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International Organization for

Standardization

"ISO" redirects here. For other uses, see ISO (disambiguation).

International Organization for Standardization[1]

ISO membershi (see below)

Abbreviation ISO

Formation ! Februar# 1$%&

Type'ongoernmental

organization

Purpose International standardization

Headquarters *enea, S+itzerland

Membership 1 members[!]

Ofcial

languages   • -nglish

• French

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• 11 'otes and references

• 1! Further reading

• 1 -;ternal lin<s

ame and abbreviations

The three official languages of the $'0 are nglish, French, and 1ussian.(3) The name of the

organization in French is Organisation internationale de normalisation, and in 1ussian,

 Международная организация по стандартизации. s its name would have different

abbreviations in different languages 4$0'4 is nglish, 40$4 in French, etc.5, the organization

adopted 4$'04 as its abbreviated name, derived from the &reek word isos  678, meaningἴ e!al 5.(9)

:oth the name 4$'04 and the logo are registered trademarks, and their use is restricted.(+)

History

9la=ue mar<ing the building in 9rague +here the ISO>s redecessor, the IS?, +as

founded.

(0lic< to enlarge 2 read.)

The organization today known as $'0 began in !2+ as the $nternational Federation of the

 ational 'tandardizing ssociations $'5. $t was suspended in !"2(#) during ;orld ;ar $$, but

after the war $' was approached by the recently formed nited ations 'tandards /oordinating

/ommittee '//5 with a proposal to form a new global standards body. $n 0ctober !"+,

$' and '// delegates from 29 countries met in <ondon and agreed to =oin forces to create

the new $nternational 0rganization for 'tandardization> the new organization officially began

operations in February !"#.(?)

!tructure

$'0 is a voluntary organization whose members are recognized authorities on standards, each

one representing one country. @embers meet annually at a &eneral ssembly to discuss $'0As

strategic ob=ectives. The organization is coordinated by a /entral 'ecretariat based in &eneva.(!)

/ouncil with a rotating membership of 2* member bodies provides guidance and governance,

including setting the /entral 'ecretariatAs annual budget.(!)(*)

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The Technical @anagement :oard is responsible for over 29* technical committees, who

develop the $'0 standards.(!)()(2)(3)

"#C $oint committees

$'0 has formed =oint committees with the $nternational lectrotechnical /ommission $/5 to

develop standards and terminology in the areas of electrical, electronic and related technologies.

ISO/IEC JTC 1

Information technolog#

5ain article@ ISO2I-0 340 1

$'0B$/ Coint Technical /ommittee CT/ 5 was created in !?# to 4(d)evelop, maintain,

 promote and facilitate $T standards4.(")

ISO/IEC JTC 2

 3oint 9roect 0ommittee A -nerg# eBcienc# and rene+able energ# sources A

0ommon terminolog#

$'0B$/ Coint Technical /ommittee 2 CT/ 25 was created in 2**! for the purpose of

4(s)tandardization in the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources4.(9)

Membership

  ISO member countries +ith a national standards bod# and ISO oting rights.

  0orresondent members (countries +ithout a national standards bod#).

  Subscriber members (countries +ith small economies).

  'onmember countries +ith ISO 11 codes.

$'0 has +" national members,(+) out of the 2*+ total countries in the world.

$'0 has three membership categoriesD(+)

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• Member bodies are national bodies considered the most reresentatiestandards bod# in each countr#. 4hese are the onl# members of ISO that haeoting rights.

• Correspondent members are countries that do not hae their o+n standardsorganization. 4hese members are informed about ISO>s +or<, but do notarticiate in standards romulgation.

• Subscriber members are countries +ith small economies. 4he# a# reducedmembershi fees, but can follo+ the deeloment of standards.

Earticipating members are called 4E4 members, as opposed to observing members, who are

called 404 members.

Financing

$'0 is funded by a combination ofD (#)

• Organizations that manage the seciCc roects or loan e;erts to articiatein the technical +or<.

• Subscritions from member bodies. 4hese subscritions are in roortion toeach countr#>s gross national roduct and trade Cgures.

• Sale of standards.

"nternational !tandards and other publicationsSee also@ Dist of International Organization for Standardization standards

$'0As main products are international standards. $'0 also publishes technical reports, technical

specifications, publicly available specifications, technical corrigenda, and guides.(?)(!)

International standards

 4hese are designated using the format ISO[/IEC] [/ASTM] [IS] nnnnn[-p]:

[yyyy] Title, +here nnnnn is the number of the standard, p is an otional art

number, yyyy  is the #ear ublished, and Title describes the subect. IEC for

International Electrotecnical Commission is included if the standard results

from the +or< of ISO2I-0 3401 (the ISO2I-0 3oint 4echnical 0ommittee). ASTM 

(?merican Societ# for 4esting and 5aterials) is used for standards deeloedin cooeration +ith ?S45 International. 4he date and IS are not used for an

incomlete or unublished standard and ma# under some circumstances be

left oE the title of a ublished +or<.

 4echnical reorts

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 4hese are issued +hen a technical committee or subcommittee has collected

data of a diEerent <ind from that normall# ublished as an International

Standard,[18] such as references and e;lanations. 4he naming conentions

for these are the same as for standards, e;cet T! reended instead of IS in

the reort>s name.

For e;amle@

• ISO2I-0 4 1&&$$@!::: 0ode of 9ractice for Information Securit#5anagement

• ISO24 1$:@!::: 4echnical roduct documentation 5etadata forconstruction documentation

 4echnical and ublicl# aailable seciCcations

 4echnical seciCcations ma# be roduced +hen "the subect in =uestion is still

under deeloment or +here for an# other reason there is the future but not

immediate ossibilit# of an agreement to ublish an International Standard".? ublicl# aailable seciCcation is usuall# "an intermediate seciCcation,

ublished rior to the deeloment of a full International Standard, or, in I-0

ma# be a >dual logo> ublication ublished in collaboration +ith an e;ternal

organization". [18] G# conention, both t#es of seciCcation are named in a

manner similar to the organization>s technical reorts.

For e;amle@

• ISO24S 1$6!1@!:: 4echnical roduct documentation eferencedesignation s#stem 9art 1@ *eneral alication rules

• ISO29?S 1116%@!:: oad ehicles oof load carriers

 4echnical corrigenda

ISO also sometimes issues "technical corrigenda" (+here "corrigenda" is the

lural of corrigendum). 4hese are amendments made to e;isting standards

due to minor technical Ha+s, usabilit# imroements, or limitedalicabilit#

e;tensions. 4he# are generall# issued +ith the e;ectation that the aEected

standard +ill be udated or +ithdra+n at its ne;t scheduled reie+. [18]

ISO guides

These are meta-standards covering 4matters related to international standardization4.(?) They arenamed using the format "#$O%&#'() *!ide +,----, .itle" .

For eampleD

• ISO2I-0 *uide !@!::% Standardization and related actiities *eneralocabular#

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• ISO2I-0 *uide 6@1$$ *eneral re=uirements for bodies oerating roductcertiCcation

%ocument copyright

$'0 documents are copyrighted and $'0 charges for most copies. $t does not, however, charge

for most draft copies of documents in electronic format. lthough they are useful, care must betaken using these drafts as there is the possibility of substantial change before they become

finalized as standards. 'ome standards by $'0 and its official .'. representative and, via the

.'. ational /ommittee, the $nternational lectrotechnical /ommission5 are made freely

available.(2*)(2)

!tandardi&ation process

standard published by $'0B$/ is the last stage of a long process that commonly starts with the

 proposal of new work within a committee. Gere are some abbreviations used for marking a

standard with its statusD(22)(23)(2")(29)(2+)(2#)(2?)

• 9I 9reliminar# or< Item

• '9 or 'I9 'e+ 9roosal 2 'e+ or< Item 9roosal (e.g., ISO2I-0 '9 !::&)

• ?I ?roed ne+ or< Item (e.g., ISO2I-0 ?I 16%%%1%)

• 7 or<ing 7raft (e.g., ISO2I-0 7 !&:!)

• 07 0ommittee 7raft (e.g., ISO2I-0 07 !:::6)

• F07 Final 0ommittee 7raft (e.g., ISO2I-0 F07 !:::1!)

• 7IS 7raft International Standard (e.g., ISO2I-0 7IS 1%!$&)

• F7IS Final 7raft International Standard (e.g., ISO2I-0 F7IS !&::)

• 9F 9roof of a ne+ International Standard (e.g., ISO2I-0 9F 18:18)

• IS International Standard (e.g., ISO2I-0 18181@!::&)

bbreviations used for amendmentsD(22)(23)(2")(29)(2+)(2#)(2?)(2!)

• '9 ?md 'e+ 9roosal ?mendment (e.g., ISO2I-0 16%%%!@!::%2'9 ?md )

• ?I ?md ?roed ne+ or< Item ?mendment (e.g., ISO2I-01%%$!@!::12?I ?md %)

• 7 ?md or<ing 7raft ?mendment (e.g., ISO 11:$!@1$$27 ?md 1)

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• 07 ?md 2 97?md 0ommittee 7raft ?mendment 2 9roosed 7raft?mendment (e.g., ISO2I-0 18181@!::&207 ?md )

• F97?md 2 7?5 (7?md) Final 9roosed 7raft ?mendment 2 7raft ?mendment(e.g., ISO2I-0 1%%$1%@!::2F97?md 1)

• F7?5 (F7?md) Final 7raft ?mendment (e.g., ISO2I-0 18181@!::&2F7?md%)

• 9F ?md (e.g., ISO 1!$@!::%29F ?md 1)

• ?md ?mendment (e.g., ISO2I-0 18181@!::&2?md 1@!::&)

0ther abbreviationsD(2+)(2#)(2!)(3*)

•  4 4echnical eort (e.g., ISO2I-0 4 1$&$1@!::)

• 74 7raft 4echnical eort (e.g., ISO2I-0 74 1$&$1)

•  4S 4echnical SeciCcation (e.g., ISO24S 1$%$@!::$)

• 74S 7raft 4echnical SeciCcation (e.g., ISO274S 11:!1)

• 9?S 9ublicl# ?ailable SeciCcation

•  44? 4echnolog# 4rends ?ssessment (e.g., ISO244? 1@1$$%)

• I? International or<sho ?greement (e.g., I? 1@!::6)

• 0or 4echnical 0orrigendum (e.g., ISO2I-0 18181@!::&20or 1@!::8)

• *uide a guidance to technical committees for the rearation of standards

$nternational 'tandards are developed by $'0 technical committees T/5 and

subcommittees '/5 by a process with si stepsD(2")(3)

• Stage 1@ 9roosal stage

• Stage !@ 9rearator# stage

• Stage @ 0ommittee stage

• Stage %@ -n=uir# stage

• Stage 6@ ?roal stage

• Stage @ 9ublication stage

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The T/B'/ may set up working groups ;&5 of eperts for the preparation of a working drafts.

'ubcommittees may have several working groups, which can have several 'ub &roups '&5.(32)

Stages in the deeloment rocess of an ISO standard[!][!%][!6][!8][1][!$]

!tage

cod

e

!tage

Associated

document

name

Abbreviations  %escription

 

otes

::9reliminar

#

9reliminar#

+or< item9I

1: 9roosal'e+ +or<

item roosal

• '9 or 'I9

• '9 ?md2424S2I?

!:9rearator

#

or<ing draft

or drafts

• ?I

• ?I ?md2424S

• 7

• 7 ?md2424S

: 0ommittee0ommittee

draft or drafts

• 07

• 07 ?md20or2424S

• 97?md (97?5)

• 974

• 974S

%: -n=uir# -n=uir# draft

• 7IS

• F07

• F97?md

(07J in I-0)

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&roup - $'0B$/ CT/B'/2!B;&5. working group ;&5 of eperts is set up by the T/B'/

for the preparation of a working draft. ;hen the scope of a new work is sufficiently clarified,

some of the working groups e.g., @E&5 usually make open re%uest for proposalsIknown as a

4call for proposals4. The first document that is produced for eample for audio and video coding

standards is called a verification model J@5 previously also called a 4simulation and test

model45. ;hen a sufficient confidence in the stability of the standard under development is

reached, a working draft ;H5 is produced. This is in the form of a standard but is kept internal

to working group for revision. ;hen a working draft is sufficiently solid and the working group

is satisfied that it has developed the best technical solution to the problem being addressed, it

 becomes committee draft /H5. $f it is re%uired, it is then sent to the E-members of the T/B'/

national bodies5 for ballot.

The /H becomes final committee draft F/H5 if the number of positive votes is above the

%uorum. 'uccessive committee drafts may be considered until consensus is reached on the

technical content. ;hen it is reached, the tet is finalized for submission as a draft $nternational'tandard H$'5. The tet is then submitted to national bodies for voting and comment within a

 period of five months. $t is approved for submission as a final draft $nternational

'tandard FH$'5 if a two-thirds ma=ority of the E-members of the T/B'/ are in favour and not

more than one-%uarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. $'0 will then hold a ballot

with ational :odies where no technical changes are allowed yesBno ballot5, within a period of

two months. $t is approved as an $nternational 'tandard $'5 if a two-thirds ma=ority of the E-

members of the T/B'/ is in favour and not more than one-%uarter of the total number of votes

cast are negative. fter approval, only minor editorial changes are introduced into the final tet.

The final tet is sent to the $'0 /entral 'ecretariat, which publishes it as the $nternational

'tandard.(22)(2")

Products named a'ter "!O

The fact that many of the $'0-created standards are ubi%uitous has led, on occasion, to common

use of 4$'04 to describe the actual product that conforms to a standard. 'ome eamples of this

areD

• 5an# 07 images end in the Cle e;tension "ISO" to signif# that the# are usingthe ISO $: standard Cle s#stem as oosed to another Cle s#stemhence07 images are commonl# referred to as "ISOs". Jirtuall# all comuters +ith07O5 dries can read 07s that use this standard. Some 7J7O5s alsouse ISO $: Cle s#stems.

• 9hotograhic Clm>s sensitiit# to light (its "Clm seed") is described b# ISO ,ISO !!%: and ISO 68::. /ence, the Clm>s seed is often referred to as b# itsISO number.

• ?s it +as originall# deCned in ISO 618, the Hash hot shoe found on cameras isoften called the "ISO shoe".

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Criticism

;ith the eception of a small number of isolated standards,(2*) $'0 standards are normally not

available free of charge, but for a purchase fee, (33) which has been seen by some as too epensive

for small open source pro=ects.(3")

The $'0B$/ CT/ fast-track procedures 4Fast-track4 as used by 00K@< and 4E'4 as used

 by 0penHocument5 have garnered criticism in relation to the standardization of 0ffice 0pen

K@< $'0B$/ 2!9**5. @artin :ryan, outgoing /onvenor of $'0B$/ CT/B'/3" ;&, is

%uoted as sayingD

$ would recommend my successor that it is perhaps time to pass ;&Ls outstanding standards

over to 0'$', where they can get approval in less than a year and then do a E' submission to

$'0, which will get a lot more attention and be approved much faster than standards currently

can be within ;&.

The disparity of rules for E', Fast-Track and $'0 committee generated standards is fast making

$'0 a laughing stock in $T circles. The days of open standards development are fast

disappearing. $nstead we are getting Astandardization by corporationA.(39)

/omputer security entrepreneur and buntu investor, @ark 'huttleworth, commented on the

'tandardization of 0ffice 0pen K@< process by saying 4$ think it de-values the confidence

 people have in the standards setting process,4 and 'huttleworth alleged that $'0 did not carry out

its responsibility. Ge also noted that @icrosoft had intensely lobbied many countries that

traditionally had not participated in $'0 and stacked technical committees with @icrosoft

employees, solution providers and resellers sympathetic to 0ffice 0pen K@<.

;hen you have a process built on trust and when that trust is abused, $'0 should halt the

 process... $'0 is an engineering old boys club and these things are boring so you have to have a

lot of passion M then suddenly you have an investment of a lot of money and lobbying and you

get artificial results. The process is not set up to deal with intensive corporate lobbying and so

you end up with something being a standard that is not clear .(3+)

GeneCts of International Standards

$nternational 'tandards bring technological, economic and societal benefits. They help to

harmonize technical specifications of products and services making industry more efficient and

 breaking down barriers to international trade. /onformity to $nternational 'tandards helps

reassure consumers that products are safe, efficient and good for the environment.

(ene)ts o' standards* the "!O Materials

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$'0 has developed materials describing the economic and social benefits of standards, the $'0

@aterials. They are intended to be shared with decision makers and stakeholders as concrete

eamples of the value of standards.

Facts and )gures about the bene)ts o' standards

The repository of studies on economic and social benefits of standards provides an insight of the

approaches and results of the studies untertaken by different authors, such as national and

international standards bodies, research institutes, universities and other international agencies.

For business

$nternational 'tandards are strategic tools and guidelines to help companies tackle some of the

most demanding challenges of modern business. They ensure that business operations are as

efficient as possible, increase productivity and help companies access new markets.

:enefits includeD

• Cost savings  International Standards hel otimise oerations andtherefore imroe the bottom line

• #nhanced customer satis'action  International Standards hel imroe=ualit#, enhance customer satisfaction and increase sales

• Access to ne+ mar,ets  International Standards hel reent tradebarriers and oen u global mar<ets

•

"ncreased mar,et share  International Standards hel increaseroductiit# and cometitie adantage

• #nvironmental bene)ts  International Standards hel reduce negatieimacts on the enironment

:usinesses also benefit from taking part in the standard development process. 1ead more about

the benefits of getting involved in standards development.

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ISO benefts or business and governments

 

Want to know more about how standards an he!" #our business$

Connet with ISO%

•   ✉ 

• K 

•

K 

• K 

• K 

• K 

• K 

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ISO standards & What's the bottom !ine$

brochure with hard figures for the benefits of implementing $'0As and other voluntary,

consensus-based standards.

• 7o+nload

For !ociety

$'0 has over ! 9** standards touching almost all aspects of daily life.

;hen products and services conform to $nternational 'tandards consumers can have confidence

that they are safe, reliable and of good %uality. For eample, $'0As standards on road safety, toysafety and secure medical packaging are =ust a selection of those that help make the world a safer 

 place.

To make sure that the benefits of $'0 $nternational 'tandards are as broad as possible, $'0

supports the involvement of consumers in standard development work with its /ommittee on

consumer policy /0E0</05.

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International Standards on air, +ater and soil =ualit#, on emissions of gases and

radiation and enironmental asects of roducts contribute to eEorts to resere

the enironment and the health of citizens.

$'0As standards on toy safety help make the world a safer place.

For government

$'0 standards draw on international epertise and eperience and are therefore a vital resource

for governments when developing regulations.

 ational governments can make $'0 standards a regulatory re%uirement remember $'0standards themselves are voluntary5. This has a number of benefitsD

• #-pert opinion  ISO standards are deeloed b# e;erts. G# integrating anISO standard into national regulation, goernments can beneCt from theoinion of e;erts +ithout haing to call on their serices directl#.

• Opening up +orld trade  ISO standards are international and adoted b#man# goernments. G# integrating ISO standards into national regulation,goernments hel to ensure that re=uirements for imorts and e;orts arethe same the +orld oer, therefore facilitating the moement of goods,serices and technologies from countr# to countr#.

The ISO story

$'0 $nternational 0rganization for 'tandardization5 is the worldLs largest developer of voluntary$nternational 'tandards. ;e were founded in !"#, and since then have published more than

! 9** $nternational 'tandards covering almost all aspects of technology and business. Today we

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have members from +9 countries and about 9* people work full time for our /entral

'ecretariat in &eneva, 'witzerland.

Find out more about our history in the timeline below.

0r, you can read more about the first 9* years of $'0 !"# - !!#5 in the bookD

• Friendship mong %uals

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