gu/kflnsf dxf;+3 tyf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3sf]

Ps÷Pshgf k|ltlglw – ;b:o

-`_ ;b:o ;lrj, kz'klt If]q ljsf;sf]if – ;b:o

-6_ cWoIf, g]kfn lrlsT;s ;+3 – ;b:o

-7_ cWoIf, g]kfn gl;{ª\ ;+3 – ;b:o

-8_ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] lxt ;+/If0f ug{sf] nflu ;~rflnt ;+:yfx?dWo]af6

g]kfn ;/sf/n] dgf]gog u/]sf] Pshgf dlxnf;d]t b'O{hgf k|ltlglw – ;b:o

-9_ wfld{s tyf ;fdflhs sfo{df ;+nUg JolQmx?dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n]

dgf]gLt u/]sf] Pshgf dlxnf;d]t b'O{hgf – ;b:o

-0f_ ;x;lrj, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno ;DalGwt

dxfzfvf x]g{] – ;lrj

-@_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -8_ / -9_ adf]lhd dgf]gLt ;b:osf] kbfjlw tLg jif{sf] x'g]5 /

lghsf] k'gM lgo'lQm x'g ;Sg]5 .

t/, lghn] v/fa cfr/0f u/]df jf lghsf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefjdf lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f

x'g'cufj} g]kfn ;/sf/n] x6fpg ;Sg]5 .

-#_ s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] sfd dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf

;dfh sNof0f dGqfnon] ug{]5 .

-$_ s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltsf] a}7s;DaGwL sfo{ljlw tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .

-%_ s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltsf ;b:on] ;f] ;ldltsf] a}7sdf efu lnPafkt

g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]adf]lhdsf] eQf kfpg ;Sg]5g\ .

!$= s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7 gful/s

sNof0f ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M–

-s_ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ug{sf nflu cfjZos gLlt, of]hgf tyf

sfo{qmd tof/ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf k]z ug{],

-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t ePsf] gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ug{],

-u_ lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltaf6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf] Ho]i7 gful/ssf] nut tyf

clen]v cBfjlws /fVg],

-3_ lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltsf] sfdsf/afxLdf ;dGjo tyf cg'udg ug]{,

-ª_ g]kfn /fHoe/ :yfkgf tyf ;~rfngdf /x]sf x]/rfx s]Gb|, lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|, Ho]i7

gful/s Sna Pj+ Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL sfd ug]{ ;+3, ;+:yfn] u/]sf]] sfdsf/afxLsf]

cg'udgug]{,

-r_ tf]lsPadf]lhdsf cGo sfd ug]{ .

!%= lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltsf] u7g M

-!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L k|To]s lhNnfdf b]xfoadf]lhdsf]

lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 M–


111

-s_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;efklt – cWoIf

-v_ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L jf lghn] tf]s]sf] clws[t:t/sf] sd{rf/L – ;b:o

-u_ ufpF ljsf;;ldltsf] cWoIf / gu/kflnsfsf] k|d'vdWo]af6 lhNnf

Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltn] dgf]gog u/]sf] Pshgf k|ltlglw – ;b:o

-3_ sfof{no k|d'v, lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no – ;b:o

ª_ Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL sfd ug{] lhNnfl:yt ;+3, ;+:yfdWo]af6

lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltn] dgf]gog u/]sf] Pshgf

dlxnf ;lxt b'O{hgf k|ltlglw – ;b:o

-r_ dlxnf ljsf; clws[t – ;lrj

-@_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ / -ª_ adf]lhd dgf]gLt ;b:osf] kbfjlw tLg jif{sf] x'g]5 /

lghsf] k'gM lgo'lQm x'g ;Sg]5 . t/, lghn] v/fa cfr/0f u/]df jf lghsf]

sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefjdf lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f x'g'cufj} g]kfn ;/sf/n] x6fpg ;Sg]5 .

#_ lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] sfd lhNnf dlxnf ljsf;

sfof{non] ug{]5 .

$_ lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltsf] a}7s;DaGwL sfo{ljlw tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .

%_ lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltsf ;b:on] g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]adf]lhdsf] eQf

kfpg ;Sg]5g\ .

!^= lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s

sNof0f ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M–

-s_ lhNnfleqsf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] nut ;Íng ug{], clen]v /fVg] / nut tyf clen]vsf]

cBfjlws ug{],

-v_ lhNnfleqsf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ug{] of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd

tof/ u/L :jLs[ltsf nflu s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldlt;dIf k]z ug{],

-u_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL gLlt,

of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdadf]lhdsf] lhNnf:t/Lo sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog tyf ;f]sf] cg'udg

ug{],

-3_ lhNnfdf :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf x]/rfx s]Gb|, lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|, Ho]i7 gful/s

Sna Pj+ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfd ug]{ tyf cGo ;+3,

;+:yfsf] sfdsf/afxLsf] cg'udg ug{],

-ª_ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;+/If0f tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ :yfgLo ;fd'bflos

;+:yfnfO{ kl/rfng u/fpg], r_ bkmf @$ adf]lhd Ho]i7 gful/sn] kfpg] eQf jf

;'ljwf ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg], 5_ tf]lsPadf]lhd cGo sfd ug]{ .

!&= Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0fsf]if M

-!_ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ug{ Ps Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0fsf]if :yfkgf

ul/g]5 .


112

-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf]sf]ifdf b]xfoadf]lhdsf /sd /xg]5g\ M–

-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt /sd,

-v_ ljb]zL ;/sf/, ljb]zL JolQm jf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3, ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt /sd,

-u_ :jb]zL JolQm jf ;+3, ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt /sd,

-3_ cGo s'g} ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /sd .

-#_ pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 v_ adf]lhdsf] /sd k|fKt ug{'cl3 s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f

;ldltn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"j{:jLs[lt lng' kg{]5 .

-$_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf]sf]ifdf /xg] /sd s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltsf]

gfddf g]kfn /fHosf] s'g} jfl0fHo a}Ídf vftf vf]nL hDdf ul/g]5 .

-%_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf]sf]ifsf] /sd Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff

ug{sf] nflu dfq k|of]u ul/g]5 .

-^_ pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhdsf]ifsf] /sd k|of]u ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/ cfk}mn] :yfkgf u/]sf] jf

k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] ;+3, ;+:yfn] ;~rfng u/]sf] x]/rfx s]Gb| jf

lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|dfk{mt\ k||of]u ul/g]5 .

-&_ o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} JolQmnfO{ lghsf] JolQmut

k|of]hgsf] nflu sf]ifaf6 s'g} /sd lbg jf ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg] 5}g .

-*_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] sf]ifsf] ;~rfng tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .

!*= n]vf / n]vfk/LIf0f M

-!_ sf]ifsf] cfo–Joosf] n]vf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ckgfPsf] n]vf k|0ffnLadf]lhd /flvg]5 .

-@_ sf]ifsf] n]vf k/LIf0f dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 x'g]5 .

!(= clen]v tof/ ug{] M lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltn] o; P]gadf]lhd Ho]i7

gful/ssf] clen]v tf]lsPadf]lhd tof/ ug{' kg{]5 .

@)= x]/rfx s]Gb| jf lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|sf] :Yffkgf / ;~rfng M

-!_ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf s'g} JolQm jf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd u7g ePsf] ;+3, ;+:yfn] g]kfn

/fHosf] s'g} :yfgdf x]/rfx s]Gb| jf lbjf ;]jf s]Gb| jf b'j} s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng

ug{ ;Sg]5 .

-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] x]/rfx s]Gb| jf lbjf ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf / ;~rfng

ug{ tf]lsPsf] k"jf{wf/ k"/f u/L tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Laf6 :jLs[lt lng' kg{]5 .

-#_ of] P]g k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt lghL jf u}/ ;/sf/L If]qaf6 ;~rfng eO/x]sf] x]/rfx

s]Gb| jf lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|n] of] P]g k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] 5 dlxgfleq pkbkmf

-@_ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/Laf6 tf]lsPadf]lhd :jLs[lt lng' kg{]5 .

-$_ x]/rfx s]Gb|df Ho]i7 gful/s, czQm Ho]i7 gful/s, c;xfo Ho]i7 gful/s tyf

cbfntn] bkmf !@ sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]]lhd x]/rfx s]Gb|df /fVg cfb]z lbPsf] Ho]i7

gful/snfO{ /fVg ;lsg]5 .

-%_ s'g} Ho]i7 gful/sn] cfˆg} vr{df s'g} x]/rfx s]Gb| jf lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|df a:g rfx]df

To:tf] s]Gb|n] cfˆgf] Ifdtf cg';f/ To:tf] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ /fVg' kg{]5 .


113

-^_ cfk}mn] kfngkf]if0f tyf x]/rfx ug{' kg{] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ cfk"m;Fu /fVg g;Sg] cj:yf

;[hgf ePdf kl/jf/sf] ;b:on] To:tf] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ s'g} x]/rfx s]Gb|df /fVg

;Sg]5 . To;/L /fVg rfx]df ;DalGwt x]/rfx s]Gb|n] nfUg] vr{ To:tf] ;b:oaf6

lnO{ To:tf] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ /fVg ;Sg]5 .

-&_ pkbkmf -$_, -%_ jf -^_ adf]lhd x]/rfx s]Gb| jf lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|df a;]sf Ho]i7

gful/snfO{ ;DalGwt x]/rfx s]Gb| jf lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|n] lghx?sf] ?rL cg';f/ wfld{s,

;fdflhs, dgf]/~hgfTds jf cfly{s s[ofsnfkdf ;l/s u/fO{ kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fdf

a:g] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg{]5 .

-*_ x]/rfx s]Gb| jf lbjf ;]jf s]Gbsf] ;~rfng;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .

@!= ;"rgf lbg' kg{] M

-!_ s'g} Ho]i7 gful/s a]jfl/;] cj:yfdf km]nf k/]df ;f]sf] ;"rgf glhssf] x]/rfx s]Gb| jf

lbjf ;]jf s]Gb| jf k|x/L sfof{no jf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfdf lbg' k|To]s

gful/ssf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

-@_ k|x/Ln] s'g} Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ a]jfl/;] cj:yfdf km]nf kf/]df lghnfO{ glhssf] x]/rfx

s]Gb| jf lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|df lhDdf nufpg' kg{]5 .

@@= cGTo]i6L M x]/rfx s]Gb|df s'g} Ho]i7 gful/ssf] d[To' ePdf To:tf] gful/ssf] ;fdflhs

k/Dk/fcg';f/ jf lghn] OR5fPsf] wfld{s k/Dk/f cg';f/ lghsf] cGTo]i6L u/fpg] Joj:yf

;DalGwtx]/rfx s]Gb|n] ug'{ kg{]5 .

@#= ;DklQ;DaGwL Joj:yf M

-!_ bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd x]/rfx s]Gb|df a:g] Ho]i7gful/ssf] d[To' ePdf

k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg To:tf] d[tssf] afFsL;DklQ

;DalGwt x]/rfx s]Gb|sf] x'g]5 .

-@_ bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd x]/rfx s]Gb|df /fv]sf] Ho]i7 gful/ssf] d[To' ePdf

To:tf] x]/rfx s]Gb|n] lghsf] x]/rfx u/]afkt nfUg] vr{ s6fO{ afFsL /sd kl/jf/sf]

;b:o jfgft]bf/ jf xsjfnfnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg' kg]{5 .

@$= eQf jf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] M g]kfn ;/sf/n] Ho]i7 gful/s, c;xfo Ho]i7

gful/s,czQm Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ tf]lsPsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L tf]lsPadf]lhd eQf jf

;'ljwf pknAwu/fpg ;Sg]5 .

@%= kl/rokq pknAw u/fpg] M g]kfn ;/sf/n] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] ljj/0f

ePsf]kl/rokq Ho]i7 gful/s a;f]af; u/]sf] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfdfk{mt\

pknAwu/fpg]5 .

@^= b08 ;hfoM

-!_ x]/rfx s]Gb| jf lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|sf k|d'v, ;~rfns, sd{rf/L jf cGo s'g} JolQmn]Ho]i7

gful/ssf] ;DklQ lng] ablgotn] s'g} sfd ug{' u/fpg' x'Fb}g .

-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfd u/]df lghn] o; P]gadf]lhd s;"/ u/]sf] dflgg]5 /

lghnfO{ s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ Ps jif{b]lv kfFr jif{;Dd s}b jf lauf]adf]lhd hl/afgf

jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .

-#_ bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ ug{] JolQmnfO{ tLg dlxgf;Dd s}b jfkRrL;

xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .


114

-$_ bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ ug{] JolQmnfO{ Ps jif{;Dd s}b jf krf;

xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .

-%_ k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s;}n] czQm Ho]i7 gful/s jf

krxQ/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f u/]sf] Ho]i7 gful/s lj?4 k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd s;"/ dflgg]

s'g} sfo{ u/]df lghnfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf] ;hfodf kRrL; k|ltzt yk

;hfo x'g]5 .

@&= d'2fsf] z'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f ug]{ clwsf/ M bkmf * / bkmf @^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf]

s;"/sf] z'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f ug{] clwsf/ ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 .

@*= k'g/fj]bg M bkmf @& adf]lhd ePsf] k}m;nfpk/ lrQ ga'‰g] kIfn] lg0f{o ;'lgkfPsf] ldltn]

k}+tL;lbgleq ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .

@(= ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] M bkmf * tyf bkmf @^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/;DaGwL d'2f

;/sf/jfbL x'g]5 / ;f] d'2f ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL–! df ;dfj]z

ePsf] dflgg]5 .

#)= lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg] M

-!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltnfO{ /s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7

gful/s sNof0f ;ldltn] lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltnfO{ ;do–

;dodfcfjZos lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg]5 .

-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lbPsf] lgb]{zgsf] kfngf ug'{ ;DalGwt Ho]i7 gful/s

sNof0f;ldltsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

#!= k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{ kg{] M cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f

;ldltn] cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] b'O{ dlxgfleq s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f

;ldlt;dIf/ s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldltn] cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] tLg

dlxgfleq dlxnf,afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno;dIf k]z ug'{ kg{]5 .

#@= lgod tyf ljlgod agfpg] clwsf/ M

-!_ o; P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos lgodx? agfpg ;Sg]5 .

-@_ of] P]g / o; P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgodsf] cwLgdf /xL x]/rfx s]Gb| jf lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|

;~rfng ug{] ;+:yfn] Ho]i7 gful/ssf] egf{, a;f]af;, cfr/0fsf] ;DaGwdf cfjZos

ljlgodagfpg ;Sg]5 .

-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] ljlgod dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnoaf6

:jLs[t ePkl5 nfu' x'g]5 .

115

cg";rL – @ /fli6«o Ho]i7 gful/s dxf;ª\3sf] ;+:yfks ;+:yfx¿

s|=

;+= ;+:yfsf] gfd 7]ufgf

sfof{no ;Dks{ g+

;Dks{ JolQm Email Address sfo{ If]q

gfd kb ;Dks{ gDa/

1 k|f}9 sNof0f ;ª\3

g]kfn

b]jLgu/–!),

sf7df8f}F

4E+06 OZj/L :jf/ cWoIf 9841283680 [email protected] lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|

2 dlxnf, afnaflnsf

ljsf; s]Gb

zª\vd"n, @@

sf7df8f}F

6E+06 k|sfz cs]nf cWoIf 9846391488 [email protected] lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|

3 jl/i7 gful/s ;dfh k'/fgf] jfg]Zj/,

sf7df8f}F

4E+06 /~hgf g]kfn cWoIf 9849650540 [email protected] lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|

4 Ho]i7 gful/s ;]jf

s]Gb| -;fxf/f_

yfkfynL,

sf7df8f}F

4E+06 clDjsf s]=;L cWoIf 9841-283255 [email protected] lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|

5 j[4fj:yf Joj:Yffkg

;fdflhs sNof0f

u'7L

;f]N6Ldf]8,

sf7df8f+}

4E+06 lbn zf]ef >]i7 cWoIf 9841702176 [email protected] j[4f>d

6 dftf lktf ;]jf ;bg l;kmn,

sf7df8f}F

4E+06 gj{bf kf]v/]n cWoIf 9841216744 [email protected] lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|

7 g]kfn Ho]i7

hg;dfh

yfkfynL,

sf7df8f}F

4267786/

4350903

/fd abg hf]zL cWoIf 9841508888 [email protected] jsfnt

8 zflGt cf>d s'k08f]n,

nlntk'/

4E+06 ;fljqL yfkf cWoIf 9841342614 lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|

9 Ho]i7 gful/s

sNof0f ;dfh

jfg]Zj/,

sf7df8f+}

4E+06 8f= /fwfs[i0f hf]zL cWoIf 97410-26159 [email protected] jsfnt

10 ef]6' OlGb/f ;dfh

sNof0f ;+:yf

3§]s'nf],

sf7df8f}F

4410996/ 4421031

OlGb/f ;fksf]6f cWoIf 9841321100 [email protected] jsfnt

11 dlxnf tyf j[4 ;]jf

s]Gb|

dx]Gb|gu/

dxfgu/kflnsf–

$, sGrgk'/

099-691324 zf/bf rGb cWoIf 9741092996/97

49514523

j[4f>d

12 lgM;xfo ;]jf ;bg zflGtgu/,

sf7df8f}F

01-5104465 sdnf k/fh'nL cWoIf 9851016172 [email protected] j[4f>d

13 af}4 j[4f>d ag]kf,sfe|] 4E+06 OlGb/f dfgGw/ cWoIf 9851128569 [email protected] j[4f>d

14 l;l4 zflnu|fd

j[4f>d

led;]g :yfg,

eQmk'/

7E+06 Zofd ;'Gb/ wf}a8]n cWoIf 9851048129 [email protected] j[4f>d

15 tk:ynL j[4f>d afn'jf6f/,

sf7df8f}F

01-4373838 efu{jL zdf{ cWoIf [email protected] j[4f>d

16 ;ÍNk g]kfn sf]6]Zj/,

sf7df8f}F

4E+06 ;u'g zfx cWoIf 98510-66001 [email protected] j[4f>d

17 ;zQm kfsf pd]/

;d"xsf nflu

sfo{/t– cl:d

l;gfdËn,

sf7df8f}F

4E+06 >Lw/ nfldl5g] cWoIf 9841591949 [email protected] lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|

18 j[4 ;]jf ;ldlt s}nfnL, 6Lsfk'/ 091-60205 df]xg /fjn cWoIf lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|

19 lj>flGt dlGb/ wgs'6f ;'bz{g l3ld/] cWoIf 9842082911 [email protected] j[4f>d

mailto:[email protected]













116

20 j[4 gful/s ;]jf

;dfh

rfjlxn,

sf7df8f+}

10-4470784 tf/f k|wfg cWoIf 9841217658 [email protected] jsfnt

21 h]l/ofl6«s ;]G6/

g]kfn

22 kbd e'jg]Zj/L

j[4f>d

g]quGh, ;nf{xL 146-56314 af;'b]j sf]O{/fnf cWoIf 9844032918 [email protected] j[4f>d

23 Ho]i7 gful/s

;/f]sf/ s]Gb|

3f]/fxL, bfª 180-693510 nf]u/fh nf]xgL cWoIf lbjf ;]jf s]Gb|

24 dfO{ eujtL j[4f>d Onfd wd{ uf}td ;lrj 9742600489 j[4f>d

25 ;kf]6{ g]kfn rfjlxn,

sf7df8f}F

4465072 PnkL k|;fO cWoIf 9851093622 [email protected], jsfnt

26 lj/f6]Zj/ j[4f>d

;]jf ;ldlt

lj/f6gu/ hut k|;fb cof{n cWoIf 9842069508 j[4f>d

27 dftftLy{ j[4f>d yfgsf]6,

sf7df8f}F

10-4300591 tf/f k|wfg ;lrj 9841377721 jsfnt

28 Ho]i7 gful/s ;]jf

s]Gb|

3§]s'nf],

sf7df8f}F

kbgbf]< ;i7 cWoIf 9851000768 jsfnt

29 h]=kL k|lti7fg rfjlxn,

sf7df8f}F

ldq;]g bfxfn cWoIf 9851021193 jpf@infO{.com.np jsfnt

30 g]kfn /fi6« j}+s k"j{

sd{rf/L ;ª\3

yfkfynL,

sf7df8f}F

01-2032020 8f=/]jt a= sfsL{ cWoIf 9841839669 [email protected] jsfnt

31 j[4 ;]jf s]Gb| jL/]Gb|gu/

gu/kflnsf–(,

;'v{]t

8Dd/ s'= cfrfo{ cWoIf 9748002485 [email protected] jsfnt

32 k|zflGt j[4f>d e]/L;df}hL3f6, 360-330300 afns[i0f >]i7 cWoIf 9848067888 [email protected] j[4f>d

33 cleefjs sNof0f

;dfh

h/j'6f–(, ;'v{]t u+uf k|= cfrfo{ cWoIf 9848075369 jsfnt

34 kf]v/f j[4f>d kf]v/f–!&,

sf:sL

40473404 j;Gt s]zj

sf]O/fnf

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35 j[4 ;]jf ;ldlt t'N;Lk'/–%, bfª v'dfgGb clwsf/L ;lrj 9847833045 jsfnt

36 Ho]i7 gful/s

;Ddfg k|lti7fg

g]kfn

bds, emfkf 330-363043 ejfgL k|= bfxfn cWoIf 9842649671 jsfnt

37 k"jf{~rn ckfË /

c;xfo j[4 ;]jf

s]Gb|

xfF;kf];f–!,

;'g;/L

333-362357 t[Ktf du/ cWoIf 9842078504 j[4f>d

38 Ho]i7 gful/s ;]jf

;dfh

lj/f6gu/–!%,

df]/ª

330-335057 cGh' sfsL{ cWoIf 9841286886 jsfnt

39 un]Zj/ Ho]i7

gful/s cf/f]Uo

cf>d

un]Zj/ wfd–^,

DofUbL

347-333073 dfwj k|= /]UdL cWoIf 9851091996 j[4f>d

40 Ho]i7 gful/s ;+:yf

;]jf ;xsf/L ;+:yf

lnld6]8 jfg]Zj/

jfg]Zj/,

sf7df8f}F

-014470126,

4444633

;/:jtL If]i7 cWoIf 9851033788 :jf:Yo ;]jf



mailto:[email protected],




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