GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE –

Industrial Strategies for CCS beyond the power sector

Derek M. Taylor – European Regional Representative

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

FOCUS

The Global CCS Institute connects parties around the world to solve problems,

address issues and learn from each other to accelerate the deployment of

CCS projects by:

1. FACT-BASED ADVOCACY

using facts to inform and influence domestic and international low carbon

policies;

supporting the commercialisation of CCS by advancing the understanding of of

the technology

increasing the awareness of the benefits of CCS and the role it plays within a

portfolio of low carbon technologies.

2. ASSISTING PROJECTS

bridging knowledge gaps between demonstration efforts; and

developing project specific solutions particularly amongst early movers.

3. SHARING KNOWLEDGE

collecting information to create a central repository for CCS knowledge; and

analysing and disseminating information to fill knowledge gaps and build

capacity.

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

CURRENT MEMBERSHIPLegal Member breakdown Legal Members: 252

from a total of 277

participating organisations.

64

40

2

15

2512

1

81

2

10

Member (includes European Commission)

Other countries engagedCurrent Representative Offices:

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

MEMBERSHIP BREAKDOWN277 Members as at January 2011

Industry 49%

Government 14%

Association/NGO 11%

Consultancy 11%

Research 11%

Financial 4%

The Institute's Membership accounts for over 80 per cent of the world's

Carbon dioxide emissions from energy and industrial sources.

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

FACT BASED ADVOCACYACTIVITIES AND KEY REPORTS COMPLETED

Global Status of CCS Report - September 2009

Ideal Portfolio of Projects - November 2009

Defining „CCS Ready‟ - February 2010

CCS Project update May 2010, Project Summary to G8/G20 - June 2010

Response to World Bank Energy Strategy Consultation - June 2010

Collaboration on IEA CCS Roadmap „One year on‟ - October 2010

Major Economies Forum (MEF) Action Group CCUS Stock Take Report

- Institute underpins work on Strategic Plan

Capacity Development on CCUS / Public Awareness Workshops

Membership Engagement (four Member meetings held)

Key partnerships in place (Asian Development Bank, World Bank, CSLF, IEA,

CO2CRC, CSIRO, Clinton Foundation, Climate Group)

1st Project Briefing “Road shows” held (Tenaska, Pioneer) February 2011

Global Status of CCS in 2010 – March 2011

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

INSTITUTE SUPPORTED PROJECTS

* Letter of Intent

Tenaska Trailblazer

Energy Center • FEED studies

• AU$8.03 million

Tenaska/Entergy

Nelson 6 CCS Project• FEED studies

• AU$825,600 (Phase 1)

Rotterdam CCS

Network Project, RCI• Storage and shipping studies

• AU$2.2 million

Romanian CCS

Demonstration Project,

ISPE• Feasibility Study

• AU$2.55 million

CarbonNet, Victorian

Government•Commercial and Planning studies

• AU$2.3 million

Callide Oxyfuel Project,

OPTL*•Transport and CO2 injection studies

• AU$1.83 million

Project Pioneer,

TransAlta• FEED studies

• AU$5 million

3 in North America, 2 in Europe, 2 in Australia. Commitment from the Institute ~ AU$23 million

AEP

Mountaineer•FEED studies

•AU$ 4 million

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING - PLATFORMS

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

7

SOME EXAMPLES – KEY ASSETS FROM PROJECTS

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INDUSTRY AS A SOURCE OF CO2

• One third of the world‟s energy consumption and close

to 40% of energy-related CO2 emissions are directly

attributable to the manufacturing industry.

• Emissions result from the generation and/or use of heat

and power and through the different processes involved.

• The large primary materials industries account for more

than two-thirds of this amount, in particular:

– Chemicals and petrochemicals

– Iron and steel

– Cement

– Other minerals and metals

– Pulp and paper

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

CO2 FROM ENERGY AND INDUSTRY

IN THE EU

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Polan

d*

Cze

ch R

ep

Den

mar

k

Gre

ece

Ger

man

y*

Bul

garia

Rom

ania

UK*

Irelan

d

Nethe

rland

s*

Spain

*

Italy

*

Franc

e

MT/Year - Energy

MT/Year - Industry

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

BUT STILL TOO FEW INDUSTRY

PROJECTS FOR CCS

• The Institute‟s report on project status for 2010

described 76 “Large-scale integrated projects” (LSIPs)

for CCS

• The majority of these are power projects

– Pre-combustion power (18)

– Post-combustion power (17)

– Oxyfuel power (4)

– Other power projects (3)

• There are only 2 iron and steel projects, 1 cement

project and 1 pulp and paper project

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FOR

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

• The Global CCS Institute, together with the

Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy,

decided to sponsor a study of CCS in industry.

• The study is being carried out by the United

Nations Industrial Development Organisation

(UNIDO) in close co-operation with the IEA and

the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme.

• As the majority of industrial CO2 emissions

come increasingly from developing countries,

the study is focusing on these countries.

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

GAS PROCESSING

• The large majority of the “non-power” LSIPs are “gas processing”

projects.

• Many natural gas deposits (over 40%) contain significant quantities

of carbon dioxide (up to 70%) and, in most cases, this must be

reduced (usually to below 2%) before the gas can be used.

• In many cases, the CO2 removed is expected to be used for EOR

– Many of the earlier examples will be in the USA

– But it is likely that many other regions will increasingly use CCS

linked with EOR

• In some other cases, it is sent to storage in deep saline formations

(e.g. Sleipner in Norway)

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

GAS PROCESSING PROJECTS

• While CO2 emissions from gas processing are

a relatively small percentage (a little over 2%) of

all CO2 emissions, the availability of high-purity

CO2 means they are well represented in the

project data base.

• All eight operating LSIPs and the four in the

“execution” phase are linked in some way to the

oil and gas sector: they either

– capture CO2 via natural gas processing,

– or they are injecting CO2 for EOR.

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LSIPs at the “OPERATION / EXECUTION” STAGE

Operation Stage

• Sleipner (NO) - Gas processing - Deep saline formation

• Snohvit (NO) - Gas processing - Deep saline formation

• In Salah (ALG)- Gas processing - Deep saline formation

• Weyburn-Midale (CAN) - Pre-combustion (synfuels) – EOR

• Rangely Weber (US) - Gas processing – EOR

• Salt Creek (US) - Gas processing - EOR

• Enid Fertiliser (US)- Pre-combustion (fertiliser) - EOR

• Sharon Ridge (US) - Gas processing - EOR

Execution stage

• Southern Company (US)- IGCC Pre-combustion (power) - EOR

• Occidental (US) - Gas Processing - EOR

• Enhance Energy (CAN) - Pre-combustion (fertiliser/oil refining) –

EOR

• Gorgon (AUS) - Gas processing - Deep saline formation

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

Photo: Tore Grønningsæter

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

IRON AND STEEL

• The iron and steel industry accounts for nearly 20% of

final energy use and about one quarter of direct CO2

emissions from the industry sector

• More than half of these emissions come from four

countries: China, India, Ukraine and Russia

• Close to 2 tonnes of CO2 are produced for one tonne of

rolled steel

• However, unlike for the power sector, the CO2 emissions

from an integrated steel plant come from several

different sources and the waste gases have very

different concentrations of CO2

• So the technology needs to be developed and

demonstrated specifically for such plants.

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

ARCELORMITTAL‟S FLORANGE PLANT (F)

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CEMENT

• Cement (annual production close to 3 GT) is thought to

be responsible for 2 GT of CO2/year

• On average, one tonne of cement results in emission of

between 600 kg and 800 kg of CO2

• Sources are normally the fossil fuel used for heat

(energy emissions) and gas from both the pre-calciner

and the rotary kiln (process emissions)

• China is responsible for nearly half of the world‟s

cement production (India at 6% is next)

• Some estimates are that cement demand could grow to

close to or over 5GT/year by 2050 (WWF/Lafarge)

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

REFINING – MANY UNCERTAINTIES

• There are few – if any – reliable estimates of the

annual CO2 emissions from refineries – though

figures between 800 million and 1,000 million

tonnes are frequently quoted (6% of global

emissions)

• The rate at which this could grow is very

uncertain as it would correlate closely with

increasing liquid fossil fuel demand complicated

by the higher energy required to recover fuels

from less conventional crude sources

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

REFINING – TECHNOLOGY ISSUES

• Refineries have several complex and varied unit

processes – so have numerous point sources of

emissions – with different CO2 concentrations– Process heaters produce 30 to 60% of emissions with CO2

concentrations of 8-10%

– Utilities (electricity and steam production – using a CHP gas

turbine) produces 20 to 50% of emissions with a CO2

concentration of around 4%

– Hydrogen Manufacturing produces 5 to 20% of emissions with

CO2 concentrations of 5-20%

– Fluid Catalytic Cracker produces 20 to 50% of emissions with a

CO2 concentration of 10-20%

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

THE MONGSTAD TEST CENTRE (NO)

• The capture technologies to be tested at European CO2

technology centre Mongstad (TCM) refinery are Aker

Clean Carbon‟s amine based process and Alstom‟s

chilled ammonia process

• The objective is to capture 100,000 t/y CO2 between

them from two slip streams

• One slip stream from the natural gas fired CHP plant

and another slip stream from the adjacent Mongstad

refinery‟s fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) process

emissions.

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

Photo: Øyvind Hagen

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

BIOMASS

• While emissions from biomass use are presently rather

low relatively to those from cement and iron and steel,

they are projected to grow as more biomass is used to

produce transportation fuels and in power generation

• Already by 2020, biomass-based production of synthetic

fuels and hydrogen together with CCS could cover over

a quarter of that in the industry sector.

• According to the IEA this could rise to over 50% by 2050

(cf 22.4% by iron and steel sector and 13.6% by the

cement sector)

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

SHARES IN CCS BY INDUSTRY SECTOR

(161 MT CO2/yr IN 2020 rising to 4,032 MT/yr CO2 IN 2050)

2020 2050

• Biomass (synfuels + hydrogen) 26.3 52.3

• Cement (biomass-based) 1.7 4.5

• Iron and steel (biomass-based) 1.8 1.1

• Chemicals (biomass-based) 0.5 0.5

• Pulp and paper (biomass-based) 0.3 0.4

• Iron and steel (fossil fuel-based) 36.8 21.3

• Cement (fossil fuel-based) 12.2 9.1

• Chemicals (fossil fuel-based) 17.4 6.1

• Gas (synfuels + hydrogen) 2.6 4.5

• Pulp and paper (fossil fuel-based 0.4 0.3

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

PULP AND PAPER

• While the contribution to CCS by the pulp and paper

sector is expected to be rather limited, it is presently the

largest consumer of biomass in industry – 55%

• Pulp and paper plants often emit up to one million

tonnes of CO2/year – with the largest around 2 MT/yr

• One of the most important by-products is “black liquor”

which can be burned or gasified and used in the

synthesis of transport fuels.

• It could be an “early mover” in combining biomass use

with CCS as the costs of the CCS can be at least partly

offset by the synthetic fuel production.

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Paper and pulp mill M-real Husum (SW)

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ETHANOL

• Ethanol is produced by the fermentation of

biomass such as sugar cane or corn.

• This fermentation results in a pure or almost

pure stream of CO2

• The purity of the CO2 means capture costs are

very low – which very significantly reduces the

cost for applying CCS.

• Plants typically emit 50 000 to 300 000 tonnes

annually, with only a few of the larger plants

emitting more than one million tonnes per year.

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

POWER AND HEAT

• Biomass can be used to generate commercial quantities

of both power and heat.

• Many smaller combined heat and power plants (CHP)

work on straight biomass or a combination of biomass

and a fossil fuel.

• Large scale plants can also use a mixture of fossil fuels

together with biomass

– The large DRAX power station – the largest in the UK

- co-fires with biomass (a target has been set of

12.5% biomass)

– the most used are wood pellets, sunflower pellets,

olive, peanut shell husks and rape meal.

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GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

BECCS

• Bioenergy and CCS (BECCS) is a very exciting

prospect.

• It is the only technology by which we can actually

reduce the level of CO2 in our atmosphere.

• Nature - in the form of sunlight - provides the energy

required to collect and convert the carbon dioxide into a

fuel or other material we can use to produce energy or

energy products (such as biofuels). Then we can

capture and store the CO2 in geological horizons.

• What sets BECCS apart as a climate mitigation

measure is that if it is widely deployed it can result in

permanent reduction in in this level of CO2 - in other

words we can produce energy with "carbon negative"

emissions.

• .

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

BECCS PROJECTS (source GCCSI)

GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE

FURTHER READING – The GCCSI and

UNIDO WEBSITES

http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/

– http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/resources/publications/global-status-ccs-2010

– http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/resources/publications/global-status-beccs-

projects-2010

http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=1000821

– http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Energy_and_Climate_Chan

ge/Energy_Efficiency/CCS/Biomass_2011.pdf

– http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Energy_and_Climate_Chan

ge/Energy_Efficiency/CCS/High%20Purity_FINAL%20DRAFT.pdf

– http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Energy_and_Climate_Chan

ge/Energy_Efficiency/CCS/Stee_sectoral_%20report.pdf

– http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Energy_and_Climate_Chan

ge/Energy_Efficiency/CCS/Refineries3.pdf

– http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Energy_and_Climate_Chan

ge/Energy_Efficiency/CCS/Cement%20Sector%20Assessment.pdf

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www.globalccsinstitute.com