Kingdom Plantae

• Characteristics:– Eukaryotic (has a nucleus)– Autotrophic – Photosynthetic– Contains Chlorophyll & Large Vacuole– Cellulose in cell wall– Most multi-cellular– Sexual/Asexual reproduction

Evolution

• Plants most likely evolved from green algae

• Over time plants developed vascular tissue and seeds

3 Main Plant Groups

• Seedless non-vascular• Seedless vascular• Seed vascular

– Gymnosperms

– Angiosperms

Seedless Non-vascular

• Known as Bryophytes• Ex. Mosses, liverworts,

hornworts• Found in damp areas• Small and low growing• Alternation of generations-

reproduction

Bryophyte Reproduction

• Gametophyte produces eggs and sperm

• Sperm fertilizes an egg to form a zygote

• Zygote becomes a sporophyte

• Sporophyte produces spores

• Spores become gametophytes

Seedless Vascular

• Ex. Club mosses, horsetails, ferns

• Live in shady, damp environments

• Grow larger than non-vascular plants due to vascular tissue

• Alternation of generations

Seedless Vascular Reproduction (FERNS)

• Gametophyte produces eggs and sperm

• Sperm fertilizes an egg to form a zygote

• Zygote develops into a sporophyte

• Sporophyte (sporangium) releases spores

• Spores develop into gametophytes

Seed Vascular Plants

• Adapted to drier environments

• Produce seeds and have vascular tissue

• 2 Main groups:– Gymnosperms

– Angiosperms

Tissue Types of Seed plants

• THREE tissue types:– Dermal tissue

• Protective, outer covering of plant

– Vascular tissue• Xylem: conducts water through plant

• Phloem: conducts sugars and foods

– Ground tissue• Between dermal and vascular tissues

• Used for support

“Organs” of Seed Plants

• Specialized tissues form these different structures:– Roots

– Stems

– Leaves

Roots

• Absorbs water and nutrients from the soil

• Anchors plant• Two types:

– Tap root- one main root with many root hairs

– Fibrous root- many small, branching roots

Stems

• Allows for transport of substances between roots and leaves

• Produces leaves, branches, flowers

• Supports plant (leaves held up)

Leaves

• Absorbs light and carries out photosynthesis

• Produces food• Exchanges gases with

environment (stomata)

Gymnosperms

• “Naked Seed”- seeds are not protected in an ovary

• Known as the “Cone-bearers”

• Ex. Gnetophytes, cycads, gingkoes, conifers (pine, spruce, etc.)

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

• “Vessel Seeds”- seed is protected in an ovary (fruit)

• Known as “Flowering plants”

• Two Groups– Monocots

– Dicots

Monocots vs. Dicots

MONOCOTS DICOTS

SEEDS One cotyledon (seed leaf)

Two cotyledons

LEAVES Parallel veins Branched veins

FLOWERS Parts in multiples of three

Parts in multiples of four or five

STEMS Vascular bundles are scattered

Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring

ROOTS Fibrous roots Taproot

Flower Parts

•

Angiosperms- Reproduction

• Mature sporophyte produces flowers

• Flowers contain anther (male) that releases pollen (sperm)

• Flowers contain ovary where eggs are found

• Pollen lands on stigma (female) travels down style to fertilize egg

• Seed forms and ovary ripens (becomes a fruit)

• Seed develops into sporophyte

Plant Uses

• Food• Medicine• Furniture• Building materials• Paper• Clothing• Etc.