SIFAT FISIK MINERALSIFAT FISIK MINERAL
Pick Your MineralPick Your Mineral
WhatWhat you’ll learn you’ll learnDescribeDescribe physical properties used to physical properties used to
identify minerals.identify minerals.
IdentifyIdentify minerals using physical minerals using physical properties such as hardness and streak.properties such as hardness and streak.
Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties
Mineral appearance HardnessLusterSpecific gravityStreakCleavage and fracture
Mineral appearance Mineral appearance
How it looks like How it looks like What What colorcolor is it? is it?Which one of the following is gold? Which one of the following is gold?
Identify by appearance.Identify by appearance.
IDENTIFIKASI MINERALIDENTIFIKASI MINERAL
WarnaWarnaCeratCeratKilapKilapBelahan dan PecahanBelahan dan PecahanKekerasanKekerasanBentuk KristalBentuk KristalSifat lainSifat lain
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ColorColor
Idiochromatic – The color of the mineral Idiochromatic – The color of the mineral seldom varies, and is therefore diagnosticseldom varies, and is therefore diagnostic
Allochromatic – Color varies due to Allochromatic – Color varies due to impurities, or viewing angleimpurities, or viewing angle
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IdiochromaticIdiochromatic
SulfurSulfur
99
AllochromaticAllochromatic
Tourmaline Tourmaline (watermelon)(watermelon)
Warna Warna
The many colors of CalciteThe many colors of Calcite
The many colors of QuartzThe many colors of Quartz
Streak (Cerat)Streak (Cerat) Black - Graphite Black - Graphite Black - Pryite Black - Pryite Black - Magnetite Black - Magnetite Black - Chalcopyrite Black - Chalcopyrite Gray - Galena Gray - Galena Limonite - Yellow-Limonite - Yellow-
brown brown Hematite - Red-brown Hematite - Red-brown
Streak adalah warna mineral ditumbuk halus. Streak lebih dapat diandalkan dibandingkan warna dan sangat penting untuk beberapa mineral.
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Streak ColorStreak Color
Color obtained by rubbing a mineral across an Color obtained by rubbing a mineral across an unglazed porcelain plate, known as a streak unglazed porcelain plate, known as a streak plateplate
Streak plates are usually white, but may be Streak plates are usually white, but may be blackblack
Color is due to a powder, with many crystals Color is due to a powder, with many crystals oriented in random directions, and is much more oriented in random directions, and is much more consistent than color in hand specimenconsistent than color in hand specimen
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Streak Color ImageStreak Color Image
Varieties of HematiteVarieties of Hematite Photos by Pamela Photos by Pamela
GoreGore
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Streak Color ImageStreak Color Image
Quartz, whether it is Quartz, whether it is smoky (left) or smoky (left) or amethyst (right), amethyst (right), always gives a white always gives a white streakstreak
What is wrong with What is wrong with this image?this image?
academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/mineral_id...
Streak Example: Same Streak Example: Same Mineral!Mineral!
LUSTERLUSTER (KILAP): (KILAP):refleksi mineral dalam menangkap sinar: refleksi mineral dalam menangkap sinar:
ada dua yaitu metalik dan non-metalikada dua yaitu metalik dan non-metalik
Non metalik: kilap kaca, tanah (earthy) dan tidak memantulkan sinar (dull)
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LusterLuster
Reflection of light from a mineral’s surfaceReflection of light from a mineral’s surfaceObserve on a freshly broken, untarnished Observe on a freshly broken, untarnished
surfacesurfaceBroad categories: metallic, semi-metallic Broad categories: metallic, semi-metallic
and non-metallicand non-metallicNon-metallic, the most common, is split Non-metallic, the most common, is split
into a number of sub-categoriesinto a number of sub-categories
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Metallic LusterMetallic Luster
Left - Gold, 3cm tall, California Left - Gold, 3cm tall, California Right - Copper, 10 cm across, Bolivia Right - Copper, 10 cm across, Bolivia
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SubmetallicSubmetallic
Euxenite, Wyoming, Euxenite, Wyoming, 2cm across 2cm across
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Non-metallicNon-metallic
AdamantineAdamantine VitreousVitreous SubvitreousSubvitreous ResinousResinous PearlyPearly
SilkySilky GreasyGreasy WaxyWaxy Dull or earthyDull or earthy
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Non-meallic: AdamantineNon-meallic: Adamantine
Diamond, Zaire 1 Diamond, Zaire 1 cm. cm.
Having the hard, Having the hard, sparkly look of a sparkly look of a diamonddiamond
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Non-metallic: VitreousNon-metallic: Vitreous
Pollucite 3cm. Pollucite 3cm. across across
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Non-metallic: ResinousNon-metallic: Resinous
Sphalerite, 4 cm Sphalerite, 4 cm across, Spain across, Spain
Having the look of Having the look of amber – not quite amber – not quite glassy glassy
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Non-metallic: PearlyNon-metallic: Pearly
Stellerite, Pakistan, Stellerite, Pakistan, 2 cm across 2 cm across
Having the iridescent Having the iridescent look of mother-of-look of mother-of-pearl (though usually pearl (though usually just barely)just barely)
Often found on the Often found on the cleavage face of a cleavage face of a mineral having mineral having perfect cleavage perfect cleavage
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Non-metallic: SilkyNon-metallic: Silky
Gypsum, variety Gypsum, variety satin spar, 10cm satin spar, 10cm across across
Silky, having the Silky, having the look of silk, fine look of silk, fine parallel fibers of parallel fibers of mineral – such as mineral – such as chrysotile chrysotile "asbestos" "asbestos"
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Non-metallic: Greasy or OilyNon-metallic: Greasy or Oily
Nepheline and Nepheline and cancrinite (yellow) 2cm cancrinite (yellow) 2cm across, Maine across, Maine
Having the look of an Having the look of an oil-coated substance oil-coated substance
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Non-metallic: DullNon-metallic: Dull
Anglesite, 2 cm Anglesite, 2 cm across, Wisconsin across, Wisconsin
Having a plain Having a plain looking surface that looking surface that is not submetallicis not submetallic
Note: oxidized Note: oxidized metallic minerals are metallic minerals are called dull metallic called dull metallic
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Non-metallic: EarthyNon-metallic: Earthy
Kaolinite after orthoclase,Kaolinite after orthoclase,England, 2cm across England, 2cm across
Having the look of soil or Having the look of soil or clayclay
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Luster ModifersLuster Modifers
SplendentSplendentShiningShiningDullDull
www.ironorchid.com/minerals/
LUSTERLUSTER
Metallic Luster - GalenaGalena has the real metallic luster, with every fresh face like a mirror.
Glassy or Vitreous Luster - QuartzQuartz sets the standard for glassy (vitreous) luster, especially in clear crystals
like these.
Adamantine Luster - DiamondDiamond shows the definitive adamantine luster (extremely shiny, even fiery), but only on a clean crystal face or fracture surface. This specimen has a luster better described as greasy.
Metallic Luster - GoldGold has a metallic luster, shiny on a clean face and dull on a worn face like this nugget.
Submetallic Luster - HematiteHematite has a submetallic luster in this specimen, although it can also be dull.
Adamantine Luster - RubyRuby and other varieties of corundum can display an adamantine luster owing to its high index of refraction.
Cleavage (Belahan)Cleavage (Belahan)
Mengikuti Mengikuti bentuk bentuk kristalkristal
Cleavage is the way a mineral breaks. Many minerals break along flat planes, or cleavages—some in only one direction (like mica), others in two directions (like feldspar), and some in three directions (like calcite) or more (like fluorite). Some minerals, like quartz, have no cleavage. Cleavage is a profound property that results from a mineral's molecular structure, and cleavage is present even when the mineral doesn't form good crystals. Cleavage can also be described as perfect, good or poor.
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Cleavage Causes Cleavage Causes
In some minerals, bonds between layers In some minerals, bonds between layers of atoms aligned in certain directions are of atoms aligned in certain directions are weaker than bonds between different weaker than bonds between different layerslayers
In other minerals, the number of bonds per In other minerals, the number of bonds per unit area (bond density) is lowunit area (bond density) is low
In these cases, breakage occurs along In these cases, breakage occurs along smooth, flat surfaces parallel to those smooth, flat surfaces parallel to those zones of weakness zones of weakness
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Multiple Cleavage DirectionsMultiple Cleavage Directions
In some minerals, a single direction of In some minerals, a single direction of weakness exists, but in others, two, three, weakness exists, but in others, two, three, four, or as many as six may be present four, or as many as six may be present
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Cleavage AnglesCleavage Angles
Where more than one direction of Where more than one direction of cleavage is present, it is important to cleavage is present, it is important to determine the angular relation between determine the angular relation between the resulting cleavage surfaces: are they the resulting cleavage surfaces: are they perpendicular to each other (right angle), perpendicular to each other (right angle), or do they meet at an acute or obtuse or do they meet at an acute or obtuse angle? angle?
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Cleavage Cleavage IllustrationIllustration
Various types of Various types of cleavagecleavage
One directional One directional cleavage is cleavage is sometimes called sometimes called “basal” cleavage“basal” cleavage
CleavageCleavage
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Basal CleavageBasal Cleavage
Cleavage in biotite Cleavage in biotite micamica
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2-D@602-D@60ºº
AmphiboleAmphibole
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2-D@902-D@90ºº
OrthoclaseOrthoclase
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3-D not @ 903-D not @ 90ºº
CalciteCalcite Picture also Picture also
illustrates double illustrates double refractionrefraction
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American and British SystemsAmerican and British Systems
AmericanAmerican PerfectPerfect GoodGood Fair Fair PoorPoor
BritishBritish EminentEminent PerfectPerfect DistinctDistinct ImperfectImperfect
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PerfectPerfect
MicaMica
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GoodGood
Fluorite – 4 Fluorite – 4 directionsdirections
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FairFair
Augite, a type of pyroxeneAugite, a type of pyroxene
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PoorPoor
ApatiteApatite
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PartingParting
Similar to cleavage but not present in all Similar to cleavage but not present in all specimensspecimens
Usually due to a defect, such as twinningUsually due to a defect, such as twinning
Fracture (Pecahan)Fracture (Pecahan)
Yaitu bentuk permukaan antar Yaitu bentuk permukaan antar atom penyusun mineral saat atom penyusun mineral saat mineral pecah atau hancurmineral pecah atau hancur
Pecahan: Pecahan: beraturan (regular) beraturan (regular) tidak beraturan (irregular)tidak beraturan (irregular)
Permukaan pecahan: Permukaan pecahan: Kasar (splinterry) Kasar (splinterry) Halus (smooth)Halus (smooth) berbentuk kurva berbentuk kurva
(conchoidal): seperti gelas (conchoidal): seperti gelas saat pecah. saat pecah.
Fracture is breakage that is not flat. The two main kinds of fracture are conchoidal (shell-shaped, as in quartz) and uneven. Metallic minerals may have a hackly (jagged) fracture. A mineral may have good cleavage in one or two directions but fracture in another direction.
Fracture (Pecahan)Fracture (Pecahan)
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FractureFracture
Mineral breakage other than along a Mineral breakage other than along a cleavage or parting planecleavage or parting plane
Several typesSeveral types ConchoidalConchoidal Fibrous or splinteryFibrous or splintery HacklyHackly UnevenUneven
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ConchoidalConchoidal
QuartzQuartz
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FibrousFibrous
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SplinterySplintery
Actinolite, a type of amphiboleActinolite, a type of amphibole
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HacklyHackly
Native copperNative copper
www.ironorchid.com/minerals/
Kekerasan Kekerasan
Use the 10-point Mohs hardness scale. The important hardnesses are between 2 and 7. For this you'll need your fingernail (hardness about 2), a coin (hardness 3), a knife or nail (hardness 5.5)
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Hardness Hardness
Hardness may be measured in several Hardness may be measured in several waysways Moh’s scale – developed by Austrian Moh’s scale – developed by Austrian
mineralogist Friedrich Mohs in 1824mineralogist Friedrich Mohs in 1824 Absolute scales – Brinell, Knoop, Rockwell, Absolute scales – Brinell, Knoop, Rockwell,
Vicker’sVicker’s
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Practical ScalePractical Scale
Fingernail 2.2Fingernail 2.2Copper penny 3.2Copper penny 3.2Pocket knife 5.1Pocket knife 5.1Glass 5.5Glass 5.5Steel file 6.5Steel file 6.5Streak plate 7Streak plate 7
Mohs Hardness Scale:Mohs Hardness Scale:a relative scale used to determine the a relative scale used to determine the
mineral’s hardnessmineral’s hardness
Fingernail Penny Iron Nail Glass Streak Plate
2.5 3.5 4.55.5
6.5
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Moh’s Moh’s Scale Scale
Versus Versus Absolute Absolute HardnessHardness
Crystal Shape Crystal Shape (Bentuk Kristal)(Bentuk Kristal)
KubikKubikPrismatikPrismatikTabular Tabular
(berlembar)(berlembar)MenjarumMenjarumHexagonalHexagonalPiritohedronPiritohedron
Crystal Crystal HabitHabit Habits are the distinctive form that minerals may take in different geologic Habits are the distinctive form that minerals may take in different geologic
settings, for instance when growing in a free space or in a particular settings, for instance when growing in a free space or in a particular environment. Often a mineral's habit is a strong clue to its identity. Here are environment. Often a mineral's habit is a strong clue to its identity. Here are examples of some of the most useful mineral habits.examples of some of the most useful mineral habits.
Amygdaloidal HabitAmygdaloidal means almond-shaped, but it refers to the former gas bubbles in lava called amygdules, cavities that have become filled with various minerals.
Fibrous HabitRutile is typically prismatic, but it can form whiskers as in this rutilated quartz. Curved or bent fibrous minerals are called capillary or filiform instead.
Dendritic HabitDendritic means "like branches." It can refer to flat crystals, like those of manganese oxides, or three-dimensional forms like this specimen of native copper.
Drusy HabitDruses are openings inside rocks that are lined with projecting crystals. Amethyst, cut from geodes, is commonly sold in rock shops for its pretty drusy habit.
MagnetismMagnetismMagnetism is a distinctive property in a few minerals. Magnetite is the prime example, but a few other minerals may be weakly attracted by a magnet, notably chromite (a black oxide) and pyrrhotite (a bronze sulfide). Use a strong magnet. Another way to test magnetism is to see if the specimen attracts a compass needle.
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Density ( Masa Jenis)Density ( Masa Jenis)
Massa jenis merupakan perbandingan Massa jenis merupakan perbandingan massa terhadap volume zat. Secara massa terhadap volume zat. Secara matematis ditulis :matematis ditulis :
p = m/vp = m/v Mass/volumeMass/volume
SI units: kg/mSI units: kg/m33
Common units: g/cmCommon units: g/cm33
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Specific GravitySpecific Gravity
Ratio of the weight of the mineral, divided Ratio of the weight of the mineral, divided by the weight of an equal volume of waterby the weight of an equal volume of water
SG suatu zat dapat diperoleh dengan SG suatu zat dapat diperoleh dengan membagi kerapatannya dengan 103 membagi kerapatannya dengan 103 kg/m3 (kerapatan air pada suhu 4o C).kg/m3 (kerapatan air pada suhu 4o C).
SG tidak memiliki satuan dan SG tidak memiliki satuan dan dimensi.Dimensionlessdimensi.Dimensionless
Specific GravitySpecific GravityThe specific gravity of a mineral is the The specific gravity of a mineral is the
ration of its weight ration of its weight comparedcompared with the with the weight of an equal volume of water.weight of an equal volume of water.
Gold has specific gravity of Gold has specific gravity of 1919 It means gold is It means gold is 19 times heavier19 times heavier than than
water.water.
19 times heavier
►HOW TO CALCULATE THE specific gravity OF A MINERAL
2) The amount of water displaced is 20ml = 20cc (920-900)3) Divide 155.8g/20cc = 7.79 g/cc.
So, the SG of the mineral is 7.79g/cc.
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SG ExamplesSG Examples
Modifier Mineral SG
Light Sulfur, graphite 1-2
Medium Gypsum, Quartz 2-3
Medium Heavy Fluorite, beryl 3-4
Heavy Corundum, most metal oxides
4-6
Extreme Native gold, platinum
19+
academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/mineral_id...
Specific gravitySpecific gravity
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DiaphaneityDiaphaneity
The transmission of light through a mineralThe transmission of light through a mineralSometimes called transparencySometimes called transparencyCategoriesCategories
TransparentTransparent TranslucentTranslucent OpaqueOpaque
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TransparentTransparent
Heulandite, Moonen Heulandite, Moonen Bay, Duirinish, Isle Bay, Duirinish, Isle of Skyeof Skye
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TranslucentTranslucent
FluoriteFluorite
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OpaqueOpaque
Almandine, Mt. Lemmon, Arizona Almandine, Mt. Lemmon, Arizona
Sifat LainSifat Lain
FeelFeel - Some minerals, notably talc and - Some minerals, notably talc and graphite, feel greasy or slippery when graphite, feel greasy or slippery when you rub your fingers over them. The you rub your fingers over them. The greasiness occurs because bonds are greasiness occurs because bonds are so weak in one direction that your finger so weak in one direction that your finger pressure alone is enough to break them pressure alone is enough to break them and to slide planes of atoms past and to slide planes of atoms past neighboring atomic layers neighboring atomic layers
HeftHeft is how heavy a mineral feels in the is how heavy a mineral feels in the hand, an informal sense of density. hand, an informal sense of density. Most minerals are about three times as Most minerals are about three times as dense as water, that is, they have a dense as water, that is, they have a specific gravity of about 3. Make note of specific gravity of about 3. Make note of a mineral that is noticeably light or a mineral that is noticeably light or heavy for its size. Galena, on the right, heavy for its size. Galena, on the right, is distinctly heavy. Sulfides and oxides is distinctly heavy. Sulfides and oxides tend to be dense.tend to be dense.
Taste Taste - Geologists use as many - Geologists use as many senses as possible in describing and senses as possible in describing and identifying minerals. Taste is one of identifying minerals. Taste is one of the last tests to be conducted, the last tests to be conducted, because some minerals are because some minerals are poisonous. Some minerals taste salty-poisonous. Some minerals taste salty-most notably halite (salt). Sylvite, a most notably halite (salt). Sylvite, a mineral similar in all other properties to mineral similar in all other properties to halite, tastes bitter. Taste is thus a halite, tastes bitter. Taste is thus a diagnostic property because it diagnostic property because it distinguishes between these minerals. distinguishes between these minerals. NEVER TASTE A MINERAL UNLESS NEVER TASTE A MINERAL UNLESS INSTRUCTED TO! INSTRUCTED TO!
Reaction with Dilute Hydrochloric Reaction with Dilute Hydrochloric Acid Acid - This is actually a chemical - This is actually a chemical property rather than a physical property rather than a physical attribute of a mineral. Minerals attribute of a mineral. Minerals containing the carbonate anion containing the carbonate anion (C03)2- effervesce ("fizz") when a drop (C03)2- effervesce ("fizz") when a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on of dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on them. Carbon dioxide is liberated from them. Carbon dioxide is liberated from the mineral and bubbles out through the mineral and bubbles out through the acid, creating the fizz. This test is the acid, creating the fizz. This test is best performed on powdered minerals. best performed on powdered minerals. Calcite (calcium carbonate) will Calcite (calcium carbonate) will effervesce readily in either massive or effervesce readily in either massive or powdered form, but dolomite (calcium-powdered form, but dolomite (calcium-magnesium carbonate) reacts best as magnesium carbonate) reacts best as a powder. a powder.
academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/mineral_id...
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Other Other Mineral PropertiesMineral Properties
SIFAT LAINSIFAT LAIN
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TenacityTenacity
BrittleBrittleDuctileDuctileElasticElasticFlexibleFlexibleMalleableMalleable
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IridescenceIridescence
Left - Covellite develops a deep blue iridescence, 4cm Left - Covellite develops a deep blue iridescence, 4cm across, Montana across, Montana
Right - Iridescent pyrite, 4cm across, Australia Right - Iridescent pyrite, 4cm across, Australia
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Play of ColorsPlay of Colors
Labradorite, 20cm Labradorite, 20cm wide, Madagascar, wide, Madagascar, Seaman Museum Seaman Museum specimen specimen
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OpalescenceOpalescence
Precious opal Precious opal cabochons (largest is cabochons (largest is 15mm), Australia15mm), Australia
These are triplets, These are triplets, formed with a dark formed with a dark background layer, a background layer, a middle layer of precious middle layer of precious opal and a surface layer opal and a surface layer of quartz to help protect of quartz to help protect the softer opal from the softer opal from wear and tear. wear and tear.
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Source of OpalescenceSource of Opalescence
Scanning electron Scanning electron micrograph of amorphous micrograph of amorphous silica spheres closest silica spheres closest packed in an Australian packed in an Australian fire opal showing red fire opal showing red interference colorsinterference colors
Sphere size is ~2500 Sphere size is ~2500 ÅngstomsÅngstoms
Photo courtesy of Hans-Photo courtesy of Hans-Ude NissenUde Nissen
Cover of Reviews in Cover of Reviews in Mineralogy vol. 29 "Silica" Mineralogy vol. 29 "Silica"
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FluorescencFluorescencee
Upper - rare fluorescent mineral Upper - rare fluorescent mineral Hardystonite Hardystonite
Lower - rare fluorescent mineral Lower - rare fluorescent mineral esperiteesperite
Both from Franklin, New JerseyBoth from Franklin, New Jersey
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Acid ReactionAcid Reaction
When acid is placed on the surface of certain minerals, carbon When acid is placed on the surface of certain minerals, carbon dioxide is released, producing a “fizz”dioxide is released, producing a “fizz”
The strength of the response should be notedThe strength of the response should be noted
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TasteTaste
Must be used carefullyMust be used carefully Poisonous mineralsPoisonous minerals DiseasesDiseases
CategoriesCategories Salty – HaliteSalty – Halite Bitter – SylviteBitter – Sylvite
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OdorOdor
Smell of a fresh specimenSmell of a fresh specimen Lab specimens are usually contaminated, so this Lab specimens are usually contaminated, so this
test is not usually used for lab specimens, test is not usually used for lab specimens, although streak plate odor may be diagnosticalthough streak plate odor may be diagnostic
ExamplesExamples Sulphurous (rotten egg) sulfur, pyrite, sphaleriteSulphurous (rotten egg) sulfur, pyrite, sphalerite Earthy hematite, limoniteEarthy hematite, limonite
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MagnetismMagnetism
A few minerals are strongly attracted to a A few minerals are strongly attracted to a magnetmagnet
ExamplesExamples MagnetiteMagnetite PyrrhotitePyrrhotite
A hand magnet or the needle of a Brunton A hand magnet or the needle of a Brunton compass may be used to test for compass may be used to test for magnetismmagnetism
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LodestoneLodestone
Lodestone is a Lodestone is a naturally magnetic naturally magnetic variety of magnetitevariety of magnetite
The iron filings cling The iron filings cling to the rockto the rock
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RadioactivityRadioactivity
Some minerals contain Some minerals contain radioactive elementsradioactive elements
Placing the sample next to Placing the sample next to the radiation meter will the radiation meter will produce an audible signal, produce an audible signal, as well as a deflection of the as well as a deflection of the meter, if the sample is meter, if the sample is emitting radioactivityemitting radioactivity
Mineral
Number
Luster
(M / NM)
Color Streak Hardness
Number
Cleavage
(Yes/No)
Mineral
Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mineral Collection Chart
Group Names: ______________________ ______________________
______________________ ______________________
Adapted From : (Badders, 2003)
Mineral Identification KeyAdapted From : (Badders, 2003)
Luster
(M / NM)
Color Streak Hardness
Number
Cleavage
(Yes/No)
Mineral
Name
M Silver, Gray Gray 1-2 Yes (3) GALENA
M Brassy
Yellow
Greenish Black 6-9 No PYRITE
NM Light green, white, gray
White 1-2 Yes (1) TALC
NM Colorless, White, Pink
Colorless 6-9 No QUARTZ
NM Colorless, silvery, black
Colorless 1-2 Yes (1) MICA
NM Yellow White 1-2 Yes (3) SULFUR
NM Colorless
White
White 1-2 Yes (3) HALITE
NM Colorless,
White, yellow
White 3 Yes (3) CALCITE
M Gray-green Greenish
Black
3 No COPPER
SULFIDE
NM White, pink, gray White 6-9 Yes (2) FELDSPAR