Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. इंटरनेट मानक “!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण” Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda “Invent a New India Using Knowledge” “प0रा1 को छोड न’ 5 तरफ” Jawaharlal Nehru “Step Out From the Old to the New” “जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan “The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह ै” Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam “Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen” IS 5182-23 (2006): Methods for Measurement for air Pollution, Part 23: Respirable suspended particulate matter (PM 10), cyclonic flow technique [CHD 32: Environmental Protection and Waste Management]
Transcript
Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information
Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
इंटरनेट मानक
“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”
“प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”Jawaharlal Nehru
“Step Out From the Old to the New”
“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार”Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live”
“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता है”Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”
है”ह”ह
IS 5182-23 (2006): Methods for Measurement for airPollution, Part 23: Respirable suspended particulate matter(PM 10), cyclonic flow technique [CHD 32: EnvironmentalProtection and Waste Management]
IS 5182 (Part 23) :2006
Indian Standard
METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTIONPART 23 RESPIRABLE SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MAITER (PMIO),
CYCLONIC FLOW TECHNIQUE
Ics 13.040.01
0 BIS 2006
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
March 2006 Price Group 3
Environment Protection and Waste Management Sectional Committee, CHD 32
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Part 23) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the drafi finalized by-theEnvironment Protection and Waste Management Sectional Committee had been approved by the Chemical DivisionCouncil.
Particulate matter (PM), is the term for particles found in the air, including dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquiddroplets. Particles can be suspended in the air for long periods of time. Total suspended particulate (TSP) includespart icles of various sizes. A significant fraction of TSP consists of particles too large to enter the human respiratorytract, Fig. 1 shows typical particulate penetration in the human respiratory system, therefore, TSP is not a goodindicator of health-related exposure. There is now an increasing amount of scientific evidence which indicatesthat respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) or PM,0 portion of the TSP is correlated to health impacts ofparticulate matter.
Almost all fine particulate are generated as a result of combustion processes, diesel fuelled engine combustion,and various industrial processes, including incineration. Emissions from these anthropogenic sources tend to bePM,0 and/or PM, ~.Their chemical and physical composition, vary depending on location, time of the year andmeteorology. He;ith effects short-term exposure to PM~(}can irritate the lungs and perhaps cause immune responses;lung constriction, producing shortness of breath and cough may result. The materials dissolving from the particlescan also damage cells. Larger particles deposit in the upper respiratory tract, while smaller inhalable particulatetravel deeper into the lungs and are retained for longer periods of time. Long-term, lower level PMIOexposuremay cause cancer and premature deaths. Both PM,0 and PMZ~can accumulate in the respiratory system and areassociated with numerous health effects.
United States EPA’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards (US NAAQS) has set an air quality standard of50 pghns for long-term l-year average concentrations of PM IO,short-term, 24 h PMIOconcentrations should notexceed 150 yg/ms more than once a year. Long-term (annual) PM2,5 concentrations should not exceed“1s~g/m~more than once a year and the short-term (daily) PMZ,5concentrations should not exceed 65 pg/m3 morethan once a year. The WHO has a 50 ~g/m3annual average guideline limit.
The sampling and analysis of any pollutant is of fundamental importance. There are large number of samplingsystem available for PM,0 measurement each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Since the inlet determineswhich particles are excluded and which pass through the collection system, the inlet is actually defining theparticle cut-off size and thus the species captured. The correct use of the inlet, the flow rate and the generaloperation of the system is vital to the accuracy of PM lodetermination. Other methods for measurement of RSPMare in the consideration of the Committee for formulation as separate Indian Standard.
There is no 1S0 Standard on the subject. The standard is prepared based on the measuring techniques availableand use in India.
The composition of the Committee responsible for formulation of this standard is given at Annex A.
In-reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with this standard, if the final value, observed orcaIculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with 1S2: 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numericalvalues (Yev2.wci)’.
IS 5182 (Part 23) :2006
METHODSPART 23
1 SCOPE
Indian Standard
FOR MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTIONRESPIRABLE SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (PM,,),
CYCLONIC
This standard (Part 23) prescribes methods
FLOW TECHNIQUE
formeasurement of respirable particulate matter PM,0 inthe ambient air with the help of an appropriate cyclonicparticle fractionating device.
2 REFERENCE
The standard listed below contains provisions which,through reference in this text, constitutes provisionsof this standard. At the time of publication, the editionsindicated was valid. All standards are subject torevision and parties to agreements based on thisstandard is encouraged to investigate the possibilityof applying the most recent edition of the standardindicated below:
1SNo. Title
4167:1980 Glossary of terms relating to airpollution @rst revision)
3 TERMINOLOGY
3.1 For the purpose of this standard, the definitionsgiven in IS 4167 and the following shall apply.
3.1.1 Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter
(PA41J, PM,, size convention closely resemblesthe thoracic size distribution (see Fig. 1) and has a50 percent penetration at 10 micron equivalentdiameter/aerodynamic diameter. Figure 1shows the sizedistribution of particulate penetration in differentportions of the human respiratory tract and thePM,O size distribution adopted by the internationalcommunity.
3.1.2 Inhalable Particles (1PM), are particles that canbe breathed through the nose or mouth — or all particlesthat enter the human respiratory tract.
3.1.3 Thoracic Size Distribution (TPM), includesparticles that travel past the Larynx and reach the gasexchange region of the Lungs.
4 PRINCIPLE
Air is drawn through a size-selective inlet andthrough a 20.3 cm x 25.4 cm filter at an flow rate ofabout 1 000 l/rein. Particles with aerodynamic diameterless than the cut-point of the inlet are collected by the
filter. The mass of these particles is determined by thedifference in filter weights prior to and after sampling.The concentration of PMIOin the designated size rangeis calculated by dividing the weight gain of the filterby the volume of air sampled.
NOTE — The method of PM ,{,sampling is non-destructive andthe sample is available further analysis of other components.
5 RANGE AND SENSITIVITY
5.1 Lower Quantifiable Limit
For a 24 h sample duration at about average1000 l/rein, the lowest detection limit is determinedby the reproducibility of the filter weight differencewhich shows a standard deviation (cr) ofapproximately +2 mg. The three c detection limit isthen approximately 3.5 Lg/m3. The three o lowerquantifiable limit depends on the filter used and maybe even 5 ~g/m3.
5.2 Upper Quantifiable Limit .,, ,
For a 24 h sample duration at about average1000 l/rein, the upper quantifiable limit is 1 000pg/m3.However, the exact value depends on the nature of theaerosol being sampled; very small particles will clogthe filter at a relatively low mass loading while largerparticles will bounce off during sample transport at highconcentrations.
6 INTERFERENCES
6.1 Passive Deposition
Passive deposition occurs when windblown dustdeposits on a filter both prior to and after sampling.
6.2 Re-circulation
Re-circulation occurs when the blower exhaust, whichcontains carbon and copper particles fi-omthe armatureand brushes, is entrained in the sample air. Positivebiases of 0.15 pg/m3 have been measured, which areinsignificant mass interference but which may affectcarbon and copper measurements. Re-circulation canbe minimized by assuring a tight seal between theblower and the sampler housing or by ducting blowerexhaust away from the sampler. If the cyclone walls orthe cup below are not cleaned and have accumulatedtoo much particulate some of these may get re-entrained
I
IS 5182 (Part 23) :2006
100 L I I I I I I Ill I I I I I I I I [1
o1 2.5 4 10 20 50 100
Aerodynamic Diameter ( ~m)
A- PMIo● - 1PM■ – TPM0- RPMV -PM 2.5
FIG. 1 SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICULATE PENETRATIONIN DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY TRACT
and reach the filter paper causing erroneously highPM,0 values to be reported.
6.3 Filter Artifact Formation
Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, nitric acid and organicvapours can be absorbed on the filter medium alongwith the suspended particles thereby causing positivebiases. Samples taken in the presence of highSOZconcentrations have been shown to yield up to10 ~g/m3 of excess sulphate on glass fibre filters.
6.4 Filter Conditioning
Filter conditioning environments can result in differentmass measurements as a fimction of relative humidity(RH). Hydroscopic particles take on substantialquantities of water as RH increase, especially abovethe deliquescence point of approximately 70 percentRH. Increased mass deposits of 50 percent or morehave been observed as RH increases to 100 percent.Twenty four hours at a constant temperature and RH isconsidered adequate for sample equilibration.
.,
6.5 Shipping Losses
Particle loss during transport occurs when filters areheavily loaded with large dry aerosols. It is moreprevalent on membrane than on glass fibre filters.Particle loss is minimized by shorter sample durationin heavily polluted environments, use of fibre asopposed to membrane filters, folding the filter prior totransport and careful shipping procedures.
7 APPARATUS
7.1 Sampler — The essential features of a typicalcyclonic fractionating sampler for respirable particulatematter are those of a compact unit consisting ofprotective housing, blower, voltage stabilizer, timetotalizer, rotameter and filter holder capable ofsupporting a 20.3 cm x 25.4 cm glass fibre filter. Atypical schematic sampler is shown in Fig. 2.
7.2 Cyelonic Size SelectiveInlet for PMIOSampling
7.3 Volume Flow Controllers — For a PMIOSamplerflow rate is maintained within 15 percent of the
7.
IS 5182 (Part 23): 2006
r 7SECTION 1 AIR INLET
Q-yFILTER COVER
GASKET
. . . . . . . . .. .
I 1
\I
LL ATCYCLQNE ASSEMBLY
SAMPLE BOTTLE\ TO SUCTION DEVICE
lE&w..FIG. 2 A TYPICAL SCHEMATIC SAMPLER
designed flow rate (1 000 l/rein) for the cycloneseparating device. An automatic flow controller withflow sensing device and feedback should be providedto constantly monitor the flow rate and compensate fordecrease in flow rate due to filter choking by dust loador flow rate changes on account of voltage fluctuation.A voltage stabilizer may be provided to compensatefor voltage fluctuation.
NOTE — The flow rate decreases as-thefilter deposit increases.Sampling should be stopped and the filter paper should bereplaced when the flow rate decreases to 850 litre/m in.
7.4 Analytical Balance — having a sensitivityof 0,01 mg.
7.5 Elapsed Timer — accurate to + 1 min.
7.6 Flow Metering Device — accurate to +5 percent.
7.7 Equilibration Rack— The rack to separate filtersfrom one another so that the equilibration air can reachall parts of the filter surface.
NOTE — A photograph record rack serves this purpose well
7.8 Numbering Machine — An incrementingnumbering machine that prints 4 to 8 digit ID numbers.
.,,
7.9 Psychrometer
7.10 Filter Media — A 20.3 cm x 25.4 cm glass fibrefilter.
NOTE — Glass fibre filters meet requirements in mostcategories with the exception of artifact formation and blanklevels. Sampling efficiency is very high for all particle sizes.Blank levels for several elements of interest are high andvariable. Glass tibre filters may exhib]t organic carbon artifacts,Appropriate filter media should be used in case filters aresubjected to chemical analysis.
7.11 Filter Jacket — A smooth, hea-vy paper folderor envelope is used to protect the filter between the laband field and during storage. Filter and sampling dataare often recorded on the outside of the jacket, but thisshould not be done while the filter is in the jacket toprevent damage.
8 PROCEDURE
8.1 Calibration of Sampler
The sampler shall be periodically calibrated at leastonce in six months or whenever a major repair/replacement of blower takes place, by using top loadingcalibrator traceable to national standard.
3
IS 5182 (Part 23) :2006
8.2 Filter Inspection check-weight value from the corresponding routine
Clean the light table surfaces. ”Filtersshould be handledwith clean hands to prevent contamination. Clean landseach filter on the light table and examine it for pinholes,loose particles, tears, creases, limps or other defects.Loose particles may be removed with a soft brush.Filters not meeting the above visual criteria shall notbe used.
If chemical analyses are to be performed, one or twofilters from each lot shall be analyzed for blank levels.
8.3 Filter Identification
Apply an ID number to the upper right hand comer onthe smoothest side of each filter with the incrementingnumber machine. Gentle pressure is to be used to avoiddamaging the filter. Record this number in a chain ofthe custody log-book and on a filter jacket. The chainof custody log-book contains columns opposite everyfilter ID to record dates and technician initials for filterinspection. Equilibration, pre-weighing, shipment tofield, receipt from field, re-equilibration, post-weighingand storage.
These records identify the disposition of each sampleand prevent the creation of two samples with thesame ID.
8.4 Filter Equilibration
Place blank or exposed filters in air tight desiccatorshaving active desiccant in the control temperature 15 to27°C and Oto 50 percent relative humidity environmentfor 24 h prior to weighing. The rack should separatefilters such that all surfaces are exposed to theequilibration environment. Measure the temperatureand relative humidity of the controlled environment andrecord the values in the equilibration column of thechain of custody log-book.
8.5 Filter Weighing
Weigh filters in-groups of 10 to 50. Use clean handsfor all filter handling. Stack filter jackets with dataforms printed on them in the same order (in ascendingorder of filter ID number, if possible) as the order offilters in the equilibration rack. Adjust the balance tareto read zero with nothing in the weighing chamber andadjust the span to read (or verifi that it read) 30000 g* 0.0003 g with the 3 g standard weight on theweighing pan. Place a filter on the weighing pan andobtain a stable reading. Record the weight on the dataform in the blank or exposed filter column. Veri~ thezero and span every ten filters. Place each tilter in itsfilter jacket when weighing is complete, but do not sealthe jacket opening. A separate technician randomlyselects four filters or 10 percent of all filters in the batch(whichever is larger), re-weigh them and subtract this
weigh. lf any cheek-weight differs by more than 4.0 mgfrom the routine weight, re-weigh all the filters. Sealfilter jackets and ship blank filters to the field or placeexposed filters into storage.
8.6 Field Sampling
Tdt back the filter house cover and secure it accordingto manufacturers instructions. Loosen the faceplatewing nuts and remove the faceplate. Remove the filterfrom its jacket and center it on the support screen withthe rough side of the filter facing upwards. Replace theface-plate and tighten the wing-nut to secure the rubbergasket against the filter edge. Gently lower the inlet.Inertial jet and cyclonic inlets must have their seals incontact with the top of the faceplate. Look underneaththe inlet just as it is coming into contact with thefaceplate to assure that this contact is being made. Itmay be necessary to re-adjust the position of the filter/motor assembly in the sampler housing to obtain sucha seal. Excessively windy and wet conditions shouldbe avoided when changing samples. Pre-loading in afilter cartridge assembly, temporary removal of the-sampler to a protected area, or a wind or rain shieldmay be used it the sample must be changed in inclementweather. Set the timer for the desired start and stoptime. Replace the chart paper in the flow recorder, ifthere is one, set the proper time and mark the time anddate on the chart. For a manually flow controlledsampler turn on the motor for 5 min and measure theexhaust pressure with a pressure gauge or rotameter.Read the flow rate corresponding to its exhaust pressurefrom the calibration curve and record it on the datasheet. Turn off the motor and assure that the timer is inits automatic mode. For automatically flow-controlledunits, record the designed flow rate on the data sheet.Record the reading of the elapsed time meter. Thespecified length of sampling is commonly 8 h or 24 h.During this period several reading (hourly) of flow rateshould be taken.
After sampling is complete, record the final flow rateand the elapsed time in the same manner. Subtract theinitial elapsed time from the final elapsed time todetermine the sample duration. Remove the faceplateby removing the wing nuts. Fold the filter in halflengthwise by handing it along its edge with the exposedside inward. Insert the filter in its jacket. Note thepresence of insects on the deposit, loose particles, non-centered deposits, Evidence of leaks, and unusualmeteorological conditions on the data sheet. Mark theflow-recorder chart, if any, and return it with the datasheet.
NOTE — In order to avoid the loss of weight due to potentialloss of volatile particles, the sampled filter media should beweighed as early rNpossible after conditioning as mentionedin 8.5.
4
9 CALCULATION
9.1 Calculation ofvolume ofair sampled:
V=Qt
where
V = volume of air sampled, in m3;
Q = average flow rate, in m3/min; and
t = total sampling time, in min.
9.2 Calculation of PMIOin ambient air
(w’,-~)xlo’PM,O (as pg/m3)= ~
where
PM IO=mass concentration of particulate matterless than 10 micron diameter, in @m3;
IS 5182 (Part 23) :2006
lVl = initial of filter, in g
W2 = final weight of filter, in g;
v = volume of air sampled, in m3;and
106 = conversion of g to ~g.
10 PRECISION AND ACCURACY
Mass of the filter deposit, flow rate .through the filter,and sampling time have typical precision of +2 mg,+5 percent and *1 rein, respectively, as determinedfrom performance tests. The accuracy of thosemeasurements can be well within these tolerances whendetermined with independent standards. Theseuncertainties combine to yield a propagated precisionof approximately *13 percent at 10 pg/m3. The filterdeposit mass, measurement precision dominates at lowconcentrations while the flow rate precisiomdominatesat high concentrations.
ANNEX A
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Environment Protection and Waste Management Sectional Committee, CHD 32
Organization Representative(s)
In personal capacity (40/14, C.R. Park, New Delhi - L100/9) PROFDrLrPBISWAS(Chairman)
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai DR .(SHRIMATI)G G PANOIT
DR L V. SARAOHI(Mfernafe)
Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited, Hardwar DR N. G SHRIVASTAVA
Cement ‘Manufacturers’ Association, New Delhi DR K. C. NARANG
Central Fuel Research Institute, Dhanbad DR L. C. RAM
Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai DR S. RAJAMANI
Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi DR S. D. MA3CH3JANIDR C. S. SHARMA(Alternate 1)DR S. K. TYAOi(Aliernate 11)
Confederation of Indian Industries, New Delhi Srnu A. K. GHOSE
Sr-mR. P. SHARMA(A1/ernate)
Crop Care Federation of Indi~ New Delhi Smu P. N. PARMSSHAWARAN
Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi DRR.ARESHMEHROTRA
SHRIV. K. MINGCHA(,4fternafe I)DR (Ssrrm+mr)A. MANOAL(Ahernate II)
Directorate General Factory Advice Service and Labour Institute, SW S. S. GAUTAMMumbai Smu BRUMONAN(Alternate)
Directorate General of Health Services, New Delhi DR (SHIUMATS)MAOHURISWRMA
Engineera India Limited, New Delhi SEWB. B. LAL
Smu SUSHEELSAGH(Afternate)
5
IS 5182 (Part 23): 2006
Organizufkwr Representative(s)
Envirotech Instruments Private Limited. New Delhi
Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI),New Delhi
Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Ahmedabad
Hindustan Lever Limited, Mumbai
Indian Chemical Manufacturers’ Association, Mumbai
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi
Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering,New Delhi
Indian 011 Corporation L:mited, Faridabad
lPCL. Vadodrrra
Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow
Ministry of Defence (R&D), DRDO, New Delhi
Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi
Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, New Delhi
Town and Country Planning Organization, Ministry of UrbanDevelopment, New Delhi
Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Mumbai
National institute of Occupational Health (lCMR), Ahmedabad
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur
National Thermal Power Corporation Limited, New Delhi
NCCBM, New Delhi
Reliance Industries I.imited, Mumbai
Shrii-am Institute of Industrial Research. New Delhi
SGS India Limited, Chennai
Steel Authority of India Limited, New Delhi
ThaparCentre for Industrial Research & Development, Patiala
The Fertilizer Association of India, New Delhi
131SDirectorate General
Smu RAXESHAGARWAL
DRRAIENDRAPRAsAo(,4/terrra/e)
Ms ANTARAROY
Swu D. C. DAVE
Simi B. B. DAVSSmu ADITVAJHAVAR(Alternate)
Smu V. N. DAS“SsuuA. A. PANJWANS(Alternate)
DR R. C. MAHESHWARI
DR H. N. SAIYAD
DR MOXSSHKMDR A-rrn MDTAL(Alternate 1)DR ARVINDNEMA (Alternate 11)
.DR U. C. SRIVASTAVA,Director and Head (CHD)[Representing Director General (E-r-officio)]
Member Secretary
SHRI N. K. PALDirector (CHD), BIS
6
Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promoteharmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goodsand attending to connected matters in the country.
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Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewedperiodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffmed when such review indicates that no changes areneeded, if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standardsshould ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of‘BIS CataIogue’ and ‘Standards : Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc : No. CHD 32 (1217).
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
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