January 12, 2012AP US

With help from Ms. Susan M. Pojer

Effects on the South

Gilded Age Southern Industry

• By 1900 the South was producing a smaller % of the nation’s manufactured goods than before the war

• Plantation system was either sharecropping or serfdom

• The only thing that helped southern agriculture was the machine made cigarette

Gilded Age Southern Industry

• South faced unfairness in pricing from railroads– Treated South like a 3rd world nation from

which the North would get raw materials and send manufactured goods

• Pittsburgh Plus pricing system made it cost even more to ship Birmingham Steel

Gilded Age Southern Industry

• The South did begin to build textile mills to process their own cotton– This fed off of impoverished

Southerners who were cheap labor willing to be paid 1/2 of the wages of their northern counterparts

Changes Brought by Industry

The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on

America• Great change occurred in America at this time:– Increased standard of living– More physical comforts– Urbanization– Leisure time (though not much if you were a

factory worker!)– Disappearance of Jeffersonian ideals– Disappearance of truly free enterprise– Time became important - work schedules

The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on

America• Women were the most affected group– White collar jobs opened up because of

inventions• Typewriter: stenographer and secretary• Telephone: operators “hello girls”

– Realities of work for women• Later marriages• Smaller families• Most worked the same long hard hours as men for

less pay for the same work

The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on

America• Ideas of the new woman: The Gibson Girl– Athletic and healthy– Refined yet feisty– Educated and fulfilled

• But not a suffragette!

The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on

AmericaClass division

• 2/3 of all workers depended on wages by 1900

• By 1900 10% of the people controlled 90% of the wealth– The nouveau riche also flaunted their wealth

which was a source of both envy and disgust to the working people

The Changing American

Labor Force

Child Labor

Child Labor

“Galley Labor”

Labor Unions

Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

The Molly Maguires(1875)

JamesMcParland Irish Coal Miners’ Union in

Pennsylvania

The Corporate “Bully-Boys”:

PinkertonAgents

Management vs. Labor

“Tools” of Management

“Tools” of Labor

“scabs”

P. R. campaign

Pinkertons

lockout

blacklisting

yellow-dog contracts

court injunctions

open shop

boycotts

sympathy demonstrations

informational picketing

closed shops

organized strikes

“wildcat” strikes

A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

National Labor Union

• Organized in 1866 and lasted 6 years• 600,000 members: skilled, unskilled, and

farmers• Discriminated against Chinese, Blacks, and

Women– Therefore the Colored National Labor Union

formed• Fought for the 8-hour day and arbitration of

disputes• Hurt by bad economy of 1870’s

Knights of Labor

Terence V. Powderly

An injury to one is the concern of all!

Knights of Labor

Knights of Labor trade card

Goals of the Knights of Labor• Eight-hour workday.

• Workers’ cooperatives.

• Worker-owned factories.

• Abolition of child and prison labor.

• Increased circulation of greenbacks.

• Equal pay for men and women.

• Safety codes in the workplace.

• Prohibition of contract foreign labor.

• Abolition of the National Bank.

Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in

1886

Haymarket Riot (1886)

McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

Haymarket Martyrs

Governor John Peter Altgeld

The American Federation

of Labor: 1886

Samuel Gompers

An actual federation of local

unions. No worker could join

the actual AFLAFL unified

overall strategy

How the AF of L Would Help the

Workers• Catered to the skilled worker.• Represented workers in matters of national

legislation.• Maintained a national strike fund.• Evangelized the cause of unionism.• Prevented disputes among the many craft

unions.• Mediated disputes between management

and labor.• Pushed for closed shops.

Effects of Strikes on Labor Membership

Average Shirtwaist Worker’s Week

51 hours or less

4,554 5%

52-57 hours 65,033 79%58-63 hours 12,211 15%Over 63 hours 562 1%

Total employees, men and women 82,360

Womens’ Trade Union League

Women Voting for a Strike!

Local 25 with Socialist Paper, The Call

Public Fear of Unions/Anarchists

Arresting the Girl Strikersfor Picketing

Scabs Hired

“The Shirtwaist Kings”Max Blanck and Isaac Harris

Triangle Shirtwaist FactoryAsch Building, 8th and 10th

Floors

Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

Inside the Building After the Fire

Most Doors Were Locked

Crumpled Fire Escape, 26 Died

10th Floor After the Fire

Dead Bodies on the Sidewalk

One of the “Lucky” Ones?

Relatives Review Bodies145 Dead

Page of the

New York Journal

One of the Many Funerals

Labor Unions March as Mourners

Women Workers Marchto City Hall

The Investigation

Out of the Ashes ILGWU membership surged.

NYC created a Bureau of FirePrevention.

New strict building codes werepassed.

Tougher fire inspection ofsweatshops.

Growing momentum of support for women’s suffrage.