International cooperation in the field of CCS - Approaches...

July 19, 2016 – Regina, Canada

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International cooperation in the field of CCS - Approaches and implementation

| Jürgen-Friedrich Hake – Wolfgang Fischer

5. August 2016 Folie 2

Assesment of Energy Technologies and Energy Systems

Institute for Energy and Climate Research System Analysis and Technology Evaluation


Exploring the idea of CCS


“This is not the place to think of each consumer filling his own little balloons with CO2 to be processed by his municipality. The problem has to be tackled upstream.”

“[…] one of the numerous (a dozen) processes of stripping CO2 from other gases […] which are currently used in industry could be employed.”

“CO2 can be easily compressed […]. It can be transported in pipelines that are essentially the same as those for methane.”

“[CO2 disposal] could be done in the form of a permanent underground storage, e.g. by using exhausted gas fields.”

Cesare Marchetti publishes „On Geoengineering and the CO2 Problem“ (1976)

Source: Marchetti, C. (1976): On Geoengineering and the CO2 Problem


IPCC - Recognition of CCS as a climate change mitigation option

IPCC - Special Report on CCS (2005) Technical findings: For geological storage, 99% of the CO2 is very likely to be retained over 100 years, and 99% of the CO2 is likely to be retained over 1,000 years. Policy findings: CCS is an important option available to reduce the impacts of climate

change. There is a need to increase public awareness of CCS. There is a need for the development of suitable regulatory frameworks.

CCS as a climate change mitigation option was recognised on many occasions by scientific & political organizations at national & international level in in subsequent years. E. g. IPCC mitigation report (2014): particular relevance for CCS.

Source: IPCC SR on CCS


Carbon Capture and Storage fulfills: primarily climate policy objectives - reduces carbon emissions from power plants AND industries; - has a potential for “negative emissions” (bio-energy with CCS); - R & D: CC and utilization (converting into commercially products such as bio-oils, chemicals, fertilisers); - visionary option: removing CO2-from-the-air („geo-engineering“);

Carbon Capture and Storage requires policy support to drive action; financial and policy incentives; social and political acceptance; (high) carbon prices and/or other mitigation incentives/regulations; (inter)national regulation regarding the technology deployment; international scientific, technological & political cooperation; CO2-pipelines (mostly transnational) & storage areas (sometimes

multilateral).

Deployment of CCS – Why is there a need for policy and regulation?


Incentivizing the worldwide deployment of CCS

G8 • 2005: Gleneagles Plan of Action – enhancing international cooperation on CCS • 2008: Target of launching 10 large-scale CCS demonstration projects globally by 2010 • 2009 + 2010 Summits: Confirming the objectives • 2014 Rome (G 7): promote use of CCS • 2015 G7 Energy Ministers: encourage CCS & collaboration for large scale demonstration projects

G20 • 2015: Energy Sustainable Working Group, Turkey: CCS on the agenda • 2016: G7 Energy Ministerial Meeting: “We call on countries that opt to make use of carbon capture, use and

storage to further work on large-scale demonstration projects.” MEF

• 2009 Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate: Technology Action Plan for CCS

CSLF • CCS demonstration project recognition • Early opportunity workshops for stakeholders • CCS Roadmap 2010/revised 2013 • IEA/CSLF Report to the Muskoka G8 Leaders’ Summit • CSLF 5th Ministerial meeting 2013: next 7 years critically important for creating positive conditions for CCS • 6th meeting 2015 Saudi Arabia: CCS on the agenda • Task Force Reports 2015: Development of 2nd and 3rd Generation Technologies & Technical Barriers and R&D

Opportunities for Offshore, Sub-Seabed Storage of CO2 • 2016 report CSLF/ Carbon Capture & Storage Association : CCS Post-Paris: Realising Global Ambitions

GCCSI • Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute: Database of status CCS-Projects, reports …

Other organizations supporting the advancement of CCS: Clean Energy Ministerial (emerged from MEF 2009 and was transferred to CSLF); Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), UNFCCC (in subsidiary body); European Commission supports R&D & demonstration of CCS since 20 years; Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM); bilateral agreements.


International collaboration on CCS R&D and demonstration

CSLF, IEAGHG R&D Programme, IEA Clean Coal Centre

• Knowledge-sharing (R&D, pilot and demonstration projects) • Networking • Identification of international best practice • Concept definition (e.g. „capture-ready“), development of guidelines

for regulatory purposes


But: gap between expectations/aspirations and reality

“This roadmap includes an ambitious CCS growth path in order to achieve this GHG mitigation potential, envisioning 100 projects globally by 2020 and over 3000 projects by 2050.”

IEA (2009) Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage 2009. Paris, International Energy Agency, p. 4.

“By 2020, investment worth USD 27 billion will be needed to fund about 60

early large-scale (industrial and fuel transformation sector) projects”. IEA/UNIDO (2011) Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage in Industrial Applications.

Paris, p. 5.

But reality has not met expectations – announcements, but

implementation is below expectations


There are CCS projects operating – focus on EOR & North America

Source: Global CCS Institute


Source: DOE, A Review of the CO2 Pipeline Infrastructure in the U.S., 2015

The US have a CO2 pipeline system for EOR 50 CO2 pipelines and with a combined length over 4,500 miles, 80 percent of CO2 traveling through U.S. pipelines is from natural (geologic) sources


But: Many plans and few results Non-European large scale Power Plant CCS plans

Source: https://sequestration.mit.edu/ Oxy = Oxyfuel Combustion Capture, Pre = Pre Combustion Capture, Post = Post Combustion Capture, EOR = Enhanced Oil Recovery, EGR = Enhanced Gas Recovery, Saline = Saline Formation, Depleted Gas = Depleted Gas Reservoir, Depleted Oil = Depleted Oil Reservoir, TBD = To Be Decided

More than two years behind schedule, at a cost of $6.6 billion, three times higher than expected.

Start eyed for late 2016 (?).

DOE has ceased funding under Clean Coal Power Initiative

Project withdrawn from Clean Coal Power Initiative

Only one in operation: world's first coal-fired power plant retrofitted with CCS for EOR; most others with uncertain future.


Planned CCS power projects in Europe – uncertain prospects


Source: https://sequestration.mit.edu/

UK gov canceled £1bn CCS competition In 2015; investment halted.

The projects were not chosen for the (now cancelled) UK competition; future is uncertain; holds true for most projects due to problem of finance and lacking competitiveness.


Cancelled and inactive CCS projects in EU

Source: https://sequestration.mit.edu/


Reasons why CCS failed to come up to expectations

CCS is essential part of climate protection scenarios and proposals. risk presented by pipeline transport is roughly comparable to that of natural gas transport. safety and reliability of on- and off-shore storage has been demonstrated.

But: There is still a need to demonstrate CCS feasibility by means of large demonstration plants (fossil

power), sufficient load flexibility, and commercial availability. CO2 utilization does yet not offer sufficient potential as a replacement for CO2 storage, although it

may become significant as part of supply chains of raw materials for industry. The electricity generation costs will rise considerably and the CO2 avoidance costs (electricity

sector and industry) are far higher than the current CO2 allowance prices in the EU. Investment incentives will only be present with a significantly higher long-term allowance price or

with some kind of financial subsidies. Due to higher fuel requirements and transport, CO2 reduction is frequently implemented at the

expense of other environmental impacts (e.g. eutrophication). There is hardly acceptance among the public in many European countries for CO2 storage on

land or below the ocean floor, and the perception of CCS as a “risk technology” has taken root in large parts the population.

More countries need an ambitious CO2 reduction policy, which is a necessary prerequisite for implementing CCS.


CCS risks and challenges

Source: Tomski, P.: Carbon Capture & Storage, Global CCS Institute, October 2015


Example – the case of Germany: No CCS despite a CCS Act

CCS power plant (cancelled)

Potential pipelines (cancelled)

Potential strorage areas

Local/political resistance successful

Source image: http://www.eurosolar.de/de/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=289; [01. 07. 2009]

Demo plant Jänschwalde by Vattefall, part of the EU EEPR funding, cancelled in 2013

Other strorage areas -Local/political resistance successful


The German CCS Act makes CCS highly unlikely

Legal situation: EU Directive on Carbon Capture and Storage was implemented into

German law (2012); A controversial political process with different and unusual lines of

conflict - between, but also within parties both at the federal and state level, between federal States (Länder) and the federal government, between NGOs and scientific advisory boards: > majority anti-CCS, CCS act excessively restrictive.

Political/economic situation: Local- and NGO-opposition, the anti-storage attitude of most Federal

State governments and State parties; anti-coal (in particular lignite phase out) policy, gaining strength; Low carbon prices (EU ETS), low electricity prices makes it very unlikely that a CO2 onshore storage project could be

realized; marginal debate about process-related CCS from industry or biomass-

CCS; not a single CCS-demonstration project will be realized in Germany

(coal phase out movement getting stronger).


Summary on international cooperation in the field of CCS

The key actors of international cooperation are governments, industry and academia that cooperate in the framework of international organizations, scientific organizations, and R&D networks.

CCS was recognized as a climate change mitigation option after the release of the IPCC SR on CCS and is still recognized as an important option by the IPCC.

The international organizations address the deployment of CCS by means of goal-setting, roadmapping activities, and inclusion of CCS in the existing mechanisms of international climate change mitigation.

The international R&D networks focus on knowledge sharing and contribute to technical concepts‘ definition for regulatory purposes.

But - limited outreach ? - Local/political resistance against CCS, in particular storage; CCS high costs and other challenges.

But - better prospects for CCS ahead?


1. National & international activities continue

Countries with a focus on CCS technologies & policies: • USA, United Kingdom, Canada • China, Saudi Arabia, Australia … ?

IEA CCS Roadmap 2013 stresses: • Carbon capture and storage (CCS) will be a critical component in a portfolio of low-carbon

energy technologies if governments undertake ambitious measures to combat climate change.

• The individual component technologies required for capture, transport and storage are generally well understood and, in some cases, technologically mature.

• Governments and industry must ensure that the incentive and regulatory frameworks are in place to deliver upwards of 30 operating CCS projects by 2020 across a range of processes and industrial sectors.

• CCS is not only about electricity generation. Almost half (45%) of the CO2 captured between 2015 and 2050 is from industrial applications.

• Given their rapid growth in energy demand, the largest deployment of CCS will need to occur in non-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.

• This decade is critical for moving deployment of CCS beyond the demonstration phase.



2. Industrial applications and CCS attracts more attention

• Energy‐intensive industries account for a significant part of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

• CCS is the only option to decarbonize many industrial sectors.

• CCS in industrial applications requires more attention from policy makers.

• Demonstration of CCS in industrial applications is not happening fast enough.

• Policies must consider the global competitiveness of industrial sectors.


IEA CCS 2014 - key actions for CCS success

• Introduce financial support mechanisms for demonstration and early deployment of CCS to drive private financing of projects.

• Implement policies that encourage storage exploration, characterization and development for CCS projects.

• Develop national laws and regulations as well as provisions for multilateral finance that effectively require new-build, base-load, fossil-fuel power generation capacity to be CCS-ready.

• Prove capture systems at pilot scale in industrial applications where CO2 capture has not yet been demonstrated.

• Significantly increase efforts to improve understanding among the public and stakeholders of CCS technology and the importance of its deployment.

• Reduce the cost of electricity from power plants equipped with capture through continued technology development and use of highest possible efficiency power generation cycles.

• • Encourage efficient development of CO2 transport infrastructure by anticipating locations of future demand centres and future volumes of CO2.


Summary: Critical conditions for a future for CCS

Source: Coninck, H. D. & Benson, S. M.: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage: Issues and Prospects. In: Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 1/39 2014, 243-270 (262)


Selected References IPCC: IPCC, Carbon Capture and Storage, SR 2005, https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srccs/srccs_wholereport.pdf. IPCC, Fifth Assessment Report Report, Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, http://mitigation2014.org/. Roadmaps: IEA (2009) Technology Roadmap. Carbon capture and Storage. http://www.iea.org/papers/2009/CCS_Roadmap.pdf. CSLF (2013) Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum Technology roadmap. http://www.cslforum.org/publications/index.html?cid=nav_publications. EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2013) Comunication on the Future of Carbon Capture and Storage in Europe. Brussels, EU-Commission, 27.3.2013, COM(2013) 180 final. IEA (2013) Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage 2013, Paris, International Energy Agency. IEA/UNIDO (2011) Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage in Industrial Applications. Paris. Policy & regulation, acceptance: IEA (2012): Carbon capture and storage - Legal and Regulatory Review, Edition 3. OECD/IEA, Paris. IEA (2012) Policy Strategy for Carbon Capture and Storage. Paris, OECD/IEA KUCKSHINRICHS, W.; HAKE, J.-F. (Eds.) Cabon Capture, Storage and Use - Technical, Economic, Environmental and Societal Perspectives. Springer International

Publishing, Cham, 2014 (German case study). L׳ORANGE SEIGO, S., DOHLE, S. & SIEGRIST, M. (2014) Public perception of CCS: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38:0, 848-863. De CONINCK, H., BENSON, S. M. (2014) Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage: Issues and Prospects. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 39, 243-270. DIXON, T., McCOY, S. T. & HAVERCROFT, I. (2015) Legal and Regulatory Developments on CCS. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 40, 431-448. VAN EGMOND, S. & HEKKERT, M. P. (2015) Analysis of a prominent carbon storage project failure – The role of the national government as initiator and decision maker in

the Barendrecht case. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 34, 1-11. KEMPER, J. (2015) Biomass and carbon dioxide capture and storage: A review. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 40, 401-430. ASHWORTH, P., WADE, S., REINER, D. & LIANG, X. (2015) Developments in public communications on CCS. Intern. Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 40, 449-458.

CCS and “negative emissions”: KRIEGLER, E., EDENHOFER, O., REUSTER, L., LUDERER, G. & KLEIN, D. (2013) Is atmospheric carbon dioxide removal a game changer for climate change mitigation?

Climatic Change, 1-13. http://www.sciencealert.com/a-canadian-start-up-is-removing-co2-from-the-air-and-turning-it-into-pellets (4.7.2016). Industrial CCS: Global CCS Institute (2016): Understanding industrial CCS hubs and clusters, Melbourne. CCS global status updates: IEA/CSLF (2010) IEA/CSLF report to the Muskoka 2010 G8 summit - Carbon capture and storage - Progress and next steps. OECD/IEA, CSLF, prepared with the co-

operation of the Global CCS Institute, http://www.iea.org/papers/2010/ccs_g8.pdf. IEA (2014) CCS 2014: What lies in store for CCS? Paris, OECD/IEA. GCCSI (2015) The global status of CCS: 2015 summary report, Canberra, Global CCS Institute, Nov. 2015. http://ieaghg.org/publications/greenhouse-news/684-greenhouse-news-122-june-2016. International cooperation in the field of CCS: BÄCKSTRAND, K. (2008) Accountability of networked climate governance: The rise of transnational climate partnerships. Global Environmental Politics, 8:3. DE CONINCK, H. & BÄCKSTRAND, K. (2011) An International Relations perspective on the global politics of carbon dioxide capture and storage. Global Environmental

Change, 21:2, 368-378. DE CONINCK, H., FISCHER, C., NEWELL, R. G. & UENO, T. (2008) International technology-oriented agreements to address climate change. Energy Policy, 36, 335-356. SCHENK, O. (2013) Interest Mediation and Policy Formulation in the European Union. Influence of Transnational Technology-Oriented Agreements on European Policy in

the Field of Carbon Capture and Storage. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich. Hake, J.-Fr., Schenk, O. (2014) International Cooperation in Support of CCS, in: KUCKSHINRICHS, W.; HAKE, J.-F. (Eds.) Cabon Capture, Storage and Use, pp. 311-327. CCS Project Databases http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/projects/large-scale-ccs-projects#map. https://sequestration.mit.edu.



Thank you for the attention!

Questions?

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